BACK TO THE PROPERTIES OF LIFE

CELLS REPRODUCTIONMETABOLISM-

USE OF ENERGY

HEREDITY RESPONSIVENESSGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

INTERNAL BALANCE

THIS TIME WE ARE TALKING ABOUT

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Which begins in our cells

Since we just finished learning about chloroplasts (photosynthesis) and mitochondria (respiration), we are

now moving on to another cell organelle: the nucleus.

Some questions to start us off…take a moment to try to answer #1-4 with your

table partner

How High?! JUMP!

It’s the Control Center of the Cell- directs all cells activity

Think back to the cell/the city What is the job of the Nucleus?

What’s in the nucleus?

THE NUCLEOLUS

So then we can say that the Nucleus makes proteins

Let’s take a deeper look

And what is the job of the nucleolus?

To make ribosomes

And what do ribosomes do for the cell?

They make protein!

Break it Down!The nucleus houses the cells information in the form of

What is the purpose of DNA?It stores

for the cell

What does DNA form?

DNA

hereditary info and makes proteins

Chromosomes

DNA has 3 Main Jobs…

• It stores hereditary information (Genes)

• It begins the process to make proteins for the organism- aka “Protein Synthesis”

• Controls the growth and development

of new organisms.

But what do we even need

protein for?

Good Question!

Organisms are constantly making protein. From what you know about protein, why do you think we need to make it all the time?

Talk the matter over with your table partner.

We need protein for…Our body tissues- as they get replaced and

repaired. Proteins are the stuff we/life is made of.

To make the enzymes our bodies need for chemical reactions

Growth and repair.

DNA- What is it?

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid

• Double Stranded and helical (twists around like a spiral staircase)

• Consists of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus-

“PONCH”(remember that from Big 4 unit?)

DNA’s Structure• DNA is made up of NUCLEOTIDES• Nucleotides are made up of three

components:

1.A nitrogenous base

2. A sugar (called deoxyribose)

3. A phosphate group

The structure looks like a ladder. Twisted.

The backbone is made up the sugar and phosphate and the rungs are the nitrogen bases.

DNA StructureThe pair of nucleotides is held together

by a Hydrogen bond (1 pair is like 1 step on a twisted ladder).

The “backbone” of DNA, or the sides of a ladder are the sugar and phosphate

Sugar Sugar

PhosphateGroup

PhosphateGroup

NitrogenousBase

NitrogenousBase

Held together by a Hydrogen Bond

The 4 Nitrogenous Bases

Although all nucleotides in DNA have IDENTICAL Phosphate and Sugar groups, there are 4 different Nitrogenous Base options

Adenine- A

Guanine- G

Cytosine- C

Thymine- T

Called PURINES

Called PYRIMIDINES4

These 4 Bases are Very Picky!

Adenine (A) only pairs with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) only pairs with Guanine (G)

In other words,

A----T

G----C

Now for a FUN way to remember this…

Ants on Toast (A----T)

And…

Green Cheese (G----C)

The importance of the nucleotide sequence

• The sequencing of the nucleotide bases determines the information that is needed to make proteins.

• The combinations of nucleotides is an actual code (message) for different amino acids.

• Do you remember? What are amino acids?

Now that you know all about DNA…you need to figure out how it does its job!

ALL CELLS CONTINUALLY DIVIDE

WHEN THEY DO, THE DNA REPLICATES (COPIES ITSELF) SO THAT EACH NEW

CELL HAS A SET OF INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW TO RUN THE CELLS ACTIVITIES

Without the DNA, the cell would not be able to function!

Library Analogy

• Cedar Rapids, My home town• One library in a city of 100,000• Town needed a new library.• Town was divided by the Cedar River (rivers bio)• How to go about making two equal library’s?• Copy all of the materials and separate them into

the two new libraries.• How does each library compare in relationship to

the other one?

Cedar Rapids

Cedar Rapids Iowa 2008

So, How does DNA Replicate?YOU TELL ME!

JOURNAL TITLE “DNA REPLICATION”

(after a bit of cutting and learning on your own please write out the answers to the

questions on page 3 of your packet. Then write a journal entry describing the

detailed process of DNA replication )

DNA SNIPPING ACTIVITY

EnzymesBecause enzymes are used in the next activity,

you should know what they are-

• Most enzymes end with the letters “ase”.

An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a chemical

reaction!

Open your journal and write a description of DNA replication when you have completed the DNA replication assignment.

•

Detailed Steps in DNA Replication

• Begin with one copy of double stranded DNA (this is your template or parent strand)

• DNA Helicase (an enzyme) breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases (A---T, or C---G). DNA Helicase is the “Unzipper”.

Replication Steps

DNA Polymerase, the matchmaker, brings the appropriate DNA nucleotides or bases to the parent strand. It brings the single bases “hanging out” in the nucleus to their mate!

DNA Ligase, the connector, attaches the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate of the next nucleotide. Sugar and phosphate alternate on the backbone.

We owe it to DNA

Polymerase!

MINI REVIEW Which enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the

nucleotide bases in DNA, so it can separate and replicate?DNA Helicase

Which enzyme is the matchmaker? It helps the extra, unmatched nucleotides in the nucleus find a mate.

DNA Polymerase (Think Polly the matchmaker)

Which enzyme connects the nucleotides together as the strand grows?

DNA Ligase(think ligament- it links)

RANDOM JOKE BREAKHa Ha Ha…

The Wonderful Thing About

Tiggers 

 

Why doesn't Tigger have any friends?

He plays with Pooh

What do you think would happen if a mistake occurred during DNA

replication? Let’s think!

WE WILL GET A MUTATION!

Mutations that occur during DNA replication are called…

POINT MUTATIONS

POINT MUTATIONS EXAMPLES ARE

Base Pair AdditionBase Pair Addition

Base Pair DeletionBase Pair Deletion

Base Pair SubstitutionBase Pair Substitution

•Knowing what you do about DNA structure what do you think causes each of the above mutations.

What causes mutations?

MUTATION CAUSES: Mutagens

1.1. Natural Causes- mistakes in the DNANatural Causes- mistakes in the DNA

•IN THE IN THE CLEANING SUPPLIESCLEANING SUPPLIES YOU USE YOU USE

•IN THE IN THE TOBACCOTOBACCO THAT PEOPLE USE THAT PEOPLE USE

2. Environmental Factors…Mutagens2. Environmental Factors…Mutagens

•IN THE IN THE FOOD FOOD YOU YOU EATEAT

3. UV-Rays & X-Rays3. UV-Rays & X-Rays

How many people do you know who smoke?

1 out of every 3 tobacco users will die from a tobacco

related illness.

Think for a second and count them.

TobaccoTobaccoStinksSucksSmellsAnd KILLS

In the dentist’s office, why do they place a lead apron over a person’s lap?

They want to protect the reproductive organs. If a mutation occurs in the reproductive organs, it may end up disfiguring a future child, or worse.

4. Heavy Metals

• Lead • Mercury• Cadmium• (Not heavy

metal like Metallica)

MUTATION CAUSES CONT…

5. UV Raysa. Holes in the ozone

layerb. Tanning beds

6. Nuclear radiation

Things that cause mutations are called

Mutagens

Exposure to mutagens can cause mutations in 2

general areas.1. Mutations in the sex cells, eggs and sperm.What do you think these mutations might lead to?

2. Mutations in the other cells of the body. What do you think these might lead to?

BIRTH DEFECTS OR DEATHBIRTH DEFECTS OR DEATH

CANCERCANCER

If you do not mind…

•Please stand up if you or someone in your Please stand up if you or someone in your immediate family has had cancer.immediate family has had cancer.

•Please stand up if someone you are related Please stand up if someone you are related to has had cancer.to has had cancer.

•Please stand up if you know someone Please stand up if you know someone personally who has had cancer.personally who has had cancer.

•Please stand up if you have a friend who is Please stand up if you have a friend who is related to someone who has had cancer.related to someone who has had cancer.

So what exactly is this disease?

Cancer is a disease where cellsCancer is a disease where cellsbegin to divide by mitosis begin to divide by mitosis

uncontrollably.uncontrollably.

A mutation(s) can occur in one single cell, and by the process of mitosis it can grow into tens of thousands or more cells in a relatively short period of time.

What forms when a cell has What forms when a cell has undergone mitosis uncontrollably undergone mitosis uncontrollably

for a while in one central spot?for a while in one central spot?

A Tumor

Cancer Treatments

1. Surgerical removal of cancer1. Surgerical removal of cancer

2. Chemotherapy- Treatment with 2. Chemotherapy- Treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells or make drugs that kill cancer cells or make

them less active.them less active.

3. Radiation- 3. Radiation- uses high-energy uses high-energy waves, such as X-rays (invisible waves, such as X-rays (invisible

waves that can pass through most waves that can pass through most parts of the body), to damage and parts of the body), to damage and

destroy cancer cells.destroy cancer cells.

4. Another option is a STEM CELL 4. Another option is a STEM CELL TRANPLANTTRANPLANT

Radiation and anti-cancer drugs are very good at destroying

cancer cells, but unfortunately they also destroy healthy cells.

http://www.leapingmedia.com/Media/TransplantAnimation.movhttp://www.leapingmedia.com/Media/TransplantAnimation.mov

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Protein Synthesis

What happens after we have made our DNA? What does it do from here?

RNA copies the gene information from the DNA and brings it to the ribosomes to make proteins.

So… What is this RNA that we are talking about?

RNA- What is it?

Ribonucleic Acid

Single stranded

Made of nucleotides (which contain a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group)

RNA Structure

Contains the sugar Ribose (hints the R in RNA), instead of Deoxyribose that is found in DNA

As with DNA, there are 4 bases- Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and … URACIL (which one is different?)

The Uracil takes the place of Thymine, so it pairs with Adenine

WHAT ARE SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

DNA AND RNA?DNADNA

Has thymine

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Double Helix

RNARNA

Has Uracil

Ribonucleic acid

Single stranded

A-----U in RNA

Ants on Utters (instead of Ants on Toast)!

This is utterly ridiculous!

Guanine still pairs with Cytosine (Green Cheese)

So this is CRYSTAL CLEAR…

DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis are 2 SEPARATE Steps!

Although Protein Synthesis uses DNA to make protein, the DNA Replication process is completely DIFFERENT. The only similarity is that they both make more of “something”.

How to get to a Protein

STEP 1: Transcription

RNA copies DNA

Step 2: Translation

RNA makes proteins

Of course, there are some steps that help this process along.

These processes taken together…

Are called protein synthesis, or gene expression.

DNA Transcription RNA Translation Protein

So, How does Protein Synthesis work?

YOU TELL ME!

(after a bit of cutting and learning on your own please write out a step by step

process for how this occurs)

MORE SNIPPING ACTIVITY

YES AGAIN!

ANIMATIONS

http://www.ncc.gmu.edu/dna/ANIMPROT.htm

•http://www.execulink.com/~ekimmel/translate.htm

•http://207.207.4.198/pub/flash/26/transmenu_s.swf

•VERY GOOD ONE BELOW

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS SUMMARY

STEP 1: Transcription

WHERE: In the nucleus

WHAT: RNA polymerase does its jobs: Splits DNA strand. RNA copies recipe from DNA strand. DNA strand zips up again. mRNA now newly formed prepares to leave the nucleus.

STEP 2: Translation

WHERE: On the ribosome

WHAT: mRNA sits on ribosome with its codons exposed. tRNA anticodons match with the codons bringing with them amino acids. Amino acids link. tRNA go away. Amino acid chain (aka polypeptides) forms protein.

Codon to Protein

A codon sequence “stands for” a certain amino acid (the building block

of proteins!)

For example, ACG stands for Threonine (an amino acid)

When a string of mRNA’s codons are “read” by tRNA’s anticodon, amino acids are put together in the specified order to make a protein!

Chonps Activity

Make a funky

creature!!!