unit 6 . photography

7/31/2019 Unit 6 . Photography

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Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE A.N.L.: ART AND DRAWING1

ART & DRAWING

UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY.

UNIT 6: PHOTOGRAPHY

OUTLINEASPECTOS

LINGSTICOSVOCABULARY

1. PHOTOGRAPHY2. OPTICAL PRECEDENTS:

CAMERA OBSCURA3. CHEMICAL PRECEDENTS4. MAIN FIGURES AT THE

DISCOVERY OFPHOTOGRAPHY NIEPCE DAGUERRE FOX TALBOT: THE

CALOTYPE SCOTT ARCHER: THE

WET COLLODION ETC5. PHOTOGRAPHIC STYLES:

REALISTIC CREATIVE

6. PHOTOGRAPHIC GENRES: SCIENTIFIC ON ADS PRESS PHOTOGRAPHY ARTISTIC

PHOTOGRAPHY PHOTOMONTAGE

GOING TO EXPRESIONES DE

FUTURO LA OBLIGACIN Y

LA PROHIBICIN.

MUST Y MUSTNT. WILL EL PRIMER

CONDICIONAL

ACCURATE AESTHETIC APERTURE APPETITE ATTEMPT CELLULOID CHAMBER CHEMICALLY COATED DEVICE DIFRACTION EMULSIFY EXPOSURE HASTEN HOLE

NITRATE PINHOLE PHOTOMONTAGE

PHOETICS

// / l / / r /

/ h / /w/ / j/


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1. PHOTOGRAPHY

Photography is the art of producing images from the camera obscura on chemically coated surfaces(metal, or paper) by the use of light.It was and still is a revolutionary technique which allows us to reproduce images in a high scale and witha realism never known before.

It was born at beginning of the 19th century thanks to the mixing of two different phenomena:

- An optical precedent: The formation of images on the camera obscura (on a plane surface throuhgthe projection of light rays).

- A chemical precedent: the special capability of the reaction of some substances to light effects.

And so, photography is the antecedent of the cinema (pictures or images in motion).From its discovery to present days, photography has experienced a great technological evolution.The appetite for realism shown by the 19th century society will be deeply satisfied first by photographyand later by the cinema.

OPTICAL PRECEDENTS. CAMERA OBSCURA.

The camera obscura (Latin; "camera" is a "vaulted chamber/room" and "obscura" means "dark" so itmeans "darkened chamber/room") is an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings on ascreen. It is used in drawing and for entertainment, and was one of the inventions that led tophotography. The device consists of a box with a hole in one side. Light from an external scene passesthrough the hole and strikes a surface inside where it is reproduced, upside-down, but with colour andperspective preserved. The image can be projected onto paper, and can then be traced to produce ahighly accurate representation.

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://members.fortunecity.co.uk/chilefotos/camaraoscura.jpg&


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Using mirrors, as in the 18th century overhead version it is possible to project a right-side-up image.

As a pinhole is made smaller, the image gets sharper, but the projected image becomes dimmer. Withtoo small a pinhole the sharpness again becomes worse due to diffraction. Some practical cameraobscuras use a lens rather than a pinhole because it allows a larger aperture, giving a usablebrightness while maintaining focus.

Its potential as a drawing aid may have been familiar to artists by the 15th century.

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotografiad.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/camera01_light-bulb.jpg


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Johannes Vermeerfrom Deft, who washired as painter in the 17th century, wasknown for his magnificent attention todetail. It has been widely speculated thathe made use of such a camera, but theextent of their use by artists at thisperiod remains a matter of considerablecontroversy.

Such cameras were later adapted byJoseph Nicephore Niepce, LouisDaguerre and William Fox Talbot forcreating the first photographs.Today, the camera obscura is used for

entertaiment and is easy to built .

CHEMICAL PRECEDENTS

From ancient times it has been known that silver salts gets dark after being in sunlight.In the 19th century silver salts were objects of systematic studies.

So it was possible from the beginning to emulsify paper with silver nitrate and place objects on the

paper to get the silhouettes of those objects when exposed to the sunlight.The main problem was in fixing these images produced by light. So in this sense it is due to thediscoveries of the photography.

http://albertis-window.blogspot.com/2010/06/pinholes-on-vermeers-canvases.html


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THE MAIN FIGURES IN THE DISCOVERY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHY

NICEPHORE NIEPCE

He was the first person to get the non fixed negative.For his first experiments, Niepce positioned sheets of silver salted paper at the back of the cameraobscura which blackened with day light. In 1816 he produced the first image of nature, a view from awindow. This picture required an exposure of eight hours.

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotografiad.com/wp-

content/uploads/2010/10/camera01_light-bulb.jpg


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This picture was a negative and the image vanished because in broad daylight the coated paperbecomes completely black.On his way to discover photography Niepce, established the basis of photoengraving (used to printphotos and graphical documents).

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotografiad.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/camera01_light-bulb.jpg


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LOUIS DAGUERRE

In 1829 Nipce agreed to go into a partnership with Louis Daguerre . Nipce died only four years later,but Daguerre continued to experiment. Soon he had discovered a way of developing photographicplates, a process which greatly reduced the exposure time from eight hours down to half an hour. Healso discovered that an image could be made permanent by immersing it in salt.Details of the process were made public on 19 August 1839, and Daguerre named it theDaguerreotype.The Daguerreotype process, though good, was expensive, and each picture was a once-only affair.That, too many, would not have been regarded as a disadvantage; it meant that the owner of the

portrait could be certain that he had a piece of art that could not be duplicated. If however two copieswere required, the only way of dealing this was to use two cameras side by side. There was, therefore,a growing need for a means of copying pictures, which daguerreotypes could never satisfy.

HENRY FOX TALBOT. THE CALOTYPE

Different, and in a sense a rival to the

Daguerreotype, was the Calotype invented byWilliam Henry Fox Talbot, which was to providethe answer to that problem.

The negative is small and poor in quality,compared with the striking images produced bythe Daguerreotype process. By 1840, however,Talbot had made some significant improvements,and by 1844 he was able to bring out aphotographically illustrated book entitled "ThePencil of nature."Compared with Daguerreotypes the quality of theearly Calotypes was somewhat inferior.However, the great advantage of Talbot'smethod was that an unlimited number of positiveprints could be made.

http://www.elangelcaido.org/fotografos/talbot/talbot08.html


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FREDERIC SCOTT ARCHER. THE WETCOLLODION

In 1851 a new era in photography was introduced byFrederick Scott Archer who introduced the Collodionprocess. This process was much faster thanconventional methods, reducing exposure times to twoor three seconds, thus opening up new horizons inphotography.

The collodion process required that the coating,exposure and development of the image should bedone whilst the plate was still wet.

The wet collodion process, though in its time a greatstep forward, required a considerable amount ofequipment on location. There were various attempts topreserve exposed plates in wet collodion, for

development at a more convenient time and place, butthese preservatives lessened the sensitivity of thematerial. It was clear, then, that a dry method wasrequired. It is likely that the difficulties of the processhastened the search for instantaneous photography.

http://cwfp.biz/kevinklein/collodion.html


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RICHARD MADDOX. GELATIN

The next major step forward came in 1871, when Dr. Richard Maddox discovered a way of usingGelatin (which had been discovered only a few years before) instead of glass as a basis for thephotographic plate. This led to the development of the dry plate process. Dry plates could be developedmuch more quickly than with previous techniques. Initially it was very insensitive in comparison to otherprocesses, but it was refined to the extent that the idea of factory-made photographic material was nowbecoming possible.

The introduction of the dry-plate process marked a turning point. No longer did one need thecumbersome wet-plates, no longer was a darkroom tent needed. The day was very near that pictures

could be taken without the photographer needing any specialised knowledge.

Celluloid had been invented in the early eighteen-sixties, and very thin celluloid was being producedas a backing for sensitive material.GEORGE EASTMAN is particularly remembered for introducingflexible film in 1884. Four years later he introduced the box camera, and photography could now reacha much greater number of people.

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://lh5.ggpht.com/nosologadgets/SHiaKcTzcBI/AAAAAAAABX4/Y3nM6wVxzLc/Eastman.jpg


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Other names of significance include HERMAN VOGEL, who developed a means by which film couldbecome sensitive to green light, and EADWEARD MUYBRIDGEwho paved the way for motion picturephotography.

Popular in the Victorian times was stereoscopic photography which reproduced images in threedimensions. It is a process whose popularity waxed and waned - as it does now - reaching its heights inthe mid-Victorian era.

THE PHOTOGRAPHIC STYLES

We can use photography to express ourselves. Our attitude about what we see combine with what weperceive will be shown through the camera lens.

1. REALISTIC PHOTOGRAPHY

Reality is captured in an objective way. So, in this sense we can talk about the document-picture, forexample, the ones we can find every day at the press.

2. CREATIVE PHOTOGRAPHY

These pictures show artistic creativity freely. Creative photography appeared in the middle of the 19 thcentury and at the beginning was so influenced by painting that the subjects of the photographs werethe same as the subjects in painting.Later, photography ran free from conventionalities and received others aesthetic aspects and technicalmanipulations which led to the rebirth of photography to reborn as a new and independent media of

artistic expression.

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://ateopoeta.blogia.com/upload/20101011125613-muybridge-galloping-horse.jpg


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PHOPTOGRAPHIC GENRES1. SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRAPHY

In this field, photography is meant to be a preciousworking tool because of the possibility to catch imagesthat are no accessible to the human eye. Themicroscopic images of micro organisms, the macroimages taken by satellites and also naturalist andunderwater photography are notable examples.

2. PHOTOGRAPHY ON ADVERTS

In this field, photography tries to makeproducts more attractive in oerder toget more successful sales. Soaccurate lightning, colour, prettymodels and special effects due tophoto retouching will play animportant roll in that matter.

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.culturasushi.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/huevos_atun.jpg

http://www.taringa.net/posts/imagenes/5744870/Publicidad-grafica-muy-bueno.html


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3. PRESS PHOTOGRAPHYPhotography has become an essential support element for news. The press photographer must takepictures of the present world. We can talk about the illustrated feature in which the photographeranalyzes a subject by offering the most amounts of visual information required, accompanied with hisown point of view.

4. ARTISTIC PHOTOGRAPHY

Aesthetic function is really important in this

type of photograph. The photographercreates aesthetic messages that are able tosuggest different ideas.Sometimes pictures have some element ofcritic al and social denouncement.

5. PHOTOMONTAGE

This is a technique that allows us to create fantasticsituations or impossible shapes. Basically, it consistsof cutting and fixing pieces of pictures and placingthem on to a 2D space according to a previous idea.Nowadays, the artists of this type of media work ontheir computers by using special software such asPhotoshop )

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_eq3Lo0Wsjws/S8XLPYLbPlI/AAAAAAAAAFM/8vkifdQd8Sw/s1600/chemamadoz.jpg

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_skwLqHqUUR4/RjEUolI5KmI/AAAAAAAAAUw/tokdQYSfRtk/s400/lon

esome cit dweller b herbert ba er.


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1. VOCABULARY

Vocabulary Pronunciation Translation

A

Accurate /'kjrt/ adjetivo AdecuadoAesthetic /es'etk / | EstticaAperture /'pt(r)/ sustantivo AberturaAppetite /'ptat/ n Apetito

Attempt /'tempt/ verbo transitivo IntentarC

Celluloid /'seljld/ n uncountable CeluloideChamber /'temb(r)/ sustantivo HabitacinChemically /'kemkl/ QumicamenteCoated /'ktd/ sufijo CubiertoControversy /'kntrev:si/ Controversia

Conventionality /kn'venn/ sustantivo ConvencionalismoCumbersome /'kmbsm/ adjetivo Pesado y voluminosoD

Device /d'vas/ sustantivo Invento,artilugio

Difraction /da'frkn/ sustantivo DifraccinDim /dm/ adjetivo Oscuro

E

Emulsify Emulsionar

Exposure /k'sp(r)/ sustantivo Exposicin

H

Hasten /'hesn/ verbo Acelerar, apresurarseHire /har / ArrendarHole /hl/ sustantivo AgujeroL

Less (to less)

Location /l'ken/ sustantivo Sitio, posicinN

Nitrate /'natret/ Nitrato

O

Optical /'ptkl/ adjetivo Optico

Overhead /v'hed/ adverbio: Por encima, por lo alto

P

Pinhole Agujero pequeo, poro

Plate /plet/ sustantivo


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Photoengraving /'ftn'grev/ n countable Fotograbado

Photomontage /'ftmn't:/ Fotomontaje

R

Regard /r'g:d/ Considerar

Right side up /ratsadp/

Rival /'ravl/ Rival

S

Strike /strak/ Golpear

U

Upside-down psaidan/ Al revs

V

Vanish /'vn/ Desvanecer

unit 6 . photography

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