unit 6 : part a

Unit 6 : Part AUnit 6 : Part A

21st Century College English: Book 221st Century College English: Book 2

A Brief HistoryA Brief History

of Stephen Hawkingof Stephen Hawking

Unit 6: Part AUnit 6: Part A

• Pre-reading Activities

• Intensive Study

• Exercises

• Assignment

Pre-reading ActivitiesPre-reading Activities

• Pre-listening

• Warm-up Questions

Pre-reading Activities: ListeningPre-reading Activities: Listening

First Listening:First Listening: Before you listen to the tape, have a quick Before you listen to the tape, have a quick look at the paragraph on p.160. It’s similar to what you’ll look at the paragraph on p.160. It’s similar to what you’ll hear on the tape, but there are some differences. As you hear on the tape, but there are some differences. As you listen the first time, try to find the sections of the paragraph listen the first time, try to find the sections of the paragraph that are different from what you hear on the tape. Don’t that are different from what you hear on the tape. Don’t worry about yet what the exact differences are – just worry about yet what the exact differences are – just underline where they appear.underline where they appear.

Second Listening:Second Listening: Now underline the differences.Now underline the differences.


Check-upCheck-upCheck-upCheck-up


The differences you should underline are:The differences you should underline are:

Stephen Hawking, the Stephen Hawking, the world-famousworld-famous scientist and author, scientist and author, lost his ability to speak in lost his ability to speak in 19851985. Already confined to a . Already confined to a wheelchair, unable to move more than a few muscles, he lost wheelchair, unable to move more than a few muscles, he lost his voice and this his voice and this meant he couldmeant he could communicate only by communicate only by raising his raising his eyebrowseyebrows. Then an . Then an AmericanAmerican computer computer programmer came to Hawking’s rescue by designing a programmer came to Hawking’s rescue by designing a vocalizing computer specially for him. With its help, vocalizing computer specially for him. With its help, Hawking can construct sentences at a speed of about Hawking can construct sentences at a speed of about 1515 words per minute, by selecting words from his computer words per minute, by selecting words from his computer screen and then clicking on a device that screen and then clicking on a device that vocalizesvocalizes the the sentences for him. Hawking sentences for him. Hawking jokes aboutjokes about the computer: “The the computer: “The only trouble is that it gives me an only trouble is that it gives me an AmericanAmerican accent.” accent.”

ScriptScriptScriptScript


Steven Hawking, theSteven Hawking, the well-knownwell-known scientist and author, lost scientist and author, lost

his ability to speak inhis ability to speak in 19831983. Already confined to a wheelchair, . Already confined to a wheelchair,

unable to move more than a few muscles, he lost his voice and tunable to move more than a few muscles, he lost his voice and t

hishis left him able toleft him able to communicate only by raising his fingers. Thcommunicate only by raising his fingers. Th

en anen an AustralianAustralian computer programmer came to Hawking’s recomputer programmer came to Hawking’s re

scue by designing ascue by designing a vocalizingvocalizing computer specially for him. Witcomputer specially for him. Wit

h its help, Hawking can construct sentences at a speed of abouth its help, Hawking can construct sentences at a speed of about

5050 words per minute, by selecting words from a computer screwords per minute, by selecting words from a computer scre

en and then clicking a device that says the sentences for him. Hen and then clicking a device that says the sentences for him. H

awkingawking likeslikes the computer, saying: “The only trouble is that it the computer, saying: “The only trouble is that it

gives me angives me an AustralianAustralian accent.”accent.”

Pre-reading Activities: Warm-up QuestionsPre-reading Activities: Warm-up Questions

WWhat else do you know about Stephen Hawking and his hat else do you know about Stephen Hawking and his book “A Brief History of Time”?book “A Brief History of Time”?

WWhy is he called “the smartest man in the world”?hy is he called “the smartest man in the world”?

Intensive Study

• Difficult sentencesDifficult sentences

• Key words, phrases & usagesKey words, phrases & usages

• Comprehension exercisesComprehension exercises

Intensive StudyIntensive Study

A Brief History of Stephen HawkingA Brief History of Stephen Hawking

By Michael White & John GribbinBy Michael White & John Gribbin


11 He has been proclaimed He has been proclaimed ““the finest mind alive””, , ““the greatest the greatest

genius of the late 20th centurygenius of the late 20th century””, and , and ““Einstein’s heirEinstein’s heir””. .

Known to millions, far and wide, for his book A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking is a star scientist in more ways than one. His gift for revealing the mysteries of the universe in a style that non-scientists can enjoy made Hawking an instant celebrity and his book a bestseller in both Britain and America. It has earned a place in the Guinness Book of Records for spending 184 weeks in The Sunday Times ““top-tentop-ten” ” lists, and has sold more lists, and has sold more

than five million copies worldwide — than five million copies worldwide — virtually unheard-of success unheard-of success

for a science book.for a science book.


22 How did all this happen? How has a man who is almost complHow did all this happen? How has a man who is almost compl

etely etely paralysed and unable to speak except through a computer ov and unable to speak except through a computer ov

ercome these incredible obstacles and achieved far more than moercome these incredible obstacles and achieved far more than mo

st people ever st people ever dream of??

33 Stephen William Hawking was a healthy baby, born to intellectStephen William Hawking was a healthy baby, born to intellect

ual, eccentric parents. His father Frank, a doctor ual, eccentric parents. His father Frank, a doctor specializing in trop trop

ical diseases, and his mother Isobel, a doctor’s daughter, lived in a ical diseases, and his mother Isobel, a doctor’s daughter, lived in a

big old house full of books. big old house full of books.

Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they fell apart; the wallpaper hung peeling from old age. . The family car was a London taxi, bought for £50..


44 Hawking has always been fascinated by his birth date: JanuarHawking has always been fascinated by his birth date: Januar

y 8, 1942. It was the 300th anniversary of the death of y 8, 1942. It was the 300th anniversary of the death of Galileo, the It, the It

alian mathematician and astronomer who revolutionised astronomalian mathematician and astronomer who revolutionised astronom

y by maintaining that the Sun is the centre of the Solar System — y by maintaining that the Sun is the centre of the Solar System —

not the Earth, as ancient astronomers believed.not the Earth, as ancient astronomers believed.

55 ““GalileoGalileo””, says Hawking, , says Hawking, ““was the first scientist to was the first scientist to

start using his eyes, both figuratively and literally. .

In a sense, he was responsible for the age of science we now enjoy..””


66 Hawking attended St. Albans School, a private school noted fHawking attended St. Albans School, a private school noted f

or its high academic standards. He was part of a small elite group, or its high academic standards. He was part of a small elite group,

the brightest of the bright students. They hung around together, listhe brightest of the bright students. They hung around together, lis

tened to classical music and read only such tened to classical music and read only such ““smartsmart” ” authors as authors as

Aldous Huxley and Hawking’s hero, and Hawking’s hero, Bertrand Russell, , at once an intellectual giant and liberal activist. .

77 Hawking spent very little time on maths homework, yet got fulHawking spent very little time on maths homework, yet got ful

l marks. A friend recalls: “While I would be l marks. A friend recalls: “While I would be struggling away with a co a co

mplicated problem, he just knew the answer. He didn’t have to thinmplicated problem, he just knew the answer. He didn’t have to thin

k about it.”k about it.”


88 This instinctive insight also impressed his teachers. One of HThis instinctive insight also impressed his teachers. One of H

awking’s science teachers, for example, recalls the time he posed tawking’s science teachers, for example, recalls the time he posed t

he question: he question: ““Does a cup of hot tea reach a drinkable temperature Does a cup of hot tea reach a drinkable temperature

more quickly if you put the milk in first, or add the milk after pourinmore quickly if you put the milk in first, or add the milk after pourin

g?g?” ” While the rest of the class struggled over how to even begin aWhile the rest of the class struggled over how to even begin a

pproaching the problem, Hawking almost instantly announced the pproaching the problem, Hawking almost instantly announced the

correct answer: correct answer: ““Add the milk after pouring, of course.Add the milk after pouring, of course.” ” (The hotte(The hotte

r the tea initially, the faster it will cool.) Another teacher relates hor the tea initially, the faster it will cool.) Another teacher relates ho

w Hawking and his friends built a simple computer – and this was iw Hawking and his friends built a simple computer – and this was i

n 1958, a time when only large research centres had any computern 1958, a time when only large research centres had any computer

s at all.s at all.


99 Hawking the schoolboy was a typical grind, underweight and aw a typical grind, underweight and aw

kward and peering through eyeglasses. His grey uniform always lokward and peering through eyeglasses. His grey uniform always lo

oked a mess and he spoke rather unclearly, having inherited a sligoked a mess and he spoke rather unclearly, having inherited a slig

ht lisp from his father. This ht lisp from his father. This had nothing to do with early signs of illnearly signs of illn

ess; he was just that sort of kid – a figure of classroom fun, respecess; he was just that sort of kid – a figure of classroom fun, respec

ted by his friends, avoided by most. ted by his friends, avoided by most.


1010 Hawking went on to study at Oxford, winning a scholarship to Hawking went on to study at Oxford, winning a scholarship to

read Natural Science, a course which combines mathematics, read Natural Science, a course which combines mathematics,

physics and astronomy, at University College. He found much of physics and astronomy, at University College. He found much of

the work easy and averaged only one hour’s work a day. Once, the work easy and averaged only one hour’s work a day. Once,

when his tutor set some physics problems from a textbook, when his tutor set some physics problems from a textbook,

Hawking didn’t even Hawking didn’t even bother to do them. Asked why, he spent 20 minutes pointing out errors in the book. His main enthusiasm was the Boat Club. Many times he returned to shore with bits of the boat knocked off, having tried to guide his crew through an impossibly narrow gap. His rowing trainer suspects, ““Half the time, he was sitting Half the time, he was sitting

in the stern in the stern

with his head in the stars, working out mathematical formulae.””


1111 Oxford has always had its share of eccentric students, so Oxford has always had its share of eccentric students, so

Hawking fit right in. But then, when he was 21, he was told that he Hawking fit right in. But then, when he was 21, he was told that he

had had ALS — a progressive and incurable nerve disease. The doctors predicted that he had only a few years to live.

1212 ““Before my condition was diagnosed, I was very bored with Before my condition was diagnosed, I was very bored with

life,life,” ” Hawking says today, speaking from his wheelchair through a Hawking says today, speaking from his wheelchair through a

computerized voice synthesizer. The doctors’ grim prognosis computerized voice synthesizer. The doctors’ grim prognosis

made him determined to get the most from a life he had previously made him determined to get the most from a life he had previously

taken for granted.


1313 “But I didn’t die,” Hawking notes dryly. Instead, as his “But I didn’t die,” Hawking notes dryly. Instead, as his

physical condition worsened, Hawking’s reputation in scientific physical condition worsened, Hawking’s reputation in scientific

circles grew, as if to demonstrate the theory of circles grew, as if to demonstrate the theory of mind over matter. Hawking himself acknowledges his disease as being a crucial factor in focusing his attention on what turned out to be his real strength: theoretical research. Hawking specializes in theoretical cosmology, a branch of science that seeks ultimate answers to big questions: Why has the universe happened, and what are the laws that govern it? His main work has been on black holes and the origin and expansion of the universe. He currently holds the Cambridge University professorship once held by Sir Isaac Newton.


1414 The smartest man in the world The smartest man in the world is not immune to the depression

that can accompany severe disabilities. But Hawking says: ““I soon I soon

realized that the rest of the world won’t want to know you if you’re realized that the rest of the world won’t want to know you if you’re

bitter or angry. You have to be positive if you’re to get much bitter or angry. You have to be positive if you’re to get much

sympathy or help.sympathy or help.” ” He goes on: He goes on: ““Nowadays, muscle power is Nowadays, muscle power is

obsolete. What we need is mind power — and disabled people are obsolete. What we need is mind power — and disabled people are

as good at that as anyone else.as good at that as anyone else.” ”


alive alive a.a.

— — (predicative) having life; living(predicative) having life; living

e.g.e.g.

• • The doctors are trying every possible means to keep The doctors are trying every possible means to keep

him him alivealive..

• • It is reported that more than forty people were It is reported that more than forty people were

burned burned alive alive in yesterday’s fire.in yesterday’s fire.

Cf.Cf.

livingliving a.a. (attributive) (attributive)

e.g.e.g.

•• I have no I have no livingliving relatives in my hometown. relatives in my hometown.

More to learnMore to learnMore to learnMore to learn

He has been proclaimed He has been proclaimed ““the finest mind the finest mind alivealive” ” ......

ParaphraseParaphrase

?? — — He has been declared the most intelligent man who is He has been declared the most intelligent man who is

living today ...living today ...

He has been proclaimed He has been proclaimed ““the finest mind alivethe finest mind alive” ” ......

Known to millions, Known to millions, ……

Past participial phrases can be used as adverbials.Past participial phrases can be used as adverbials.

e.g.e.g.

•• Stephen Hawking is known to millions, far and wide, Stephen Hawking is known to millions, far and wide, for his book “A Brief History of Time”. He is a star for his book “A Brief History of Time”. He is a star scientist in more ways than one.scientist in more ways than one.

Known to millions, far and wide, for his book Known to millions, far and wide, for his book A Brief A Brief History of TimeHistory of Time, Stephen Hawking is a star scientist , Stephen Hawking is a star scientist in more ways than one.in more ways than one.

More to doMore to doMore to doMore to do

1.1. The museum was originally located in London. It was The museum was originally located in London. It was moved to Hertfordshire in 1946.moved to Hertfordshire in 1946.

2.2. The manager was asked what his plan was for the coming The manager was asked what his plan was for the coming year. He promised to further develop the domestic market. year. He promised to further develop the domestic market.

VIII. Rewrite the following pairs of sentences as single sentences using past participial phrases as adverbials.

Originally located in LondonOriginally located in London, the museum was moved to , the museum was moved to Hertfordshire in 1946.Hertfordshire in 1946.

Asked what his plan was for the coming year, the manager promised to further develop the domestic market.

Exercises Exercises • • StructureStructure

《读写教程 II 》： Ex. VIII, p. 142Ex. VIII, p. 142《读写教程 II 》： Ex. VIII, p. 142Ex. VIII, p. 142

3.3. This symphony was composed in 1878. ItThis symphony was composed in 1878. It’’s based on a s based on a classical Chinese love story.classical Chinese love story.

4.4. Many modern museum exhibits are designed for visitors to Many modern museum exhibits are designed for visitors to touch or play with. They are at once entertaining and touch or play with. They are at once entertaining and educational.educational.

Composed in 1878Composed in 1878, this symphony is based on a classical , this symphony is based on a classical Chinese love story.Chinese love story.

Designed for visitors to touch or play withDesigned for visitors to touch or play with, many modern , many modern museum exhibits are at once entertaining and educational.museum exhibits are at once entertaining and educational.



5.5. Science is aided by technology. It helps mankind to gain Science is aided by technology. It helps mankind to gain increasing control over the environment.increasing control over the environment.

Aided by technologyAided by technology, science helps mankind to gain , science helps mankind to gain increasing control over the environment.increasing control over the environment.



far and widefar and wide

—— everywhere; from or over a large areaeverywhere; from or over a large area

e.g.e.g.

• • She looked She looked far and widefar and wide for the missing diamond ring. for the missing diamond ring.

• • Since he retired, he has traveledSince he retired, he has traveled far and wide far and wide..

His gift for … and his book a His gift for … and his book a bestsellerbestseller in both in both Britain and America. Britain and America.

TranslateTranslate

《星际大战之三》成了《星际大战之三》成了 20022002 的畅销书之一。的畅销书之一。

KeyKey

““Star Star War III” turned out to be one of the War III” turned out to be one of the bestsellers bestsellers in the year 2002.in the year 2002.

e.g.e.g.

• • The writer’s first novel was a The writer’s first novel was a best-sellerbest-seller..

• • John read a John read a best-sellerbest-seller while riding the bus. while riding the bus.


bestsellerbestseller n. n.

—— anything, especially a book, that has a large sale.anything, especially a book, that has a large sale.

— — His ability to explain the complexities of the universe His ability to explain the complexities of the universe in a way that the average non-professional readers in a way that the average non-professional readers can understand and appreciate soon made him well can understand and appreciate soon made him well known and his book best-selling in both Britain and known and his book best-selling in both Britain and America.America.

His gift for … and his book a bestseller in both Britain His gift for … and his book a bestseller in both Britain and America. and America.

earnearn vtvt. .

—— get (sth. that one deserves) because of one’s qualities;get (sth. that one deserves) because of one’s qualities;

deservedeserve

e.g.e.g.•• She She earnedearned the promotion from a salesgirl to a sales the promotion from a salesgirl to a sales

manager.manager.• • After that, Sharon After that, Sharon earned earned a reputation for honesty.a reputation for honesty.KeyKey

He has He has earnedearned his place in history. his place in history.

TranslateTranslate

他已在历史上赢得了一席之地。他已在历史上赢得了一席之地。

Text-related informationText-related information

Guinness Book of RecordsGuinness Book of Records 《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》

In 1955, Norris and his twin brother In 1955, Norris and his twin brother Ross edited the first Guinness Book of Ross edited the first Guinness Book of World Records. The bookWorld Records. The book was first was first designed to record the then extremes designed to record the then extremes in, on and beyond the Earth in, on and beyond the Earth — — notably in human performance and of notably in human performance and of the natural world. The name the natural world. The name ““GuinnessGuinness” ” derives from the Guinness derives from the Guinness

Brewery in Dublin, which was Ireland’s largest companBrewery in Dublin, which was Ireland’s largest company. It is in London now. The book is now published worly. It is in London now. The book is now published worldwide in 23 different languages. dwide in 23 different languages.


The Sunday TimesThe Sunday Times 《星期日泰晤士报》《星期日泰晤士报》

The Sunday Times is an influential Sunday newspaper The Sunday Times is an influential Sunday newspaper published in London, England. It is known around the published in London, England. It is known around the world for the quality of its reporting and editing and foworld for the quality of its reporting and editing and for its coverage of British politics and the arts. r its coverage of British politics and the arts.

Founded in 1822 as a nationally Founded in 1822 as a nationally circulated paper with an circulated paper with an independent editorial policy, Tindependent editorial policy, T

he he Sunday Times reflects the Sunday Times reflects the dignified, carefully written, dignified, carefully written,

and and well-edited character of its dwell-edited character of its daily aily counterpart The Times.counterpart The Times.

virtually virtually ad.ad.

— — almost; very nearly almost; very nearly

e.g.e.g.

•• It’s It’s virtuallyvirtually impossible to tell the imitation from the impossible to tell the imitation from the real thing.real thing.

•• The job was The job was virtually virtually completed by the end of the week.completed by the end of the week.

Notice:Notice: You can use You can use virtuallyvirtually to refer to something that to refer to something that is almost or nearly true and that can be regarded as truis almost or nearly true and that can be regarded as true for most purposes.e for most purposes.


Cf.Cf. virtualvirtual a.a. ——almost what is stated; in fact though not officially

VirtualVirtual realityreality is a set of images and sounds produced is a set of images and sounds produced by a computer which seem to represent a place or by a computer which seem to represent a place or situation in which a person experiencing it can take situation in which a person experiencing it can take part, and apart, and a virtualvirtual business is one that exists in business is one that exists in cyberspace.cyberspace.

virtually virtually ad.ad.

— — almost; very nearly almost; very nearly

paralyse/paralyzeparalyse/paralyze vt.vt.

—— make (sb. ) lose the ability to move part or all of his make (sb. ) lose the ability to move part or all of his

body, or to feel anything in it body, or to feel anything in it

e.g.e.g.

•• He wasHe was paralysed paralysed from the neck down in a road from the neck down in a road accidaccident.ent.•• A stroke A stroke paralyzed paralyzed half his face. half his face.

Notice:Notice:You can say that people, places or organizations are You can say that people, places or organizations are pparalysedaralysed by something when it makes them unable to a by something when it makes them unable to act or function properly.ct or function properly.

e.g.e.g.

•• The strike The strike paralysed paralysed the transport network.the transport network.

•• The whole system was The whole system was paralysedparalysed when the main comput when the main computer broke down.er broke down.

TranslateTranslate

电力故障使整个城市陷于瘫痪。电力故障使整个城市陷于瘫痪。KeyKey

Electricity failure Electricity failure paralyzed paralyzed the whole city.the whole city.

dream ofdream of

— — wish, fantasize, imaginewish, fantasize, imagine

e.g.e.g.

•• He He dreamed ofdreamed of winning the world tennis winning the world tennis championship one day.championship one day.

•• Stephanie often Stephanie often dreams ofdreams of long sea journeys. long sea journeys.

You You dream ofdream of doing something or of something doing something or of something happening, when you very much want it to come about.happening, when you very much want it to come about.

specialize inspecialize in

— — concentrate oneconcentrate one’’s studies, interests, etc. on s studies, interests, etc. on (a (a

particular field, etc.) particular field, etc.)

e.g.e.g.

•• Prof. White Prof. White specializes specializes in oriental history.in oriental history.

•• He He specialized specialized first in painting birds and later in first in painting birds and later in writing about them.writing about them.

Fill in the blankFill in the blank

They went to a They went to a _____ _____ (( 意大利风味餐馆意大利风味餐馆 ))..

KeyKey

restaurant restaurant that that specializes inspecializes in Italian food Italian food

Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they fell apartfell apart; ; the wallpaper hung peeling from old age.the wallpaper hung peeling from old age.

e.g.e.g.

•• My bicycle isMy bicycle is falling apartfalling apart..

•• Their marriage finallyTheir marriage finally fell apartfell apart..


fall apartfall apart— — break into pieces; break up break into pieces; break up

Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they fell apart; Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they fell apart; the wallpaper hung the wallpaper hung peelingpeeling from old age. from old age.

peelpeel vi.vi. — — (of a covering) come off in strips or small pieces (of a covering) come off in strips or small pieces

e.g.e.g.

•• After the sunburn, my husband’s skin After the sunburn, my husband’s skin peeledpeeled..

Cf.Cf.

peelpeel vt.vt.

—— ((offoff) remove the outer covering from (a fruit, vegetabl) remove the outer covering from (a fruit, vegetable, etc.) e, etc.)

e.g.e.g.

• • Mother wanted you to Mother wanted you to peelpeel some potatoes for salad some potatoes for salad..

Cf.Cf.

peelpeel n.n.

— — the outer covering of fruits and vegetablesthe outer covering of fruits and vegetables

e.g.e.g.

• • orange orange peelpeel

• • onion onion peelpeel

Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they fell apart; Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they fell apart; the wallpaper hung peeling from old age. The family car the wallpaper hung peeling from old age. The family car was a London taxi, bought for £50.was a London taxi, bought for £50.

—— Carpets and furniture would not be replaced by new Carpets and furniture would not be replaced by new ones until they broke; the wallpaper came off and hung ones until they broke; the wallpaper came off and hung for old age. The family car was a second-hand car for old age. The family car was a second-hand car bought for £50 from a London taxi company. bought for £50 from a London taxi company.

The description of Hawking’s parents’ house suggests The description of Hawking’s parents’ house suggests their their ““eccentriceccentric” ” behaviors in other people’s eyes and, behaviors in other people’s eyes and, on the other hand, their thrift in life: they would rather on the other hand, their thrift in life: they would rather bury themselves in a roomful of books than have any bury themselves in a roomful of books than have any comforts in their house.comforts in their house.

GalileoGalileo (1564 - 1642) (1564 - 1642)

Italian astronomer and physicist. Italian astronomer and physicist.

The first to use a telescope to study The first to use a telescope to study

the stars (1610), he was an the stars (1610), he was an

outspoken advocate of Copernicus’s outspoken advocate of Copernicus’s

theory that the sun forms the center theory that the sun forms the center

of the universe, which led to his of the universe, which led to his

persecution and imprisonment by persecution and imprisonment by

the Inquisition (1633). the Inquisition (1633).


… … start using his eyes, bothstart using his eyes, both figuratively figuratively and literally and literally

figurativelyfiguratively ad.ad.

—— 比喻地；借喻地比喻地；借喻地

When someone is speaking When someone is speaking figurativelyfiguratively, he is using a wor, he is using a word or expression with a more abstract or imaginative mead or expression with a more abstract or imaginative meaning than its usual one.ning than its usual one.

e.g.e.g.

• • FigurativelyFiguratively speaking, a number of people still live in tspeaking, a number of people still live in the eighteenth century.he eighteenth century.

• • When I said I killed him, I was using the word When I said I killed him, I was using the word ““killkill” ” fifigurativelyguratively..


… … start using his eyes, both figuratively and start using his eyes, both figuratively and literally literally

literallyliterally adad. .

1.1. according to the most basic and simple meaning of a according to the most basic and simple meaning of a

wordword

e.g.e.g.

•• The book is translated too The book is translated too literallyliterally..

•• Don’t take everything he says Don’t take everything he says literallyliterally; he likes to ; he likes to

exaggerate.exaggerate.


literallyliterally adad. .

2.2. exactly, reallyexactly, really

e.g.e.g.

• • There are There are literally literally thousands of “interest groups” on tthousands of “interest groups” on t

he Internet.he Internet.

• • I I literallyliterally begged him for help. begged him for help.

““FigurativelyFiguratively”” and and ““literallyliterally”” are often used to describe are often used to describe the meanings of words. In the case of the meanings of words. In the case of ““eyeeye””, , literallyliterally it it means an organ of sight, as in means an organ of sight, as in ““He closed his left He closed his left eyeeye and opened his right and opened his right eyeeye””, while , while figurativelyfiguratively it means it means the mind’s eye or observation, as in the mind’s eye or observation, as in ““To her expert To her expert eyeeye, , the painting was terrible.the painting was terrible.””

… … start using his eyes, both start using his eyes, both figuratively figuratively andand literally literally

In a senseIn a sense, he was responsible for the age of science we , he was responsible for the age of science we now enjoy.now enjoy.

in a sensein a sense

—— to a certain extent but not entirelyto a certain extent but not entirely

e.g.e.g.

• • You are right You are right in a sensein a sense, but you don’t know all the , but you don’t know all the

facts.facts.

• • We are, We are, in a sensein a sense, being deceitful if we tell them so., being deceitful if we tell them so.


In a sense, he In a sense, he was responsible forwas responsible for the age of science we the age of science we now enjoy.now enjoy.

be responsible forbe responsible for

—— be the cause of be the cause of e.g.e.g.

• • The bad weather was responsible for the crop failure.The bad weather was responsible for the crop failure.

• • Who is responsible for the damage?Who is responsible for the damage?


Aldous Huxley Aldous Huxley (1894 - 1963)(1894 - 1963)

Aldous Huxley was an English novelist,Aldous Huxley was an English novelist,

essayist, critic and poet.During theessayist, critic and poet.During the

1920s and 1930s he lived in Italy and1920s and 1930s he lived in Italy and

France, and there wrote many of hisFrance, and there wrote many of his

best fictions, notably best fictions, notably Brave NewBrave New

WorldWorld (1932) and (1932) and Eyeless in GazaEyeless in Gaza (1936). Disillusioned (1936). Disillusioned

with Europe he left for California in 1937, in search of with Europe he left for California in 1937, in search of

new spiritual direction. He also wrote on science, new spiritual direction. He also wrote on science,

philosophy, and social criticism. His works, often philosophy, and social criticism. His works, often

pessimistic, combine satire and earnestness, brutality pessimistic, combine satire and earnestness, brutality

and humanity,and shed light onand humanity,and shed light on unexplored territory.unexplored territory.


Bertrand RussellBertrand Russell (1872 - 1970)(1872 - 1970)Bertrand RussellBertrand Russell was a British was a British philosopher, mathematician, and philosopher, mathematician, and reformer, whose emphasis on logical reformer, whose emphasis on logical analysis influenced the course of analysis influenced the course of 20th-century philosophy. He 20th-century philosophy. He remained constant in his admiration remained constant in his admiration

of physics and his belief that science provides the best of physics and his belief that science provides the best understanding of all that exists. He was widely known to understanding of all that exists. He was widely known to the general public through campaigns and writings in the general public through campaigns and writings in favor of progressive views in politics, morals, education, favor of progressive views in politics, morals, education, and religion. Among his many books are and religion. Among his many books are Principles of Principles of Mathematics Mathematics (1903), (1903), The Analysis of MatterThe Analysis of Matter (1927), (1927), Education and The Social OrderEducation and The Social Order (1930). He was awarded (1930). He was awarded the Noble Prize for Literature in 1950. the Noble Prize for Literature in 1950.

at onceat once an intellectual giant and liberal activist an intellectual giant and liberal activist

at onceat once

—— at the same timeat the same time

e.g.e.g.

• All three boys spoke All three boys spoke at onceat once..

• The book is The book is at onceat once instructive and amusing. instructive and amusing.

• When there’s more than one conversation going on When there’s more than one conversation going on at at onceonce, you can’t hear anything. , you can’t hear anything.


e.g.e.g.

•• He’s quite bright but he’s not what you should He’s quite bright but he’s not what you should describe as describe as intellectualintellectual..

•• Thinking is an Thinking is an intellectualintellectual process process..

intellectualintellectual a.a.—— having or showing power of the mind; needing or having or showing power of the mind; needing or using power of the mindusing power of the mind

Cf.Cf. intelligentintelligent a.a.

—— having or showing understanding; able to learn and having or showing understanding; able to learn and knowknow

e.g.e.g.

•• Dolphins are Dolphins are intelligentintelligent animals. animals.

•• Scientists believe that there are Scientists believe that there are intelligentintelligent life existing life existing beyond our solar system.beyond our solar system.

An An intellectualintellectual person is one who has developed his person is one who has developed his brain and is highly educated, and is interested in brain and is highly educated, and is interested in subjects that exercise the mind, while an subjects that exercise the mind, while an intelligentintelligent person has the power of learning or understanding but person has the power of learning or understanding but may not know much.may not know much.

at once an at once an intellectualintellectual giant and liberal activist giant and liberal activist

struggle away withstruggle away with

—— try very hard to do (sth., though it istry very hard to do (sth., though it is very hard) very hard)

e.g.e.g.

• He He struggled away withstruggled away with calculus but eventually calculus but eventually understood it.understood it.

• For years, the scientist For years, the scientist struggled away withstruggled away with the the establishmentestablishment to get his theories accepted.to get his theories accepted.


awayaway ad.ad.

—— all the time; continuously all the time; continuously

e.g.e.g.

•• She worked She worked awayaway at her job. at her job.

•• The young people chatted The young people chatted awayaway like old friends. like old friends.

Hawking the schoolboy was ...Hawking the schoolboy was ...

—— As a schoolboy Hawking was ...As a schoolboy Hawking was ...

““Hawking the schoolboyHawking the schoolboy””, the reverse of the more , the reverse of the more common form, the schoolboy Hawking, is a case of common form, the schoolboy Hawking, is a case of restrictive apposition of noun phrases. The appositive restrictive apposition of noun phrases. The appositive preceded by preceded by ““thethe” ” is a general word restricted in is a general word restricted in meaning by the proper name. meaning by the proper name.

e.g.e.g.

•• Robinson the singer (= the singer Robinson)Robinson the singer (= the singer Robinson)

•• Paul Jones the critic (= the critic Paul Jones)Paul Jones the critic (= the critic Paul Jones)


A noun or a noun phrase can be added to another noun A noun or a noun phrase can be added to another noun or pronoun as further explanation, or modifier, which is or pronoun as further explanation, or modifier, which is calledcalled apposition apposition. An appositive is usually placed after . An appositive is usually placed after the preceding noun, but sometimes in front of a noun or the preceding noun, but sometimes in front of a noun or a pronoun for emphasis.a pronoun for emphasis.

More to doMore to doMore to doMore to do

Hawking the schoolboy Hawking the schoolboy was ...was ...

—— As a schoolboy Hawking was ...As a schoolboy Hawking was ...

e.g.e.g.•• A public figureA public figure, the actress’s private life is always the ta, the actress’s private life is always the ta

lk of the town.lk of the town.•• I was even more alarmed when I saw who stepped from I was even more alarmed when I saw who stepped from

the car: the wife of Sir John Lavery, the car: the wife of Sir John Lavery, the celebrated painthe celebrated painter who lived nearbyter who lived nearby..

1.1. Stephen Hawking is a star scientist in more ways than one. Stephen Hawking is a star scientist in more ways than one. He has achieved far more than most people ever dream of.He has achieved far more than most people ever dream of.

2.2. Galileo was an Italian mathematician and astronomer. He Galileo was an Italian mathematician and astronomer. He was the first scientist to start using his eyes, both literally was the first scientist to start using his eyes, both literally and figuratively.and figuratively.

VIII.VIII. Rewrite the following sentences.Rewrite the following sentences.

A star scientist in more ways than one, Stephen Hawking , Stephen Hawking has achieved far more than most people ever dream of.has achieved far more than most people ever dream of.

An Italian mathematician and astronomer, Galileo was the , Galileo was the first scientist to start using his eyes, both literally and first scientist to start using his eyes, both literally and figuratively.figuratively.


《读写教程 II 》： Ex. VIII, p. 142Ex. VIII, p. 142《读写教程 II 》： Ex. VIII, p. 142Ex. VIII, p. 142

3.3. Hawking was a figure of classroom fun. He spoke with a Hawking was a figure of classroom fun. He spoke with a slight lisp inherited from his father.slight lisp inherited from his father.

4.4. The Poetry Society is a group of some forty students. It The Poetry Society is a group of some forty students. It holds regular meetings where the members recite their holds regular meetings where the members recite their poems.poems. 　　

A figure of classroom funA figure of classroom fun, Hawking spoke with a slight , Hawking spoke with a slight lisp inherited from his father.lisp inherited from his father.

A group of some forty studentsA group of some forty students, the Poetry Society holds , the Poetry Society holds regular meetings where the members recite their poems.regular meetings where the members recite their poems.



5.5. Beijing is a fascinating combination of ancient and modern Beijing is a fascinating combination of ancient and modern China. It attracts huge numbers of tourists from around China. It attracts huge numbers of tourists from around the world every year.the world every year.

A fascinating combination of ancient and modern ChinaA fascinating combination of ancient and modern China, , Beijing attracts huge numbers of tourists from around the Beijing attracts huge numbers of tourists from around the world every year.world every year.



have something/nothing/anything/a lot/a little to do have something/nothing/anything/a lot/a little to do withwith

— — have some/ no/ any/ a lot/ a little relation or have some/ no/ any/ a lot/ a little relation or connection withconnection with

e.g.e.g.

•• His job His job has nothing to do withhas nothing to do with telephones. telephones.

•• Abstract art Abstract art has little to do withhas little to do with everyday experience. everyday experience.

TranslateTranslate

听仔细了，我说的和你有很大关系。听仔细了，我说的和你有很大关系。

KeyKey

Listen carefully, what I have said has a lot to do Listen carefully, what I have said has a lot to do with with you. you.

If you If you do not bother to do somethingdo not bother to do something (usu. with a (usu. with a negative), you do not do it because it would take too negative), you do not do it because it would take too much effort, or because it is unnecessary. much effort, or because it is unnecessary.

bother to do sthbother to do sth. .

— — trouble oneself to do sth.trouble oneself to do sth.

e.g.e.g.

• • How are you going to learn if you don’t How are you going to learn if you don’t bother tobother to listen?listen?

• • Unfortunately he didn’t Unfortunately he didn’t bother tobother to check the exact check the exact wording of the contract before he signed it.wording of the contract before he signed it.

knock offknock off

— — cause (sth.) to fall from a placecause (sth.) to fall from a place

e.g.e.g.

•• Just when I had put the glass safely down on the Just when I had put the glass safely down on the table, table, the cat jumped up and the cat jumped up and knockedknocked it it offoff..

•• A snowball A snowball knockedknocked his hat his hat offoff..

•• The blow The blow knockedknocked him him offoff his feet. his feet.

work outwork out— — find an answer to (sth.); solve (sth.)find an answer to (sth.); solve (sth.)

TranslationTranslation

我们一直期望能找到一个和平的方案来解决冲突。我们一直期望能找到一个和平的方案来解决冲突。

e.g.e.g.

• • Can you Can you work outwork out this math problem for me? this math problem for me?

• • No one can No one can work outwork out how the fire started. how the fire started.KeyKey

We are always hoping that a peaceful solution We are always hoping that a peaceful solution can be can be worked outworked out to solve the conflict. to solve the conflict.

… … with his head in the stars, with his head in the stars, working outworking out mathematical formulaemathematical formulae


—— with his thoughts far, far away thinking about with his thoughts far, far away thinking about solutions to mathematical problemssolutions to mathematical problems

… … with his head in the stars, working out with his head in the stars, working out mathematical formulaemathematical formulae

have one’s share of sth.have one’s share of sth.— — have part of sth.; have the amount that is fair for sb.have part of sth.; have the amount that is fair for sb.

e.g.e.g.

•• I’ve certainly I’ve certainly had my share ofhad my share of problems. problems.

•• You’ve You’ve hadhad more than more than your share ofyour share of that ice cream. that ice cream.

Oxford has always Oxford has always had its share ofhad its share of eccentric eccentric students, so Hawking fit right in.students, so Hawking fit right in.


fit infit in— — be (precisely) suitable (to)be (precisely) suitable (to)

e.g.e.g.

• • It’s no surprise she is leaving the course — she never It’s no surprise she is leaving the course — she never

really fits in.really fits in.

•• They are looking for someone young to join the team, They are looking for someone young to join the team,

someone who fits in.someone who fits in.


Oxford has always had its share of eccentric Oxford has always had its share of eccentric students, so Hawking students, so Hawking fitfit right right inin..

ParaphraseParaphrase

?? — — Just like many other universities, Oxford also has Just like many other universities, Oxford also has

had some smart students who behaved in a strange had some smart students who behaved in a strange way, so Hawking felt as if he belonged exactly to way, so Hawking felt as if he belonged exactly to them.them.

Oxford has always had its share of eccentric students, Oxford has always had its share of eccentric students, so Hawking fit right in.so Hawking fit right in.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

It’s also known as Lou Gehrig’s Disease is a progressiIt’s also known as Lou Gehrig’s Disease is a progressive, fatal disease of the motor neurons (nerve cells) thve, fatal disease of the motor neurons (nerve cells) that control the skeletal muscles of the body. The diseasat control the skeletal muscles of the body. The disease characteristically produces a wasting away of the me characteristically produces a wasting away of the muscles that have lost their nerve supply, resulting in wuscles that have lost their nerve supply, resulting in weakening and paralysis. There are also signs of spastieakening and paralysis. There are also signs of spasticity, or stiffness, of the muscles and exaggerated reflecity, or stiffness, of the muscles and exaggerated reflexesxes.. Eventually, ALS results in total paralysis and res Eventually, ALS results in total paralysis and respiratory failure. The senses and intellect are not affecpiratory failure. The senses and intellect are not affected.ted.


take (sth.) for grantedtake (sth.) for granted

— — be so familiar with (sth.) that one no longer appreciatbe so familiar with (sth.) that one no longer appreciates its full value; treat (sth.) as unimportantes its full value; treat (sth.) as unimportant

e.g. e.g.

•• He just He just takestakes it it for grantedfor granted that the house is tidy. that the house is tidy.

•• Most young people Most young people taketake the washing machine the washing machine for for grantedgranted because they’ve never lived without it. because they’ve never lived without it.

TranslationTranslation

不要把一切都看成是想当然。不要把一切都看成是想当然。

KeyKey

Don’t Don’t taketake everything everything for grantedfor granted..

mind over mattermind over matter

— — (sometimes humor) control of events or material (sometimes humor) control of events or material objects by the power of the mind objects by the power of the mind

e.g.e.g.

•• My grandfather firmly believed that he had cured his My grandfather firmly believed that he had cured his own cancer through own cancer through mind over mattermind over matter..

•• Keeping to a strict diet is a question of Keeping to a strict diet is a question of mind over mind over mattermatter..

e.g.e.g.

•• That guy we met the other day That guy we met the other day turned out to beturned out to be Andy Andy’’s s second cousin. second cousin.

•• His statement His statement turned out to beturned out to be false. false.

turn out to beturn out to be

—— happen to be in the endhappen to be in the end


Black HoleBlack Hole

Black hole is a cosmic body of Black hole is a cosmic body of extremely intense gravity from which extremely intense gravity from which nothing, not even light, can escape. A nothing, not even light, can escape. A black hole can be formed by the death of black hole can be formed by the death of

a massive star. When such a star has exhausted its internal thea massive star. When such a star has exhausted its internal thermonuclear fuels at the end of its life, it becomes unstable and rmonuclear fuels at the end of its life, it becomes unstable and gravitationally collapses inward upon itself. gravitationally collapses inward upon itself.

The existence of another kind of nonstellar black hole has been The existence of another kind of nonstellar black hole has been proposed by the British astrophysicistproposed by the British astrophysicist Stephen Hawking. AccoStephen Hawking. According to Hawking’s theory, numerous tiny black holes might hrding to Hawking’s theory, numerous tiny black holes might have been created during the big bangave been created during the big bang,, a state of extremely high a state of extremely high temperatures and density in which the universe is thought to htemperatures and density in which the universe is thought to have originated roughly 10 billion years ago.ave originated roughly 10 billion years ago.


Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton, English mathematician and physicist, Sir Isaac Newton, English mathematician and physicist, considered one of the greatest scientists in history, made considered one of the greatest scientists in history, made important contributions to many fields of science. His important contributions to many fields of science. His discoveries and theories laid the foundation for much of discoveries and theories laid the foundation for much of the progress in science since his time. Newton was one of the progress in science since his time. Newton was one of

the inventors of the branch of the inventors of the branch of mathematics called calculus. He mathematics called calculus. He also solved the mysteries of light also solved the mysteries of light and optics, formulated the three and optics, formulated the three laws of motion, and derived from laws of motion, and derived from them the law of universal them the law of universal gravitation.gravitation.

be immune to be immune to

— — not responsive to or affected by (diseases, not responsive to or affected by (diseases, criticism, bad treatment, etc.)criticism, bad treatment, etc.)

e.g.e.g.

•• They’re always so rude that I’ve already become They’re always so rude that I’ve already become immune toimmune to it. it.

•• My uncle seems to My uncle seems to be immune tobe immune to colds colds — — he just he just never gets them.never gets them.

ExercisesExercises

• Comprehension

Ex. IIEx. II

• VocabularyEx. III ~ VIIEx. III ~ VII

• Listening & DiscussionPart 3.3Part 3.3

1.1. Why do the authors call Hawking “a star scientist in Why do the authors call Hawking “a star scientist in more ways than one”?more ways than one”?

Key:Key: Because he is a star in the sense of celebrity and in Because he is a star in the sense of celebrity and in the sense of that his expertise is related to astronomy.the sense of that his expertise is related to astronomy.Relevant to: Relevant to: Para. 1Para. 1

ComprehensionComprehension

II.II. Answer the following questions.Answer the following questions.

《读写教程 IIII 》： Ex. II, p. 140Ex. II, p. 140《读写教程 IIII 》： Ex. II, p. 140Ex. II, p. 140

2.2. In what way is Hawking disabled?In what way is Hawking disabled?

Key:Key: He is paralysed except for a few muscles, and he lost He is paralysed except for a few muscles, and he lost his ability to use his voice.his ability to use his voice. Relevant to: Relevant to: Para. 2Para. 2



3.3. Why do the authors mention the Hawking family’s Why do the authors mention the Hawking family’s carpets, wallpaper and car?carpets, wallpaper and car?

Key:Key: These are the examples of the family’s eccentricity.These are the examples of the family’s eccentricity.Relevant to: Relevant to: Para. 3Para. 3



4.4. What does Hawking mean by saying that What does Hawking mean by saying that ““Galileo was the Galileo was the first scientist to start using his eyes, both figuratively and first scientist to start using his eyes, both figuratively and literallyliterally””??

Key:Key: He means that he regards Galileo as the first He means that he regards Galileo as the first scientist to closely observe the world and to base his ideas scientist to closely observe the world and to base his ideas about science on observation.about science on observation.Relevant to: Relevant to: Para. 5Para. 5



5.5. What sort of student was Hawking as a schoolboy? What sort of student was Hawking as a schoolboy?

Key:Key: He was very gifted without having to work hard, He was very gifted without having to work hard, and he hung around with an and he hung around with an ““elite groupelite group” ” of intelligent of intelligent students.students.Relevant to: Relevant to: Para. 5.6.7Para. 5.6.7



6.6. Why do the authors mention Hawking’s quick answer to Why do the authors mention Hawking’s quick answer to the question about cooling tea?the question about cooling tea?

Key:Key: It seems to be meant as an example of his quick and It seems to be meant as an example of his quick and insightful mind insightful mind – – but to me it sounds as if Hawking just but to me it sounds as if Hawking just happened to know the answer to this particular happened to know the answer to this particular ““puzzlepuzzle” ” (so do I, now!).(so do I, now!).Relevant to: Relevant to: Para. 8Para. 8



7.7. What made him What made him ““a figure of funa figure of fun””??

Key:Key: His physical awkwardness, his messy uniform and His physical awkwardness, his messy uniform and his speech impediment.his speech impediment.Relevant to: Relevant to: Para. 9Para. 9



8.8. Why do the authors mention Hawking’s poor boating Why do the authors mention Hawking’s poor boating skills?skills?

Key:Key: It’s an example of Hawking’s eccentricity.It’s an example of Hawking’s eccentricity.Relevant to: Relevant to: Para. 10Para. 10



9.9. How did the diagnosis of ALS affect Hawking’s feelings How did the diagnosis of ALS affect Hawking’s feelings about life? about life?

Key:Key: He gained appreciation for and interest in life.He gained appreciation for and interest in life. Relevant to: Relevant to: Para. 11Para. 11



10.10. What do the authors mean by saying that Hawking’s What do the authors mean by saying that Hawking’s growing reputation was like a demonstration of growing reputation was like a demonstration of ““the the theory of mind over mattertheory of mind over matter””??

Key:Key: They mean that it seemed to show how They mean that it seemed to show how determination and ambition can help people overcome determination and ambition can help people overcome seemingly impossible obstacles (i.e. Hawking’s severe seemingly impossible obstacles (i.e. Hawking’s severe disabilities).disabilities).Relevant to: Relevant to: Para. 13Para. 13



11.11. How did his disease contribute to his career?How did his disease contribute to his career?

Key:Key: It helped him focus on what his real gift was: It helped him focus on what his real gift was: theoretical research.theoretical research. Relevant to: Relevant to: Para. 13Para. 13



12.12. What does Hawking mean when he says What does Hawking mean when he says ““muscle power muscle power is obsoleteis obsolete””??

Key:Key: He means that civilization has evolved to the point He means that civilization has evolved to the point that physical disabilities like his don’t mean a person can’t that physical disabilities like his don’t mean a person can’t make a meaningful contribution to society.make a meaningful contribution to society.Relevant to: Relevant to: Para. 14Para. 14



• VocabularyVocabularyEx. III

Ex. IVEx. IV

Ex. VEx. V

• Word BuildingWord BuildingEx. VIEx. VI

Ex. VIIEx. VII

ExercisesExercises

III.III. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.form where necessary.

1.1. Stephen Hawking soon proved himself to be a scientist Stephen Hawking soon proved himself to be a scientist of great _____ and creativity.of great _____ and creativity.

insightinsight

2. 2. Fear of making mistakes is one of the main _____ to Fear of making mistakes is one of the main _____ to mastering spoken English.mastering spoken English.

obstaclesobstacles

VocabularyVocabulary

proclaimproclaim obstacleobstacle eccentriceccentric inheritinherit posepose

paralyseparalyse insightinsight initiallyinitially gapgap predictpredict《读写教程 II 》： Ex. IEx. III, p. 140, p. 140《读写教程 II 》： Ex. IEx. III, p. 140, p. 140

3.3. The disease affected his muscles and nervous system The disease affected his muscles and nervous system and gradually _____ him.and gradually _____ him.

paralysedparalysed

4.4. Cloning, a technological breakthrough, _____ some seriCloning, a technological breakthrough, _____ some serious ethical ous ethical (( 伦理的伦理的 )) problems. problems.

posesposes




paralyseparalyse insightinsight initiallyinitially gapgap predictpredict

5. 5. This book has been _____ a modern masterpiece. This book has been _____ a modern masterpiece.

proclaimedproclaimed

6.6. The storms are _____ to reach the North of the country The storms are _____ to reach the North of the country tomorrow morning.tomorrow morning.

predictedpredicted





7. 7. _____, his theories created a lot of controversy in _____, his theories created a lot of controversy in scientific circles, but now they’re widely accepted. scientific circles, but now they’re widely accepted.

InitiallyInitially

8. 8. The old man lives alone and is rarely visited by hisThe old man lives alone and is rarely visited by hisneighbors, who consider him _____.neighbors, who consider him _____.

eccentriceccentric





9.9. The government must take some measures to narrow The government must take some measures to narrow the _____ between the rich and the poor.the _____ between the rich and the poor.

gapgap

10. Although he knew he would _____ a great fortune from 10. Although he knew he would _____ a great fortune from his father, Richard was determined to earn his own his father, Richard was determined to earn his own living.living.

inheritinherit





IV. Rescue these notes! IV. Rescue these notes!

《读写教程 II 》： Ex. Ex. IV, p. 171V, p. 171《读写教程 II 》： Ex. Ex. IV, p. 171V, p. 171


This time our underachieving student has made some nThis time our underachieving student has made some n

otes about Text A, but they’re full of words that are the otes about Text A, but they’re full of words that are the

opposite of what they should be! Replace the underlined opposite of what they should be! Replace the underlined

words with their opposites from the text, and then rewriwords with their opposites from the text, and then rewri

te the notes as complete sentences.te the notes as complete sentences.


1.1. Hawking / proclaimed / Hawking / proclaimed / an underachiever an underachiever / Einstein’s / Einstein’s

ancestorancestor


a geniusa genius

heirheir

Rewrite:

Hawking has been proclaimed a genius and Einstein’s Hawking has been proclaimed a genius and Einstein’s heir.heir.

2.2. Father / doctor Father / doctor generalizing generalizing / polar diseases/ polar diseases


specialize inspecialize in

Rewrite:

His father was a doctor specializing in tropical diseases.His father was a doctor specializing in tropical diseases.


tropicaltropical

3.3. ModernModern astronomers maintained / Earth / centre / astronomers maintained / Earth / centre / LunarLunar

(( 月球的月球的 ) ) SystemSystem


ancientancient solarsolar

Rewrite:

Ancient astronomers maintained that the Earth was the ceAncient astronomers maintained that the Earth was the centre of the Solar System.ntre of the Solar System.


4.4. Hawking / part / Hawking / part / ordinaryordinary group / bright students / group / bright students /

popular popular musicmusic


eliteelite

Rewrite:Rewrite:

Hawking was part of an elite group of bright students who Hawking was part of an elite group of bright students who listened to classical music.listened to classical music.

classicalclassical


5.5. He He ignoresignores his disease / crucial factor / attention on his disease / crucial factor / attention on

practicalpractical research research..


acknowledge acknowledge

Rewrite:Rewrite:

He acknowledges that his disease was a crucial factor in He acknowledges that his disease was a crucial factor in focusing his attention on theoretical research.focusing his attention on theoretical research.

theoreticaltheoretical


V.V. Rewrite the sentences below using phrases based on the words Rewrite the sentences below using phrases based on the words in parentheses. Be sure to make any other necessary changes in parentheses. Be sure to make any other necessary changes as well.as well.

1.1. Big industries that are the source of a lot of pollution pay Big industries that are the source of a lot of pollution pay

special taxes that finance environmental clean-up projects. special taxes that finance environmental clean-up projects.

(responsible)(responsible)

《读写教程 II 》： Ex. V, p. 141Ex. V, p. 141《读写教程 II 》： Ex. V, p. 141Ex. V, p. 141


Big industries that are Big industries that are responsible forresponsible for a lot of pollution pay a lot of pollution pay special taxes that finance environmental clean-up projects. special taxes that finance environmental clean-up projects.

2.2. We bought these chairs only last year and they’re We bought these chairs only last year and they’re

collapsing already. collapsing already. (fall)(fall)


We bought these chairs only last year and they’re We bought these chairs only last year and they’re falling falling apartapart already. already.


3. 3. Each of us has to solve the problems posed by life in our Each of us has to solve the problems posed by life in our

own way. own way. (work)(work)


Each of us has to Each of us has to work outwork out the problems posed by life the problems posed by life in our own way.in our own way.


4.4. Haven’t your parents ever said anything about your Haven’t your parents ever said anything about your

spending time in the company of such eccentric things. spending time in the company of such eccentric things.

(hang)(hang)


Haven’t your parents ever said anything about Haven’t your parents ever said anything about your your hanging around withhanging around with such eccentric things. such eccentric things.


5.5. Just as Jane put the glass on the table, the cat jumped up Just as Jane put the glass on the table, the cat jumped up

and caused it to fall. and caused it to fall. (knock)(knock)


Just as Jane put the glass on the table, the cat jumped up Just as Jane put the glass on the table, the cat jumped up and and knocked it offknocked it off..


6.6. Fascinated by the stars and planets, the boy wished to Fascinated by the stars and planets, the boy wished to

become a professional astronomer someday. (dream)become a professional astronomer someday. (dream)


Fascinated by the stars and planets, the boy Fascinated by the stars and planets, the boy dreamed of dreamed of becoming becoming a professional astronomer someday. a professional astronomer someday.


7.7. Many educators say that an ability to perform well on Many educators say that an ability to perform well on

tests is completely unrelated to true intelligence. tests is completely unrelated to true intelligence. (nothing)(nothing)


Many educators say that an ability to perform well on tests Many educators say that an ability to perform well on tests has nothing to do withhas nothing to do with true intelligence. true intelligence.


8.8. Alfred was a great philosopher and a talented musician Alfred was a great philosopher and a talented musician

as well. as well. (once)(once)


Alfred was Alfred was at onceat once a great philosopher a great philosopher andand a talented a talented musician as well.musician as well.


9.9. Plenty of people who had trouble in school later proved to Plenty of people who had trouble in school later proved to

be creative geniuses. be creative geniuses. (turn)(turn)


Plenty of people who had trouble in school later Plenty of people who had trouble in school later turned out turned out to beto be creative geniuses. creative geniuses.


10.10. Of course you have trouble learning if you never take the Of course you have trouble learning if you never take the

trouble to look up new words in the dictionary. trouble to look up new words in the dictionary. (bother)(bother)


Of course you have trouble learning if you never Of course you have trouble learning if you never bother tobother to look up new words in the dictionary.look up new words in the dictionary.


《读写教程 II 》： Ex. VI, p. 141Ex. VI, p. 141《读写教程 II 》： Ex. VI, p. 141Ex. VI, p. 141

Word BuildingWord Building

VI.VI. Complete the following table and translate the newly-Complete the following table and translate the newly-formed words into Chinese.formed words into Chinese.

Word BuildingWord Building

nn. (subject). (subject) aa.. nn. (person). (person)physicsphysics physicalphysical physicistphysicist

AnthropologicalAnthropological anthropologistanthropologist

archaeologyarchaeology ArchaeologicalArchaeological

astronomyastronomy AstronomicalAstronomical

biologybiology biologistbiologist

ChemicalChemical

CosmologicalCosmological

mathematicsmathematics

philosophyphilosophy

psychologistpsychologist

sociologysociology

1. anthropology1. anthropology2. archaeologist 2. archaeologist 3. astronomer3. astronomer

4. biological4. biological6. chemist6. chemist8. cosmologist8. cosmologist10. mathematician10. mathematician

12. philosopher12. philosopher

16. sociologist16. sociologist15. sociological15. sociological14. psychological14. psychological11. philosophical11. philosophical9. mathematical9. mathematical

13. psychology13. psychology

7. cosmology7. cosmology5. chemistry5. chemistry

VII.VII. The prefix tele- is added to some nouns with the meaninThe prefix tele- is added to some nouns with the meaning of over a long distance. Fill in the words that are defing of over a long distance. Fill in the words that are defined for you, or complete the definitions of the words that ed for you, or complete the definitions of the words that are given to you.are given to you.

《读写教程 II 》： Ex. VEx. VII, p. 142, p. 142《读写教程 II 》： Ex. VEx. VII, p. 142, p. 142


Models:Models:

telescope:telescope: an instrument used for making distant things an instrument used for making distant things

appear larger and nearer appear larger and nearer

telephone: telephone: an instrument used for sending sounds over a an instrument used for sending sounds over a

long distance by electrical means.long distance by electrical means.


1. ____________: 1. ____________: a message sent over a long distance by a message sent over a long distance by using electrical or radio signals.using electrical or radio signals.

• telegramtelegram

2. ____________: 2. ____________: a message sent over a long distance by a message sent over a long distance by using electrical or radio signals.using electrical or radio signals.

• televisiontelevision


3. telecommunications:3. telecommunications: the science and technology of the science and technology of ____ by using electronic ____ by using electronic

equipment.equipment.


• communicating over long distancescommunicating over long distances



4. telemedicine:4. telemedicine: the science that makes it possible to _____ the science that makes it possible to _____ through computer networksthrough computer networks

• treat a patient a long distance away or provide medical treat a patient a long distance away or provide medical treatment from a distancetreatment from a distance



5. teletext:5. teletext: a service providing _____ on customersa service providing _____ on customers’ ’ television television screensscreens

• information in the form of textinformation in the form of text


Directions:Directions: Listen carefully to the following text-related Listen carefully to the following text-related passage and fill in the blanks with missing passage and fill in the blanks with missing information.information.

Listening & SpeakingListening & Speaking

《听说教程 II 》： Part 3.3, p. 86Part 3.3, p. 86《听说教程 II 》： Part 3.3, p. 86Part 3.3, p. 86

Check-upCheck-upCheck-upCheck-up


Announcer:Announcer: Good evening ladies and gentlemen, and Good evening ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to “Just Numbers”, our weekly welcome to “Just Numbers”, our weekly collection of odd facts. Our question for collection of odd facts. Our question for tonight is: What does “the man on the street” tonight is: What does “the man on the street” really think of science and scientists? In order really think of science and scientists? In order to find out,to find out, New ScientistNew Scientist magazine conducted magazine conducted a survey of 1,901 average British citizens, a survey of 1,901 average British citizens, asking for their views on various aspects of asking for their views on various aspects of science and technology. The results of the science and technology. The results of the survey were fascinating survey were fascinating — — and at times and at times alarming.alarming.


The first question in the survey was; What do you consider tThe first question in the survey was; What do you consider the greatest scientific achievement since World War II? The moshe greatest scientific achievement since World War II? The most frequent response t frequent response — 36% — was— 36% — was (1)(1) “_____________”.“_____________”. (2)(2) ______________________________ came in a poor second, atcame in a poor second, at (3) (3) ____%, and____%, and (4) (4) ____________ were in third place, with a stunning________ were in third place, with a stunning (5) (5) _____%._____%.

The next question New Scientist posed in its survey was:The next question New Scientist posed in its survey was: NaName three famous scientists, living or dead. And who do you thinme three famous scientists, living or dead. And who do you think turned out to be the most famous and popular scientist of all tik turned out to be the most famous and popular scientist of all time, mentioned by a full 47% of the respondents to the survey?me, mentioned by a full 47% of the respondents to the survey? (6) (6) ______________? No — he came in second, with______________? No — he came in second, with (7) (7) _____%._____%. (8) (8) ________________?________________? He was third — onlyHe was third — only (9) (9) _______% of th_______% of the public namede public named (10) (10) _________. First place went to — have you _________. First place went to — have you guessed? —guessed? — (11) (11) “_____________”.“_____________”.

don’t knowdon’t knowSpace exploration Space exploration 1717ComputersComputers 99

Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein2828 Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton1313 Newton Newton

Don’t knowDon’t know


Although the public is clearly not very impressed with Although the public is clearly not very impressed with individual scientists and specific scientific achievements, we’re individual scientists and specific scientific achievements, we’re glad to report that the survey did reveal a few positive opinions glad to report that the survey did reveal a few positive opinions about science. Onlyabout science. Only (12) (12) _____% of the people questioned said _____% of the people questioned said that they feel science does more harm than good. And a fullthat they feel science does more harm than good. And a full (13)(13) _____% proclaimed that they have “a great deal of confidence” _____% proclaimed that they have “a great deal of confidence” in science and the scientific community.in science and the scientific community.

If any scientists are listening, don’t worry. The survey If any scientists are listening, don’t worry. The survey provided some insight into how to improve science’s public provided some insight into how to improve science’s public image. The statistics showed that in general, people who have image. The statistics showed that in general, people who have studied more science in school are stronger supporters of studied more science in school are stronger supporters of science. So as usual, education seems to be the key to science. So as usual, education seems to be the key to popularity.popularity.

That’s it for tonight, ladies and gentlemen That’s it for tonight, ladies and gentlemen — and thanks for — and thanks for listening to “Just Numbers”.listening to “Just Numbers”.

1111

1919

ScriptScriptScriptScript

Listening & Speaking: ScriptListening & Speaking: Script

Announcer:Announcer:

Good evening ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to “Just Good evening ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to “Just Numbers”, our weekly collection of odd facts. Our question for Numbers”, our weekly collection of odd facts. Our question for tonight is: What does “the man on the street” really think of tonight is: What does “the man on the street” really think of science and scientists? In order to find out, science and scientists? In order to find out, New ScientistNew Scientist magazine conducted a survey of 1,901 average British citizens, magazine conducted a survey of 1,901 average British citizens, asking for their views on various aspects of science and asking for their views on various aspects of science and technology. The results of the survey were fascinating technology. The results of the survey were fascinating — — and at and at times rather alarming.times rather alarming.

The first question in the survey was: What do you consider the The first question in the survey was: What do you consider the greatest scientific achievement since World War II? The most greatest scientific achievement since World War II? The most frequent response frequent response — 36% — was “— 36% — was “don’t knowdon’t know”.”. Space Space exploration exploration came in a poor second, atcame in a poor second, at 4747%, and%, and computers computers were in third place, with a stunningwere in third place, with a stunning 9 9%.%.

The next question New Scientist posed in its survey was: Name The next question New Scientist posed in its survey was: Name three famous scientists, living or dead. And who do you think three famous scientists, living or dead. And who do you think turned out to be the most famous and popular scientist of all turned out to be the most famous and popular scientist of all time, mentioned by a full 47% of the respondents to the survey. time, mentioned by a full 47% of the respondents to the survey. Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein?? No — he came in second, withNo — he came in second, with 2828%.%. Sir Isaac Sir Isaac NewtonNewton? He was third — only? He was third — only 13 13% of the public named % of the public named Newton.Newton. First place went to — have you guessed? — “First place went to — have you guessed? — “Don’t Don’t knowknow”.”.

Although the public is clearly not very impressed with Although the public is clearly not very impressed with individual scientists and specific scientific achievements, we’re individual scientists and specific scientific achievements, we’re glad to report that the survey did reveal a few positive opinions glad to report that the survey did reveal a few positive opinions about science. Onlyabout science. Only 1111% of the people questioned said that % of the people questioned said that they feel science does more harm than good. And a fullthey feel science does more harm than good. And a full 1919% % proclaimed that they have “a great deal of confidence” in proclaimed that they have “a great deal of confidence” in science and the scientific community.science and the scientific community.

If any scientists are listeningIf any scientists are listening ，， don’t worry. The survey don’t worry. The survey provided some insight into how to improve science’s public provided some insight into how to improve science’s public image. The statistics showed that in general, people who have image. The statistics showed that in general, people who have studied more science in school are stronger supporters of studied more science in school are stronger supporters of science. So as usual, education seems to be the key to science. So as usual, education seems to be the key to popularity.popularity.

That’s it for tonight, ladies and gentlemen That’s it for tonight, ladies and gentlemen — and thanks for — and thanks for listening to “Just Numbers”.listening to “Just Numbers”.

AssignmentAssignment

1.1. Revision of Text A:Revision of Text A:

• Translation Translation Ex. XI p.143Ex. XI p.143

• Cloze Cloze Ex. XII p.14 Ex. XII p.1433

2.2. Preview of Text B:Preview of Text B:

• Ex. XVEx. XV p. 146 p. 146

unit 6 : part a

Documents

steven hawking

vocalizing computer

computer screen

hawking jokes

american computer programmer

australian computer

science book

brief history of time