Unit 6 - Genetics Unit 6 - Genetics IntroductionIntroduction

Unit 6 - Genetics Unit 6 - Genetics IntroductionIntroduction

You look the way you do because of the genes your parents passed on to you at fertilization (the joining of the sperm and the egg). The transfer of genes from parents to offspring gives you your unique strand of DNA which every cell in your body uses to function. The scientific study of heredity is called genetics.

You look the way you do because of the genes your parents passed on to you at fertilization (the joining of the sperm and the egg). The transfer of genes from parents to offspring gives you your unique strand of DNA which every cell in your body uses to function. The scientific study of heredity is called genetics.

http://www.exploringautism.org/genetics/images/overview.jpg

What is a mutation? What is a mutation? TPSTPS

What is a mutation? What is a mutation? TPSTPS

Think about the term “mutant”. On a note card, write what you think this

means.

Think about the term “mutant”. On a note card, write what you think this

means.

http://superherouniverse.com/other/turtles/images/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles.jpg

DNA MutationsDNA MutationsDNA MutationsDNA Mutations A change in the DNA

sequence that affects the genetic information is called a mutation.

Sometimes the mistake is caught and then corrected, but sometimes the mistake can be passed on to offspring.

Know that some mutations can also be beneficial and provide genetic variation (differences) in organisms.

A change in the DNA sequence that affects the genetic information is called a mutation.

Sometimes the mistake is caught and then corrected, but sometimes the mistake can be passed on to offspring.

Know that some mutations can also be beneficial and provide genetic variation (differences) in organisms.

http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/mutation.gif

Types of MutationsTypes of MutationsTypes of MutationsTypes of Mutations

Frameshift Mutations = causes the codons read in the DNA sequence to be completely altered; (create a protein unable to perform normal functions).

Frameshift Mutations = causes the codons read in the DNA sequence to be completely altered; (create a protein unable to perform normal functions).

Point Mutations = changes to one or a few bases at a single point in the DNA sequences (usually one base is changed to another (inversion), one is insertion, or one is deletion).

Point Mutations = changes to one or a few bases at a single point in the DNA sequences (usually one base is changed to another (inversion), one is insertion, or one is deletion).

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/frameshift.jpg

MutagenMutagenMutagenMutagen

A mutagen is anything that can cause a mutation in DNA. EX - UV radiation from the sun, chemicals found in asbestos

(used in construction) and cigarette smoke.

A mutagen is anything that can cause a mutation in DNA. EX - UV radiation from the sun, chemicals found in asbestos

(used in construction) and cigarette smoke.

http://www.hsesro.com/article_images/A47E64-

small.jpg

Genetic DisordersGenetic DisordersGenetic DisordersGenetic Disorders Mutations can be

natural. Sometimes,

mutations in the genetic code are passed.

Diseases found in humans are related to the DNA, called genetic disorders.

Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and hemophilia are just some examples of genetic disorders.

Mutations can be natural.

Sometimes, mutations in the genetic code are passed.

Diseases found in humans are related to the DNA, called genetic disorders.

Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and hemophilia are just some examples of genetic disorders.

The problems the people have are related to mistakes in their genetic code. Common genetic disorders are listed on pg. 345 – 348 and discussed in Ch. 14.

Video Link

The problems the people have are related to mistakes in their genetic code. Common genetic disorders are listed on pg. 345 – 348 and discussed in Ch. 14.

Video Link

http://www.humanillnesses.com/original/images/hdc_0001_0003_0_img0235.jpg

Introduction to HeredityIntroduction to HeredityIntroduction to HeredityIntroduction to Heredity The unique combination

of your parents genes which they passed on to you is what makes you look, and to a certain extent, act the way you do.

The unique combination of your parents genes which they passed on to you is what makes you look, and to a certain extent, act the way you do.

Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.

You might have blue eyes, even though both of your parents have brown eyes. How does this happen?

The specifics behind the scientific study of heredity, or genetics, will be discussed in this chapter.

Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.

You might have blue eyes, even though both of your parents have brown eyes. How does this happen?

The specifics behind the scientific study of heredity, or genetics, will be discussed in this chapter.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/38149000/jpg/_38149935_cartoon_family300.jpg

Gregor Mendel: Gregor Mendel: The Father of GeneticsThe Father of Genetics

Gregor Mendel: Gregor Mendel: The Father of GeneticsThe Father of Genetics

An Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel performed experiments during the 1800s to understand the process of traits.

Traits are the specific characteristics of an organism (blue eyes, brown hair, etc).

Mendel used pea plants from his garden to study.

He noticed that sometimes the “parent” pea plants did not match the characteristics in “children.”

An Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel performed experiments during the 1800s to understand the process of traits.

Traits are the specific characteristics of an organism (blue eyes, brown hair, etc).

Mendel used pea plants from his garden to study.

He noticed that sometimes the “parent” pea plants did not match the characteristics in “children.”

http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/gen-ed/mendel-gifs/18-mendel-cartoon.JPG

Mendel’s ExperimentsMendel’s ExperimentsMendel’s ExperimentsMendel’s Experiments Mendel studied the plants

and found variations, or differences.

EX Purple or white flowers, tall or short plants, and even round versus wrinkled peas.

He crossed (or pollinated) plants with different traits and observed the results.

Mendel studied the plants and found variations, or differences.

EX Purple or white flowers, tall or short plants, and even round versus wrinkled peas.

He crossed (or pollinated) plants with different traits and observed the results.

http://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/genetics/mendel.gif

Mendel’s ResultsMendel’s ResultsMendel’s ResultsMendel’s Results He found that purple

flowers, round peas, and tall plants were the MOST common. (called the F1 generation or first generation).

In the second cross, the F2 generation, Mendel observed differences (white flowers, wrinkled peas, short plants).

He concluded that some traits only appear under certain conditions.

He found that purple flowers, round peas, and tall plants were the MOST common. (called the F1 generation or first generation).

In the second cross, the F2 generation, Mendel observed differences (white flowers, wrinkled peas, short plants).

He concluded that some traits only appear under certain conditions.

http://www.groundscience.com/solutionsnewsletter/solutions15/pea.jpg

AllelesAllelesAllelesAlleles

We now know that genes are responsible for coding for a specific trait (EX blue eyes, brown hair).

Genes are sequences of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait (EX the protein for blue eyes).

Every part of you, from your height to the color of your skin, is related to your genes.

The different forms of a gene are known as alleles. White flowers versus purple flowers are the same trait

but different alleles.

We now know that genes are responsible for coding for a specific trait (EX blue eyes, brown hair).

Genes are sequences of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait (EX the protein for blue eyes).

Every part of you, from your height to the color of your skin, is related to your genes.

The different forms of a gene are known as alleles. White flowers versus purple flowers are the same trait

but different alleles.

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio105/all%20cats.jpg

http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week4/dihybridf1.gif

Dominant & RecessiveDominant & RecessiveDominant & RecessiveDominant & Recessive The stronger trait that

will always appear is the dominant allele (shown with a capital letter).

But what happened to the white flowers?

The wrinkled peas? The allele that did not

appear, sometimes called the hidden trait, is called recessive (shown with a lowercase letter).

The stronger trait that will always appear is the dominant allele (shown with a capital letter).

But what happened to the white flowers?

The wrinkled peas? The allele that did not

appear, sometimes called the hidden trait, is called recessive (shown with a lowercase letter).

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/mendel'str-1.gif

Homozygous: RR or rrHomozygous: RR or rrHomozygous: RR or rrHomozygous: RR or rr

These letters that we “GET” from our parents code for traits. EX the flower color trait (R or r). An organism can be homozygous dominant or homozygous

recessive if they have two identical alleles for a trait (Sketch it!).

Homozygous dominant (RR) = Red Homozygous recessive (rr) = White. The recessive allele can ONLY be seen if it is in a homozygous

pair (remember it is normally HIDDEN).

These letters that we “GET” from our parents code for traits. EX the flower color trait (R or r). An organism can be homozygous dominant or homozygous

recessive if they have two identical alleles for a trait (Sketch it!).

Homozygous dominant (RR) = Red Homozygous recessive (rr) = White. The recessive allele can ONLY be seen if it is in a homozygous

pair (remember it is normally HIDDEN).

http://discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/h/homozygous/support.gif

Heterozygous: RrHeterozygous: RrHeterozygous: RrHeterozygous: Rr

An organism with a mixed allele pair is heterozygous, (Rr) has the opportunity of having offspring with both traits.

If two heterozygous organisms cross, you can have offspring that exhibit (or show) the recessive trait.

An organism with a mixed allele pair is heterozygous, (Rr) has the opportunity of having offspring with both traits.

If two heterozygous organisms cross, you can have offspring that exhibit (or show) the recessive trait. http://discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/h/

heterozygous/support.gif

Chromosomes! Sketch it!Chromosomes! Sketch it!Chromosomes! Sketch it!Chromosomes! Sketch it!

http://www.plant.uoguelph.ca/research/biotech/haploid/homo.gif

The Punnett SquareThe Punnett SquareThe Punnett SquareThe Punnett Square Scientists have now

developed a system using symbol combinations to study heredity.

A Punnett square is a chart used to predict and compare the genetic combinations that will result from a cross.

Scientists have now developed a system using symbol combinations to study heredity.

A Punnett square is a chart used to predict and compare the genetic combinations that will result from a cross. A capital letter represents the dominant trait while a lowercase letter is the recessive trait.

A plant that IS always tall would be TT while a plant that is short would be tt.

A capital letter represents the dominant trait while a lowercase letter is the recessive trait.

A plant that IS always tall would be TT while a plant that is short would be tt.

http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/resources/online/2002/eoc/biology/p23no34.gif

The Punnett Square CrossThe Punnett Square CrossThe Punnett Square CrossThe Punnett Square Cross In the Punnett square

here, you can visualize the genes the parents are passing to offspring.

Each square of the box represents one offspring (or child).

Each parent donates one allele.

The dominant (stronger) allele will always go first, and will always be seen in the organism.

Sketch it!

In the Punnett square here, you can visualize the genes the parents are passing to offspring.

Each square of the box represents one offspring (or child).

Each parent donates one allele.

The dominant (stronger) allele will always go first, and will always be seen in the organism.

Sketch it!

http://www.world-builders.org/lessons/less/les4/casino/casinogifs/pun2.gif

Studying the CrossStudying the CrossStudying the CrossStudying the Cross

If you look at the punnett square, the top organism is considered the male while the organism on the side is the female.

One allele (or letter) from each parent moves into each square.

If you look at the punnett square, the top organism is considered the male while the organism on the side is the female.

One allele (or letter) from each parent moves into each square.

Remember if the organism has identical alleles (SS or ss) it is said to be homozygous.

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait it is considered heterozygous (or Ss).

Remember if the organism has identical alleles (SS or ss) it is said to be homozygous.

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait it is considered heterozygous (or Ss).

http://www.phschool.com/atschool/science_images/human_punnett_square.jpg

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/mono2.gif

Genotype & PhenotypeGenotype & PhenotypeGenotype & PhenotypeGenotype & Phenotype

The genetic makeup and inherited combination of alleles is known as the offspring’s genotype, or “the letters that you GET.”

• EX “Tt” or “tt” The physical characteristic and the appearance

shown in the organism (purple flowers, blue eyes, etc) is called the phenotype.

The phenotype is the “PROOF” of the allele that is there and is what you “SEE”.

• EX “Tall plant” or “short plant”

The genetic makeup and inherited combination of alleles is known as the offspring’s genotype, or “the letters that you GET.”

• EX “Tt” or “tt” The physical characteristic and the appearance

shown in the organism (purple flowers, blue eyes, etc) is called the phenotype.

The phenotype is the “PROOF” of the allele that is there and is what you “SEE”.

• EX “Tall plant” or “short plant”

Genotype & PhenotypeGenotype & Phenotype(the Right, the Left)(the Right, the Left)

Genotype & PhenotypeGenotype & Phenotype(the Right, the Left)(the Right, the Left)

http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/doc/class/bio1151/Locked/media/ch14/14_06PhenotypeVsGenotype_L.jpg

Co dominanceCo dominanceCo dominanceCo dominance We now know that there are also instances of co

dominance, where there is none that is dominant or recessive but a mixture of both alleles.

An example of co dominance would be roses. A white crossed with a red to produce a pink.

http://www.gwu.edu/~darwin/BiSc150/One/rose.GIF

Multiple AllelesMultiple AllelesMultiple AllelesMultiple Alleles Not all genes have

just two alleles for the trait, but some can have many alleles to choose from and are said to have multiple alleles.

Hair color, eye color, and blood types are all examples of human traits where multiple alleles are involved, not just the standard two often used in punnett squares.

Not all genes have just two alleles for the trait, but some can have many alleles to choose from and are said to have multiple alleles.

Hair color, eye color, and blood types are all examples of human traits where multiple alleles are involved, not just the standard two often used in punnett squares.

http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/soph/genetics/notes/bloodtype.htm

Shades of hair color represent the multiple alleles of for possible combinations.

Shades of hair color represent the multiple alleles of for possible combinations.

http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/lessons/Genetics/figs/HairColor/browns.jpg

Multiple AllelesMultiple AllelesMultiple AllelesMultiple Alleles

Polygenic TraitsPolygenic TraitsPolygenic TraitsPolygenic Traits

Not every trait is controlled by a single gene. Traits that are controlled by two or more genes are said to be polygenic traits, which means “having many genes”.

Human stature (or height) is controlled by multiple genes.

Not every trait is controlled by a single gene. Traits that are controlled by two or more genes are said to be polygenic traits, which means “having many genes”.

Human stature (or height) is controlled by multiple genes.

http://www.algebralab.org/img/49ab8f77-f675-423a-b8af-

d46874987ab3.gif

Where are those genes? Where are those genes? Where are those genes? Where are those genes? Okay, so we understand

that each parent gives half of their genes to each child, but where are those genes located?

The genes that make you tall or can make you have curly hair are located within the chromosomes made of DNA in the nucleus of every cell of your body.

Modern science allows us to view all chromosomes in a karyotype where they arranged in pairs, one chromosome from the mother and one from the father.

Okay, so we understand that each parent gives half of their genes to each child, but where are those genes located?

The genes that make you tall or can make you have curly hair are located within the chromosomes made of DNA in the nucleus of every cell of your body.

Modern science allows us to view all chromosomes in a karyotype where they arranged in pairs, one chromosome from the mother and one from the father.

http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/gnn_images/whats_a_genome/karyotype.gif

Chromosome (Gene) MapsChromosome (Gene) MapsChromosome (Gene) MapsChromosome (Gene) Maps

Mendel began studying genetics in the 1820s, but science has advanced and we know that DNA carries genes in our chromosomes.

In 1911, the first gene map was produced that showed the gene locations on the chromosomes of a fruit fly.

Mendel began studying genetics in the 1820s, but science has advanced and we know that DNA carries genes in our chromosomes.

In 1911, the first gene map was produced that showed the gene locations on the chromosomes of a fruit fly.

The shaded areas represent a gene that controls a specific trait(s).

Gene maps are now widely used in understanding genetic mutations, sickness, and the human genome project.

The shaded areas represent a gene that controls a specific trait(s).

Gene maps are now widely used in understanding genetic mutations, sickness, and the human genome project.

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Fruit FliesFruit FliesFruit FliesFruit Flies

Fruit flies (as shown here) are used to study genes and genetic relationships because they have a small number of chromosomes and can reproduce quickly.

Fruit flies (as shown here) are used to study genes and genetic relationships because they have a small number of chromosomes and can reproduce quickly.

http://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/allfours/images/gene-fruitfly-l.jpg

Sex CellsSex CellsSex CellsSex Cells

Sperm and egg cells, known as sex cells (gametes), contain all the genetic material needed to build an organism • EX a cat, the zebra at the zoo, or even a little

brother or sister! A sperm is the male sex cell while an egg is the

female sex cell. Sex cells are haploid and have half the number of

chromosomes in a normal cell (diploid). Half of the genes in an organism are from the

mother, the other half from the father.

Sperm and egg cells, known as sex cells (gametes), contain all the genetic material needed to build an organism • EX a cat, the zebra at the zoo, or even a little

brother or sister! A sperm is the male sex cell while an egg is the

female sex cell. Sex cells are haploid and have half the number of

chromosomes in a normal cell (diploid). Half of the genes in an organism are from the

mother, the other half from the father.

http://www.dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk/static/clipart/uk/dk/exp_humanbody/exp_human098.jpg

PedigreePedigreePedigreePedigree

Modern geneticists study the family history of persons using a pedigree chart.

A pedigree shows the relationships within a family and can track the appearance of a genetic disease or disorder.

Boxes represent males; circles represent females. A pedigree always has a key.

Modern geneticists study the family history of persons using a pedigree chart.

A pedigree shows the relationships within a family and can track the appearance of a genetic disease or disorder.

Boxes represent males; circles represent females. A pedigree always has a key.

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What is Heart Disease? What is Heart Disease? Is it related to genes? Is it related to genes?

What is Heart Disease? What is Heart Disease? Is it related to genes? Is it related to genes?

Today’s lab investigates how genes relating to heart disease are inherited in a family.

Video How a heart

attack can happen?

Today’s lab investigates how genes relating to heart disease are inherited in a family.

Video How a heart

attack can happen?

Pick the Risk: Pick the Risk: Polygenic Pedigree ChallengePolygenic Pedigree Challenge

Pick the Risk: Pick the Risk: Polygenic Pedigree ChallengePolygenic Pedigree Challenge

Send one student to the pick up a tray for each group (beneath the flag).

Send another student to the front to pick up a lab packet for each group member.

Clear off the tables for this activity.

The bags represent the female and male genes inherited by the offspring.

Send one student to the pick up a tray for each group (beneath the flag).

Send another student to the front to pick up a lab packet for each group member.

Clear off the tables for this activity.

The bags represent the female and male genes inherited by the offspring.

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2465/3895583202_6c076d1837.jpg

My Family PedigreeMy Family PedigreeMy Family PedigreeMy Family Pedigree

Choose one trait from your family to study.

• Eye color• Hair type (straight/curly)• Earlobes (attached/unattached)• Right handed/left handed.

Create a key. Create a pedigree for your parents and your

siblings. Extra credit! Include your grandparents!!!!

Choose one trait from your family to study.

• Eye color• Hair type (straight/curly)• Earlobes (attached/unattached)• Right handed/left handed.

Create a key. Create a pedigree for your parents and your

siblings. Extra credit! Include your grandparents!!!!

Pedigree ReviewPedigree ReviewPedigree ReviewPedigree Review

Examine the family below. What can you identify?

Examine the family below. What can you identify?

XX & XYXX & XYXX & XYXX & XY Humans have 46

chromosomes total in the body; 44 of them are called autosomes.

Two of the 46 chromosomes in humans are known as sex chromosomes because they determine an individual's sex.

Humans have 46 chromosomes total in the body; 44 of them are called autosomes.

Two of the 46 chromosomes in humans are known as sex chromosomes because they determine an individual's sex. Females most often have two copies of a large X chromosomes (XX)

Males most often have one X and one small Y chromosome (XY).

Females most often have two copies of a large X chromosomes (XX)

Males most often have one X and one small Y chromosome (XY).

http://www.web-books.com/MoBio/Free/images/Ch1C4.gif

Two Factor Punnett Square:Two Factor Punnett Square:Dihybrid CrossDihybrid Cross

Two Factor Punnett Square:Two Factor Punnett Square:Dihybrid CrossDihybrid Cross

We now understand how a simple Punnett square works by outlining the possibilities for one specific trait (eye color = E’s, skin color = G’s.)

The two factor cross shows the possibilities comparing TWO unique traits (using two different letters).

Male = Gg & Ee Female = GG & ee

We now understand how a simple Punnett square works by outlining the possibilities for one specific trait (eye color = E’s, skin color = G’s.)

The two factor cross shows the possibilities comparing TWO unique traits (using two different letters).

Male = Gg & Ee Female = GG & ee

Two Factor Punnett Square:Two Factor Punnett Square:Dihybrid CrossDihybrid Cross

Two Factor Punnett Square:Two Factor Punnett Square:Dihybrid CrossDihybrid Cross

The sex cells for an organism (the sperm and the egg) are known as gametes; these gametes contain the chromosomes which contain the genes.

The first step in a dihybrid (two factor) cross is to determine the gametes.

EX Gg (skin color) & Ee (eyes) in Martians. What genes will be held in the gametes?

Step #1 – Creating the Gametes

1. Draw a box with 4 boxes. 2. Place the skin color genotype (Gg) on the

top of the box. 3. Place the eye genotype (Ee) on the side of

the box. 4. Fill in the four squares. These will be the sex

cells given to the children (gametes).

The sex cells for an organism (the sperm and the egg) are known as gametes; these gametes contain the chromosomes which contain the genes.

The first step in a dihybrid (two factor) cross is to determine the gametes.

EX Gg (skin color) & Ee (eyes) in Martians. What genes will be held in the gametes?

Step #1 – Creating the Gametes

1. Draw a box with 4 boxes. 2. Place the skin color genotype (Gg) on the

top of the box. 3. Place the eye genotype (Ee) on the side of

the box. 4. Fill in the four squares. These will be the sex

cells given to the children (gametes).

Two Factor Punnett Square:Two Factor Punnett Square:Dihybrid CrossDihybrid Cross

Two Factor Punnett Square:Two Factor Punnett Square:Dihybrid CrossDihybrid Cross

Each of these boxes represents a single sperm cell containing these specific genes. Repeat for the eggs.

Each of these boxes represents a single sperm cell containing these specific genes. Repeat for the eggs.

G g

E e

GE gE

Ge ge

Two Factor Punnett Square:Two Factor Punnett Square:Dihybrid CrossDihybrid Cross

Two Factor Punnett Square:Two Factor Punnett Square:Dihybrid CrossDihybrid Cross

Each of these boxes represents a single egg cell containing these specific genes. Repeat for the eggs.

Each of these boxes represents a single egg cell containing these specific genes. Repeat for the eggs.

G G

e e

Ge Ge

Ge Ge

Just as in a single trait Punnett square, the male gametes go on the top of the box and the female gametes on the side of the box.

Step #2 – Filling in the Punnett Square

1. Draw a Punnett square with 16 boxes.

2. Place the gametes on the top and sides (red & blue)

3. Always group the same genes together (G’s with g’s, etc).

EX – in the first box, place a GGEe.

4. Fill in the remaining boxes.

Just as in a single trait Punnett square, the male gametes go on the top of the box and the female gametes on the side of the box.

Step #2 – Filling in the Punnett Square

1. Draw a Punnett square with 16 boxes.

2. Place the gametes on the top and sides (red & blue)

3. Always group the same genes together (G’s with g’s, etc).

EX – in the first box, place a GGEe.

4. Fill in the remaining boxes.

Two Factor Punnett Square:Two Factor Punnett Square:Dihybrid CrossDihybrid Cross

Two Factor Punnett Square:Two Factor Punnett Square:Dihybrid CrossDihybrid Cross

Fill in the Punnett SquareFill in the Punnett SquareDihybrid CrossDihybrid CrossFill in the Punnett SquareFill in the Punnett SquareDihybrid CrossDihybrid Cross

Each of these boxes represents the joining of a sperm and egg to make offspring.

Each of these boxes represents the joining of a sperm and egg to make offspring.

Ge Ge Ge Ge sperm

GE

gE

Ge

geeggs

GGEe GGEe GGEe GGEe

GgEe

GGee

Ggee

Ge Ge Ge Ge sperm

GE

gE

Ge

geeggs

GGEe GGEe GGEe GGEe

GgEe

GGee

Ggee

A dihybrid Punnett square shows 16 possible genotypic combinations.

A dihybrid Punnett square shows 16 possible genotypic combinations.

Conclusion: Conclusion: Genetics and the Future Genetics and the Future

Conclusion: Conclusion: Genetics and the Future Genetics and the Future Genetics and DNA

technology improves daily in the scientific community.

The entire human DNA strand is mapped, many genes are identified; scientist are currently discovering which genes control which functions.

In your journal, predict what you think our knowledge of our DNA and genetics will have on the future?

Genetics and DNA technology improves daily in the scientific community.

The entire human DNA strand is mapped, many genes are identified; scientist are currently discovering which genes control which functions.

In your journal, predict what you think our knowledge of our DNA and genetics will have on the future?

http://www.mcg.edu/news/2001NewsRel/images/poduslo1.jpg