unit 5 parts and functions of the body systems ii

Unit 5

Parts and Functions of the Body Systems II

Table of Contents

Table of Contents 1

Introduction 3

Essential Questions 4

Review 4

Lesson 5.1: Endocrine System 5 Objectives 5 Warm-Up 5 Learn about It 6 Key Points 15 Web Links 16 Check Your Understanding 16 Challenge Yourself 17

Lesson 5.2: Urinary System 18 Objectives 18 Warm-Up 18 Learn about It 19 Key Points 24 Web Links 24 Check Your Understanding 25 Challenge Yourself 26

Lesson 5.3: Circulatory System 27 Objectives 27 Warm-Up 27 Learn about It 28 Key Points 34 Web Links 35

Check Your Understanding 35 Challenge Yourself 36

Lesson 5.4: Nervous System 37 Objectives 37 Warm-Up 37 Learn about It 38 Key Points 45 Web Links 45 Check Your Understanding 46 Challenge Yourself 47

Lesson 5.5: How the Different Body Systems Work Together 48 Objectives 48 Warm-Up 48 Learn about It 49 Key Points 53 Web Links 54 Check Your Understanding 54 Challenge Yourself 55

Laboratory Activity 56

Performance Task 57

Self Check 59

Key Words 59

Wrap Up 60

Photo Credits 61

References 62

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited 2

GRADE 6 | SCIENCE

Unit 5

Parts and Functions of the Body Systems II

Our body is made up of many different organs, and these organs make up the different organ systems. As you have learned in the previous unit, these body systems all perform crucial functions in order for you to function normally and survive. All these body systems are important, and the removal of one system will prove to be disastrous. Just like a machine, these systems work in tandem with each other to provide our bodies with whatever is necessary for survival. This unit details the structure and function of the organs in each system not tackled in the previous unit. It also discusses how each organ system works with the other systems.


Essential Questions

At the end of this unit, you should be able to answer the following questions. ● What are the organs of the endocrine, urinary, nervous, and circulatory

system? ● What are their functions? ● How are these systems related? ● What are some common diseases of these systems? ● What are the proper ways of taking care of these systems?

Review

In previous grade levels, you have learned about important organs of the body including the heart, skin, lungs, brain, and kidneys.

● The heart pumps blood throughout the body. ● The skin is the outer covering of the body. ● The lungs give enough supply of oxygen to the body and get rid of carbon

dioxide. ● The brain receives and interprets information and commands the body parts. ● The kidneys remove wastes in the form of urine and filter blood.


Lesson 5.1: Endocrine System

Objectives In this lesson, you should be able to:

● determine the structure and functions of the organs in the endocrine system;

● explain how the organs of the endocrine system system work together; and

● develop healthful habits that promote proper functioning of the different body systems.

Did you notice the last time you increased in height? Have you ever wondered when you would stop growing in height? These are some of the things that happen in the body without you needing to give the commands. You don’t have to tell your body to grow, you would just observe that there is a change in your height. Imagine what would happen if you need to turn on a switch in your body every time you need to increase in height. What if you forget to turn it on or off? The endocrine system helps other organ or organ systems make sure that their functions are active when needed, or turned off when not needed. What are the parts and functions of the endocrine system?

Warm-Up

Endocrine Model One of the primary functions of the endocrine system is to produce hormones. Their organs are found in different parts of the body. This activity will show you some of them.

Materials:

● tissue paper roll ● colored paper ● tape

● bottle cap ● clay ● illustration board


Procedure: 1. Draw a human outline on your illustration board. 2. Draw a brain inside the head. Take small pieces of colored paper and

crumple them. Stick one to the base of the brain, and another inside. These represent the pituitary and pineal gland.

3. Cut a tissue paper roll in half lengthwise and flatten each. Stick a pair of these around 1 inch thick each to the neck. These will represent the thyroid.

4. Use clay to shape the liver and pancreas, and stick them to the abdomen. 5. Draw two bean shapes in the abdomen. These are the kidneys. Stick a bottle

cap at the top of each kidney. These are the adrenal glands. Guide Questions:

1. Why do you think the parts are scattered throughout the body? 2. Why do you think they are found near other organs that are not part of the

endocrine?

Learn about It

The endocrine system is a form of communications system in the body. It uses chemicals in order to communicate with other organs or organ systems. It is made up of communication posts that make and deliver messages to specific organs in the form of chemicals. Let us look at parts and functions of this system. Organs of the Endocrine System The endocrine system is made up of different glands that are located in different parts of the body. Glands are organs that create and secrete chemical substances that directly target organs to do certain functions. The chemical


substances that are released from the endocrine glands are called hormones. Each kind of gland produces one or more

kinds of hormones. Each kind of hormone has a very specific message that it delivers to specific cells and tissues in organs. Anterior Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland is a small gland located in the brain. It is sometimes called the “master gland” because it releases hormones that tell other glands when they need to produce hormones too. It can be divided into the anterior and the posterior pituitary gland, each with its own set of secreted hormones. The anterior pituitary secretes hormones including the following:

● Human growth hormone (hGH) stimulates growth by telling the bones and muscles to increase their rate of cell division.

● Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) tells the adrenal glands to produce and release its hormones.

● Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) tells the thyroid to produce and release its hormones.

● Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) tell the reproductive organs to release the hormones needed to start the production and development of gametes.

● Prolactin is a hormone with various functions, but among the most well known is its role in the production of milk in females. Other functions include its role in the immune and nervous systems.

● Luteinizing hormone (LH) is an important hormone in both males and females as it plays a role in triggering many of the changes during and after puberty.


Posterior Pituitary Gland Found behind the anterior pituitary gland is the posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary gland stores hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus. These hormones will be released when necessary. The two hormones are: Oxytocin is known for its role in causing contractions during childbirth. Other functions also include its effect on lactation and appetite control. Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin plays a role in maintaining the balance of certain fluids in the body. Pineal Gland The pineal gland which is located near the pituitary gland produces and releases a hormone called melatonin. It helps regulate our sleep-wake cycle. At night time or when it is dark, melatonin is released from the pineal gland. When melatonin reaches some target cells in the brain, it causes us to feel sleepy. Studies have found that exposing our eyes to blue or white light before bedtime. FSH may reduce the amount of melatonin produced by the pineal gland. This is the reason why it is sometimes hard to sleep after watching TV or using our cellphones for an extended period of time before bed.

Adrenal Glands Adrenal glands secrete hormones that help us in times of stress. When the body senses danger, physical or emotional stress, its initial reaction is to either “fight or flight.” The danger can be from something voluntarily done such as riding a bike downhill or riding a roller coaster. It can also be from something that can be a real


threat like seeing a dog that bares its teeth. In both cases, the body will automatically prepare either to face the danger (fight) or move away from it (flight).

In fight or flight response, the adrenal glands release several hormones including adrenaline, a hormone that increases the activity of body cells. The adrenaline prepares the muscles to move in order to respond to danger. The effects of adrenal hormones such as adrenaline include faster heartbeat and breathing but allows body to feel less pain and exhaustion. The blood sugar also increases in order to be used by cells for energy. Awareness of surroundings is enhanced too by making eyes more dilated to help be more observant. This is the reason why people exhibit increased strength or agility in times of emergencies and extreme stress.

Fig. 5. Adrenaline response to real or perceived threat.


Pancreas The pancreas is located near the stomach, and is also part of the digestive system. Recall that sugar in the form of glucose is used by the cells for energy. When there is too much sugar in the blood and the body does not need it yet, it can be stored in the liver. The pancreas secretes two important hormones that regulates the sugar (glucose) needed by cells for energy: insulin and glucagon.

● Insulin hormone signals the liver and muscle cells to change glucose into glycogen. In this form, sugar is stored in the liver.

● Glucagon hormone tells the liver to change glycogen back to glucose and release it into the blood.

The release of insulin and glucagon is the pancreas’ endocrine function. This means that these substances are released directly into the bloodstream for transport to the organs or tissues that need them. This is in contrast with exocrine, which makes use of a duct to directly secrete a substance into the organ or tissue. The pancreas also has an exocrine function, which is to break down the components of food in the digestive system. Most of the pancreas is involved with the exocrine function.

Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in neck, just in front of the larynx or voice box. It produces hormones that regulates important body processes and affects growth. It produces thyroxine (T4) that tells cells how fast energy should be converted from the food we eat.


Another hormone it releases is calcitonin which helps regulate the amount of calcium that is in the blood. Parathyroid Glands At the back of thyroid gland are four tiny glands called parathyroid glands. These glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) which also regulates the calcium level in the blood, together with calcitonin. Gonads The ovary of females and testis of males are gonads or reproductive glands of humans. Aside from producing gametes, they also produce and release hormones needed mainly for reproduction and secondary sex characteristics. The ovaries mainly produce estrogen and progesterone while the testes mainly produce testosterone. Some hormones like testosterone and estrogen are produced by both male and female but at different amounts or levels and for different functions.

Table 1. Main functions of hormones in relation to reproductive system. Sex Hormone Function

Male testosterone

● formation of some male reproductive tissues and organs

● responsible for secondary sex characteristics such as body hair and muscle mass

Female

progesterone ● prepares the uterus for pregnancy

estrogen ● responsible for secondary sex characteristics

such as breast development and regulation of the menstrual cycle

Homeostasis Homeostasis can be defined as the process by which the body maintains its internal balance, independent of external factors. The endocrine plays an important role in achieving homeostasis. For instance, the blood can only have a certain amount of sugar. Too much sugar in the blood can be dangerous to the body. One bad effect is that sugar in the blood can clog the blood vessels. The hormone insulin plays a role in maintaining the amounts of sugar and bring the body to a normal condition. There are certain steps that the body takes in order to maintain internal balance, and examples are the negative and positive feedback systems.


Negative Feedback Have you tried making soup? Imagine that when you tasted it while cooking, it was too salty. You decided to add water and tasted it again. It became too bland. So you put on salt again, a little at a time, until it became just right. This is an example of a situation where you sense a change (saltiness) and you took steps to reverse it (adding water). If taken in the context of the human body, if the body senses a change and acts to reverse that change, it is an example of negative feedback. A concrete example of negative feedback is that when the body senses that blood sugar levels are too high, the pancreas will secrete insulin to remedy this.

Fig. 7. Insulin and glucagon act to maintain blood sugar levels.

When there is too much glucose in the blood, insulin will act so that it can be stored in the liver as glycogen. But when the cells need glucose for energy and there is too little in the blood, glucagon will then act so that glycogen from the liver will be released as glucose back in the blood stream. The actions of hormones ensure that the glucose in the blood is maintained at a normal level. This is one example of the importance of hormones in homeostasis.


Positive Feedback Have you ever watched your favorite sports team play live? Sometimes our teams do not always come out ahead in the games that they play. What we can do is to cheer them on in these situations. Imagine you cheering for them all alone, and other fans of that team hear you so they join in. The team gets more and more energized by the cheers. More and more fans join the cheer that you started and this revitalizes the players that you cheer on. This can be seen as a metaphor for positive feedback. In the body, positive feedback occurs when a stimulus causes a response, and this leads to a cascade of repeating events until a change occurs. An example would be during childbirth. Contractions of the uterus are caused by oxytocin, and these contractions cause more oxytocin to be released. The release of more oxytocin then causes more contractions, and this cascade goes on until the baby exits the mother’s body. Diseases of the Endocrine System The endocrine system works with other organ systems all throughout the human life cycle. The hormones play a big role in homeostasis. If a gland or a hormone cannot function properly, this results to diseases or disorders that affect other organ systems. The two common diseases of the endocrine system are diabetes and goiter. Diabetes A person with diabetes has a problem with maintaining normal levels of blood glucose. The pancreas loses its function to produce insulin or cannot produce enough to act on the glucose in the blood. There are three types of diabetes. Type I diabetes happens when the body’s own immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. There is no clear reason why it happens or when it can happen. It is usually an inherited disease. But people without family history of diabetes can still develop this disease. Type II diabetes is the most common kind of diabetes at present. In this case, the pancreas can produce insulin. However, the body cells are not following instructions from insulin anymore. It is called insulin resistance. Insulin lost its capacity to reduce the blood glucose level. Another case may be that insulin produced is not enough to lower the blood glucose level. Type II may be an inherited or an acquired disease. It can result from an unhealthy lifestyle of eating excessively.


Gestational diabetes can happen to some pregnant women when they have high glucose level in the blood. Usually, the symptoms disappear when the baby is born. A person with diabetes may experience the following symptoms at the beginning:

● frequent thirst and hunger ● frequent urination ● cuts heal slowly ● dizziness and headaches ● cramps

● unexplained itching and consequent skin infections

● unexplained change in weight ● mood swings

Diabetes can result to a lot of complications if not managed. There is no known cure for diabetes at this time but there are things that can be done to control the disease. If the pancreas does not produce insulin anymore, the person with diabetes can inject insulin on a regular basis. If there is no need to inject more insulin in the body or the person has insulin resistance, there are also medicines that can lower the blood sugar level temporarily. In some cases, both insulin and medicines are used in combination to manage the level of blood sugar in the body. Another important thing a person with diabetes can do is to be very careful with food intake. It is important to manage the amount of sugar that enters the body to maintain it at levels that the blood can carry. Goiter It is the enlargement of the thyroid gland. A common cause of goiter is iodine deficiency. The thyroid needs iodine to be able to produce hormones. When it lacks iodine, the body’s response is to enlarge the thyroid to try to gather as much iodine as it possibly can. In order to reduce the size of the thyroid, iodine must be supplied in the right amounts. Iodine is normally obtained from the food we eat. Iodine-rich food includes fish, seaweeds,


potatoes, and eggs. It is highly encouraged to use iodized salt to add iodine in one’s diet. There are also doctor-prescribed supplements that would be sufficient for people with goiter.

Fig. 9. Comparison of a normal thyroid gland and a thyroid gland with goiter.

Key Points

● Some major endocrine organs include the pineal, pituitary, adrenal and

thyroid glands, the liver, the pancreas, the testes and the ovaries. ● All these organs produce hormones to be received by other body systems. ● These hormones have different effects based on what they are, and where

they go. ● These organs are all found in different parts of the body, but may of their

products are delivered by the bloodstream.


Web Links

For further information, you can check the following web links:

● To know more about what the thyroid does, watch ‘How does the thyroid manage metabolism? - Emma Bryce’: TED-Ed. 2015. ‘‘How does the thyroid manage metabolism”’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNrUpBwU3q0

● To know more about what hormones, watch ‘How do your hormones work? - Emma Bryce’: TED-Ed. 2018. ‘‘How do hormones work?”’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SPRPkLoKp8

● To know more about what the pancreas does, watch ‘What does the pancreas do? - Emma Bryce’: TED-Ed. 2015. ‘What does the pancreas do?”’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dgoeYPoE-0

Check Your Understanding

A. Identify the endocrine gland that is being described in each statement. Choose from the box below. adrenal ovary pancreas parathyroid pineal pituitary testes thyroid

1. It secretes hormones that activate our fight or flight response. 2. If a person lacks iodine, it will not be able to produce hormones. 3. It is also known as the “master gland.” 4. It mainly releases testosterone. 5. It secretes melatonin that helps us sleep. 6. It releases calcitonin which helps regulate the level of calcium in blood. 7. It releases progesterone which prepares the uterus for pregnancy. 8. This releases hormone that stimulates growth. 9. It secretes estrogen which influences female secondary sex characteristics.

10. It produces thyroxine that tells cells how fast energy should be converted from the food we eat.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJoQj5-TIvE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SPRPkLoKp8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dgoeYPoE-0

B. Identify if the statement is true or false. 1. All endocrine organs are clumped into one area of the body. 2. Goiter can be caused by an iodine deficiency. 3. Insulin can be used to manage diabetes. 4. Blood sugar can be controlled by the pancreas and liver. 5. Homeostasis deals with balance in the body.

Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions.

1. Is there a need for the endocrine organs to all be in one area? Why? 2. How can diabetes be prevented? 3. How do the adrenal glands deal with danger? 4. How does light affect sleep? 5. How does the pituitary gland affect height?


Lesson 5.2: Urinary System


● determine the structure and functions of the urinary system; ● explain how the organs of each organ system work together; and ● develop healthful habits that promote proper functioning of the

urinary system.

When you clean your bag, you usually take out everything first. Then you sort which ones will be removed. Those that need to be in the bag are returned after cleaning it. In the same way, your body needs to be cleaned internally. The body systems will be poisoned by toxins or harmful substances that are not removed from the blood. The urinary system is responsible for sorting toxins out of the blood and returning the clean blood into the system. How does the body remove waste materials from the blood?

Warm-Up

Visualizing the Urinary System The urinary system filters blood and eventually excretes the wastes as urine. This activity will help you visualize how this happens. Materials:

● rubber tubes ● water and sand mixture ● filter paper

● funnels ● tape ● Illustration board

Procedure: 1. Creating a filtration setup: affix a piece of filter paper into a funnel. Connect a

rubber tube to the bottom the funnel. Create two of these setups. Tape them side by side to an illustration board.


2. Get the end of both rubber tubes from the fltration setup and connect them to a cup. Position the cup at the bottom of the illustration board.

3. Pour the water and sand mixture into each of the filtration setups. Observe the water that flows into the cup.

Guide Questions:

1. Does the water still have sand? 2. What do the filtration setups represent?

Learn about It

The urinary system is responsible for the excretion of excess water and waste materials from the blood. Excretion is the process by which materials are released from the body. The urinary system excretes materials in the form of urine. Organs of the Urinary System Kidney The body has two bean-shaped kidneys that remove excess water and waste materials from the blood through a process called filtration. Each kidney acts like a sieve that lets the blood pass through but stops waste materials from going back with the blood. The tiny filtering units in the kidneys are called nephrons. Each kidney has around 1 million microscopic filters called nephrons. About 1.2 liters of blood flows through the kidneys each minute. When blood enters the kidney, it passes through the nephrons. Structures associated with the nephrons return blood cells back into the blood stream, while the fluid proceeds along the filtration tract. The nephrons separate the excess water and waste materials from


the filtrate. The blood is moved back to its pathways in the process called reabsorption. The excess water and waste in the form of urine, are collected in ducts called ureters. The blood with wastes enters the kidney through the renal artery. The nephrons will filter the blood to remove wastes and form urine. The filtered blood goes out of the kidney and circulates back to the body through the renal vein. The urine formed goes to the bladder through the ureters.

Fig. 11. The nephrons will filter the blood to remove wastes and form urine.

Ureters The body has two ureters or long narrow tubes that connects the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder is a bag-like muscular organ that collects urine. When the bladder is full, it signals the body to release the urine. At that time, you would feel the urge to urinate. It also has urethral sphincters or valve-like muscles that control the release of urine from the bladder to the urethra.


Urethra When a person urinates, the urine passes from the bladder to the urethra. The urethra is the duct where urine travels from the bladder and out of the body. In males, the urethra is also the passageway for semen to travel out of the body. In females, only urine passes out of the urethra. Each day, kidneys release about 1.5 liters of urine. Urine is made up mostly of excess water. The other substances that were taken out of the blood are broken down proteins called urea, salts, urochrome (a waste product in blood breakdown, gives urine its yellowish color), and other substances that are not needed by the body. These substances are often toxic, it can poison our body if they are not excreted. The components of the urine can be analyzed in a process called urinalysis. This process helps doctors check if there are problems in our other organ systems. Diseases of the Urinary System Urinary Tract Infection It is more commonly known as UTI, which is a general term for infections in any or all areas where urine passes, from the kidney to the urethra. Infections are caused by the entry of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and virus that get into the body. Some symptoms that may be experienced by a person with UTI are painful urination, feeling weak with fever and shivers, traces of blood in the urine, and lower back pain. An infection can be treated with an antibiotic medication if it is caused by bacteria. Different microorganisms will demand specific medications. It is best to prevent acquiring such a disease by maintaining proper hygiene and drinking plenty of water. Kidney Stones Kidney stones are solid salt crystals that form in the kidneys. They can form if there is too much consumption of food rich in calcium, uric acid or salts. A person who eats a balanced diet will have less risk of developing kidney stones. Some symptoms that may be experienced by a person with kidney stones are pain around the kidney and ureter area, nausea and vomiting, painful urination or frequent urge to urinate. Kidney stones can block the passage of urine depending on their size. If they are small enough to pass through the ducts, they can just be excreted with the urine. If


they are too big to pass through the ducts, ultrasonic sound waves can break the stones into smaller pieces. In the worst cases, surgery may be needed to remove the stones.

Fig. 12. Stones formed in the kidney blocks the passageway of blood and urine to

and from the kidney. Kidney Treatment Kidneys are vital organs in the human body. A person cannot survive without kidneys. Kidney problems can arise from complications caused by other diseases. A common cause of kidney failure or total malfunction of the kidney is too much sugar in the blood. Too much blood sugar can be toxic and kidneys will need to filter the excess sugar out. If a person consistently has high blood sugar, the kidneys may become overworked and will eventually fail to function. There are modern technologies available to save the lives of people with kidney failure. Dialysis Dialysis is a process by which a machine acts as an artificial kidney to filter the blood of a person with kidney failure. In dialysis, the patient is connected to the hemodialysis machine through the use of needles and tubes. The patient’s blood comes out of the body through tubes that passes through a machine that cleans the blood. The machine then returns the clean blood to the body. Transplant Transplant is a surgical procedure in which an organ is removed from a body and placed in a new body to replace a failing organ. This procedure can be done to a person who suffers from a kidney failure. Failed or diseased kidneys are not always


removed during transplant since the risk of harming the patient is higher than the benefits he or she will get. Instead, a healthy kidney can be given by a donor or a person who willingly gives his kidney to the patient. If the donor’s kidney is compatible with the patient’s body, the kidney transplant may proceed and the kidneys will function in the new body. Both the donor and patient will undergo a surgical procedure and must observe the recovery period to avoid getting complications. What will happen to the person who donated his kidney? A person can live with only one kidney, but has to be very cautious with his diet and lifestyle to ensure the kidney does not become overworked.

Dialysis, a process that acts as an artificial kidney

New healthy kidney can be transplanted without removing failed kidneys.

Fig. 13. Kidney treatments


Key Points

● The urinary system’s primary function is to filter blood and remove waste

from the body. ● The major organ of the urinary system is the kidney ● The kidneys are made up of numerous microscopic structures known as the

nephrons. ● Nephrons are a series of small tubules that serve to filter the blood. ● Kidney transplants are possible, but if the person has malfunctioning

kidneys, dialysis may be needed.

Web Links


● Kidneys are important to the urinary system. To learn more, watch ‘How do your kidneys work? - Emma Bryce’: TED-Ed. 2015. ‘How do your kidneys work?”’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FN3MFhYPWWo

● Kidney stones can be problematic. To learn more, watch ‘What causes kidney stones? - Arash Shadman”: TED-Ed. 2017. “What causes kidney stones?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0GpIMNTPYg

● Some people say that holding urine in is bad. Is it really? Watch: “Is it bad to hold your pee? - Heba Shaheed”: TED-Ed. 2016. “Is it bad to hold your pee?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ze4Qmpq48AQ


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FN3MFhYPWWo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0GpIMNTPYg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ze4Qmpq48AQ


A. Label the parts of the urinary system.

B. Identify what is being described in each statement. 1. These are the tiny filtering units find in the kidneys. 2. It is the waste product produced in the urinary system. 3. These are tubes that connect the kidneys and the bladder. 4. It is the temporary storage of urine in the body. 5. It is the passageway of urine out of the body. 6. The surgical procedure of transfering an organ from one body to another. 7. The use of a machine to act as a temporary kidney. 8. The general term for an infection of any area where urine passes. 9. The process of moving blood back into the body from the kidneys.

10. A waste product that gives urine the yellow color.


Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions. 1. Why can eating salty food excessively cause kidney stones? 2. Can the kidneys still function without the nephrons? 3. Why is the presence of blood in urine a sign for a disease? 4. How can UTI be prevented? 5. Why does the kidney need to remove urea from the body?


Lesson 5.3: Circulatory System


● determine the structure and functions of the circulatory system; ● explain how the organs of the circulatory system work together;

and ● develop healthful habits that promote proper functioning of the

different body systems.

Every city has a road system that makes it possible to deliver the needs of all its citizens. The road system has to be working well so that delivery trucks, ambulances, and even the police cars can easily get to where they are needed the most. Your body has a similar system that makes sure that all the cells receive all their needs. This is possible through the circulatory system, which includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels. How does the circulatory system help the body get all its needs?

Warm-Up

Circulatory System Model The circulatory system is made up of the heart and the blood vessels. This system can be visualized with the help of this activity. Materials:

● clay ● red and blue yarn

● glue ● illustration board

Procedure:

1. Draw an outline of a human on the illustration board. 2. Shape a heart using clay and stick it to the chest in the human outline.


3. Get pieces long pieces of red yarn. Attach two of them on top of the heart, and lead them to the left and the right side of the body to the arms. Attach one long red yarn each to these two, and lead them to the head.

4. Get one long piece of red yarn and attach it to the bottom of the heart. Lead it to the lower part of the body.

5. Cut small pieces of red yarn and attach them to the red yarns already attached to the heart. Make sure that you distribute the smaller pieces around the body.

6. Repeat this process with blue yarn. Guide Questions:

1. What do the red and blue yarn represent? 2. Why is there a need for more than one kind of vessels?

Learn about It

The circulatory system is composed of organs that make sure all the cells in the body receive the oxygen and nutrients that they need. It also helps the body defend itself against microorganisms that can harm the cells. This organ system is also known as cardiovascular system as it is composed of heart, blood vessels, and the blood itself. Organs of the Circulatory System Heart The heart is a muscular organ that is located near the lungs. It is as big as the size of your closed fist. The main function of the heart is to pump blood throughout the body. Inside the heart are four chambers that allow blood to pass through in different directions, depending on where each chamber opens. The heart pumps blood deoxygenated blood, or blood without oxygen to the lungs, the lungs then allow oxygen to enter the blood cells. Blood with oxygen is known as oxygenated blood.


The heart then pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body, to deliver oxygen to all the cells. The heart pumps blood nonstop as long as person is alive, to make sure that the blood is able to deliver all the needs of the cells. Blood The blood is a mixture of different substances that transports important materials to and from the cells. It has the following components:

Fig. 15. Blood has solid and liquid components. The liquid component of the blood

is plasma while the solids are the blood cells and platelets.

● Plasma is a clear, yellowish fluid that is made up mostly of water. It carries different materials in it like blood cells and platelets. It transports glucose, fats, and other nutrients from the food eaten; delivers hormones to their target cells and; carries waste materials from cells.

● White blood cells (WBC) are part of the body’s disease-fighting army. There

are different kinds of WBC and they perform different functions to defend the body from harmful microorganisms. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and some parasites. When microorganisms get inside the blood, there are WBC that can alert the body of the presence of the invaders. There are also WBC that can attack and kill the invaders. Some WBC are assigned to memorize the identity of invaders. If the same kind of invaders try to enter the body again, the WBC can act immediately before we get sick again.


Fig. 16. General process of how white blood cells fight infection

● Red blood cells (RBC) carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the

body. It also transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs. A red blood cell contains large amounts of an iron-rich protein called hemoglobin. The iron in the red blood cell makes it able to carry oxygen from the air you breathe. The shape of an RBC is biconcave, and this increases the amount of surface area in order to be able to absorb more oxygen.

side view top view Fig. 17. Biconcave shape of a red blood cell

● Platelets make blood clots possible. Clotting happens when the blood

thickens and solidify to stop the bleeding. Scabs are evidences that clotting occurred after a wound has bled. It is the job of the platelets to stop the blood from spilling out. They form a net-like plug which will clot the blood to stop the bleeding. The plug also covers the area while it is being repaired.


Fig. 18. Platelets aggregate on the damaged blood vessel wall to stop bleeding

Blood Vessels If the components of blood function like delivery trucks of different materials as well as army for the body’s defense, it needs a road system. The blood vessels are like roads where the blood flows through in an organized manner. There are three kinds of blood vessels that allow blood to flow in a definite direction in the body. Arteries are large, thick-walled blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood (oxygenated blood) to the different cells in the body. After the blood collects oxygen from the lungs, it is pumped out by the heart to the arteries. Arteries are generally thicker because they are lined with a layer of smooth muscle. An exception to the rule of arteries containing oxygenated blood though, is the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. Veins are also large vessels but not as thick as Arteries. Oxygen-poor blood (deoxygenated


blood) travels back to the heart through the veins. Veins also have structures called valves that will prevent deoxygenated blood from flowing in the opposite direction. Much like the exception for arteries, the exception for veins carrying only deoxygenated blood comes in the form of the pulmonary veins. These veins carry freshly oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs. Capillaries are the thinnest blood vessels. If arteries are major highways of the blood, capillaries are the narrowest streets and alleys. Arteries and veins branch out to thin capillaries that can be found nearest to the organs. From the capillaries, nutrients and oxygen are delivered by the blood to the cells. From the cells, waste materials are released to the blood in the capillaries. In the capillaries, exchange of materials between the blood and the cells happen. Blood Flow Arteries and veins are one-way paths that the blood follows. In arteries, blood flows away from the heart, to the other parts of the body. After deliveries are made in the capillaries, blood will travel back to the heart through the veins.

Diseases of the Circulatory System When the circulatory system is affected by diseases, the delivery of oxygen and nutrients that are needed by all body cells might be interrupted too. Therefore, it is important to know some of the common diseases that affect the heart, blood, and blood vessels. This will help you understand what to do to keep the circulatory system healthy.


Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is characterized by the formation of plaque in the walls of the arteries. A plaque can form from materials like fats and cholesterol that are trapped in small breaks in the inner artery wall. A plaque is an obstacle to the normal blood flow which makes itharder for the blood to travel in that affected part of the artery.

narrowing artery due to atherosclerosis blocked artery in the heart

Fig. 22. Diseases of the circulatory system Heart Attack and Stroke The most common cause of atherosclerosis is too much consumption of fatty and high cholesterol food. If the body has more fats than what the cells need, those fats will not be used and may get stuck in the artery walls and eventually start a plaque. If plaque builds up, the artery wall can break from the inside and the platelets will try to repair it, forming a blood clot inside. The blood clot can partially or totally block the passage of blood. This may interrupt the delivery of oxygen to different parts of the body which can lead to heart attack or stroke. A heart attack happens when blood cannot reach the heart while a stroke happens when blood cannot reach the brain. Both conditions require immediate attention as they can lead to death if not treated properly. Anemia Anemia is characterized by the lack of red blood cells needed to deliver oxygen to all body cells. A person with anemia has less RBC count than normal. An anemic person may experience the following symptoms:


● gets easily tired ● feeling weak ● dizziness and headache

● chest pain ● pale skin ● cold hands and feet

The most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency. Iron is needed to make hemoglobin which is what RBC is mostly made out of. It can also be caused by a significant amount of blood loss. To increase the production of RBC, consumption of iron supplements or iron-rich food is recommended. The risk of getting anemia is less when one’s diet includes iron-rich food such as meat and leafy vegetables. Leukemia An example of a disease in white blood cells is leukemia. Leukemia has different types, and is considered to be a cancer. The causes of leukemia are still not completely understood, but scientists believe that factors such as radiation or cigarette smoking play a role. Leukemia is characterized by an abnormally high amount of white blood cells. These white blood cells, known as leukemia cells, are abnormal and are found in abundance in comparison to normal white blood cells. This then leads to multiple complications, and effects include bleeding, a higher risk for infections, fevers, and many more.

Key Points

● The circulatory system is comprised of the heart and the blood vessels. ● Generally, the arteries lead blood away from the heart, and the veins lead

blood back into the heart. ● Arteries are thicker than veins, and usually contain oxygenated blood. Veins

are also large, but have thinner walls. These usually contain deoxygenated


blood. ● Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, and where gas exchange usually

happens. ● Heart attack, a common disease, happens when not enough blood reaches

the heart.

Web Links


● To learn more about the heart, watch: “How the heart actually pumps blood - Edmond Hui’’: TED-Ed. 2014. ‘‘How the heart actually pumps blood”’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruM4Xxhx32U

● Heart attacks are some of the most common causes of death i the world. To learn more, watch “What happens during a heart attack - Krishna Sudhir”: TED-Ed. 2017. “What happens during a heart attack” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_PYnWVoUzM

● Strokes are also common. To learn more, watch “What happens during a stroke - Baibhav Goswami”: TED-Ed. 2018. “What happens during a heart attack” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NJm4TJ2it0


A. Match the description in column A with the correct term in column B. Column A Column B

1. It pumps the blood throughout the body. A. anemia

2. This blood vessel transports the blood away from the heart.

B. artery

3. It transports important materials to and from the cells.

C. blood


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruM4Xxhx32U

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_PYnWVoUzM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NJm4TJ2it0

4. This is responsible for the blood clotting. D. heart

5. It is the lack of RBC needed to deliver oxygen to all body cells.

6. This is responsible for oxygenating blood. 7. This liquid holds the blood cells. 8. This is a mixture of water, blood cells, and other components

E. lungs

F. plasma G. platelets H. vein

B. Choose the item that does not belong to the group. Then, give an

appropriate reason for on why it does not belong to the group.

Choices Reason

A. artery B. vein C. platelet

A. iron deficiency B. blood loss C. fatty food

A. plasma B. RBC C. platelet

A. blood cells B. vein C. plasma

A. heart attack B. stroke C. cholesterol

Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions.

1. Can the circulatory system function without cardiac muscles? 2. What is the role of smooth muscles in the circulatory system? 3. Why is there a need to have arteries and veins? Why can’t just one type of

vessel exist to perform their functions? 4. What is the difference between a stroke and a heart attack? 5. Why is there a need for just a one-way flow of blood?


Lesson 5.4: Nervous System


● determine the structure and functions of the organs in the nervous system;

● explain how the organs of the nervous system work together; and

● develop healthful habits that promote proper functioning of the different body systems.

There are many voluntary and involuntary activities that the body does at the same time. For example, while reading this paragraph, your eyes see the words while your brain interprets the text. However, as you read, you are also breathing and probably digesting some food you have eaten a while ago. What made it possible for the body to perform all those activities at the same time? Take note that different body systems were involved to perform such tasks. Therefore, there must be one body system that controls and communicates all the other functions of the body. This body system is known as the nervous system. What are the major parts of the nervous system and their functions?

Warm-Up

Nervous System Model One of the primary functions of the muscular system is to provide movement. This happens when muscles pull on the bones that they are attached to. This activity will allow you to visualize how this happens.

Materials:

● the circulatory model from the previous lesson

● tissue paper

● yellow yarn ● straw ● glue


Procedure: 1. Use the previous model for the circulatory system for this activity. 2. Crumple up a piece of tissue paper and stick it inside the head of the model.

This represents the brain. 3. Get a long piece of yellow yarn and stick it to the bottom of the brain. Lead

the yarn from the brain, through the neck, through the rest of the body. Make sure the it passes through the center of the model. These are the nerves.

4. Stick some straw on the yellow yarn in the trunk of the body. This represents the spinal cord.

5. Get small pieces of yellow yarn and attach them all throughout the body, from the yellow yarn that you have already laid down.

Guide Questions:

1. What do you think nerves are for, basing it on what they are attached to? 2. Why do you think all these parts are attached to each other?

Learn about It

The nervous system is the control and communications system inside the body. It has a command center that makes sure all the right messages are delivered at the right time. Just like how electricity at home is connected by wires, the body has a network of communication lines where messages travel as fast as electricity. To understand how messages in the body travels and reach the brain, it is important to be familiar with neurons. Neurons Neurons are the major cells that make up the nervous system. When they are grouped together as tissue, it is more common to refer to them as nerves. A neuron has distinct parts that allows it to relay information. It has dendrites that receive information and axon terminals that pass on information to the next neuron. The myelin sheath covers and protects the axon or nerve fiber, which conducts electrical impulses from the cell body.


A message that is relayed by the nervous system is in the form of both electrical signals and chemicals. It relays a message from one neuron to the next, until the message reaches the target organ or body part.

Fig. 23. Parts of a neuron

If a message is received by a neuron, there will be an impulse or the message that travels along the length of the neuron in the form of an electrical signal. The message travels from the dendrites, through the cell body, and up to the axon terminals. At the axon terminal, the message will be relayed to the next neuron by passing on chemicals called neurotransmitters. There is a space in between the axon terminal of the first neuron and the dendrite of the next neuron. That space is called a synapse. It is where neurotransmitters get passed onto the next neuron. There are three kinds of neurons:

● Sensory neurons relay information that are received from the sense organs. The messages from sensory neurons always travel towards the central nervous system.

● Motor neurons relay information to the different muscles in the body. The messages from the motor neurons always travel from the central nervous system.


● Interneurons are the neurons of the central nervous system. They receive information from the sensory neurons. They also send information to the motor neurons. They are the neurons in the central nervous system.

Fig. 25. The three kinds of neurons are sensory neurons, interneurons

and motor neurons The Central Nervous System (CNS) The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain acts as the command center in the body’s communications network. Cerebrum The cerebrum is the front part of the brain which is also called the “thinking brain.” This where conscious thought processes occur, including likes and dislikes, dreams, emotions, memories and decisions. This part of the brain enables one to learn, understand and solve problems. It receives information from the different sense organs and process information to decide on an action. For example, the eyes sense and detect light and relay the information to the brain. The cerebrum will process the information and determines whether the light forms a picture, or if it is day time. If the nose catches a scent and the information is relayed to the brain, the cerebrum can also trigger a memory or emotion from the scent. All of these functions are performed by


specific areas of the cerebrum known as the lobes. There are 4 lobes: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.

Fig. 26. Parts of the brain

The frontal lobe plays a role in cognition and voluntary control of activities. The occipital lobe primarily deals with sight and visual processing. The parietal lobe is in charge of information related to movement, tastes, and temperature. Finally, the temporal lobe is important in the processing of memories. Cerebellum The cerebellum is found at the back portion of the brain. It is responsible for balance and coordination of muscle movements.It also stores muscle memories so that once you learn how to swim, bike or play the piano, you will always know how. Brain Stem The brain stem is bottom part of the brain which connects the brain to the spinal cord. It also relays the information between the brain and the spinal cord. This also controls many body organs to make sure they are doing their job to keep a person alive. The brain stem controls involuntary activities such as breathing, thirst, hunger, blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, and sneezing.


Spinal Cord The spinal cord is a bundle of neurons that is protected by the bones of the spinal column. It is the information highway where communication between the brain and all the Peripheral Nervous System pass through.

Fig. 27. A comparison of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous

system. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The Peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all the nerves in the body that are connected to the spinal cord. There are sensory and motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system which are connected to all parts of the body. The sensory neurons of the eyes, nose, ears, tongue and skin receive information from the environment. The peripheral nervous system enables the brain to know what to do depending on what is happening in the body. Reflex Action A stimulus is anything that is received by the sensory neuron. There are times when a stimulus can harm the body. In these cases, the body will act on


automatically, without even thinking about it, in order to keep it from harm. This immediate response is known as a reflex action. Study Fig. 28 which shows a reflex action. When a stimulus (heat from candle fire) triggers a sensory neuron, it relays the message to the spinal cord. In an instant, the interneuron in the spinal cord will tell the motor neuron to act (remove hand away from fire) to keep the body from harm. The interneuron will also send the message to the brain, so that the person can remember the stimulus and avoid it next time.

Fig. 28. Reflex action allows the body to protect itself immediately.

Diseases of the Nervous System The nervous system is in charge of making sure all the other body parts are functioning well. Diseases that affect the nervous system affects other organ systems too. Bell’s Palsy Bell’s palsy is a disease that affects the facial nerves. It happens when facial nerves become swollen or compressed. It is a temporary paralysis that disrupts the control of the nerves in the different muscles in the face. A person with this Bell’s palsy may experience uncontrollable twitching of muscles, drooping of one side of the face,


distortion of the face, inability to move one of both eyes, drooling, and difficulty in eating and speaking. There is no definite known cause for this disease. Some doctors believe that Bell’s palsy can be a complication of other virus-caused diseases such as influenza and meningitis. Treatment of the disease can vary, depending on the symptoms. There are some medications that may be used to ease the swollen nerves. Some can undergo physical therapy like facial massage. Some patients are just asked to rest to allow the nerves to heal by themselves. Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia. Dementia is a group of symptoms that include memory loss, inability to socialize normally, mood swings, and slow thinking speed and comprehension. It usually occurs in people over 65 years old but can happen to people as young as 30 years old. A person with Alzheimer’s disease may have symptoms like forgetfulness, even of recent activities done. Other symptoms include inability to express oneself with words, slow in doing normal routines, withdraws from social events, hobbies and interests, and drastic change in behavior and personality. The cause of Alzheimer’s disease is not yet confirmed. There is no known cure for it although some symptoms may be lessened by the use of specific drugs. But there are patterns that show that people with the following are at risk of acquiring Alzheimer’s disease:

● relatives with the disease ● previous head injury ● lack of physical activity

● drug abuse ● diabetes ● heart disease

It is important to know the risk factors involved so you can do something to lessen the risk of getting such kind of disease.


Key Points

● The nervous system is composed of nerves, the spinal cord, and the brain. ● The central nervous system is the command center of the body. It is

comprised of the brain and the spinal cord. ● The peripheral nervous system is in charge of sensing and relaying

information. ● A stimulus is anything that can be sensed by sensory neurons. These usually

cause a reflex response. ● Reflexes do not need input from the brain to get a response.

Web Links


● Different actions can affect your brain. For more information, watch “How playing an instrument affects your brain - Anita Collins”: TED-Ed. 2014. ‘‘How playing an instrument affects your brain”’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0JKCYZ8hng

● Humans do not use 100% of the brain. Watch “What percentage of your brain do you actually use - Richard Cytowic”: TED-Ed. 2014. “What percentage of your brain do you actually use?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5NubJ2ThK_U

● To know more about nerves, watch “How do nerves work? - Elliott Krane”: TED-Ed. 2012. “How do nerves work?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uU_4uA6-zcE


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0JKCYZ8hng

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjiKUmfaZr4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uU_4uA6-zcE


A. Identify the part of the nervous system that is being described in each statement. 1. It includes all the nerves in the body that are connected to the spinal cord. 2. This is a bundle of neurons that is protected by the spine. 3. This organ acts as the command center in the body’s communications

network. 4. These are the cells that make up the nervous system. 5. It is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. 6. Connects the brain and the spinal cord. 7. It is responsible for balance and coordination of muscles. 8. It enables learning and understanding.

B. Label the parts of the brain.


Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions. 1. What will happen if the cerebellum is injured? 2. Why are reflex actions very fast? 3. What will happen if the electrical signals are slow? 4. What will happen if interneurons are not present? 5. Why do neurons need multiple dendrites?


Lesson 5.5: How the Different Body Systems Work Together


● explain how the different organ systems work together; and ● develop healthful habits that promote proper functioning of the

different body systems.

In any sport, the players from one team have to work together in order to achieve their goal and win the game. The human body is like a sports team. It is composed of different organ systems that work together to accomplish certain tasks. If you are tying your shoelace, think of all the body parts that are working for you to be able to do it. Do they belong to different organ systems? How do different body systems work together?

Warm-Up

Body Function Puzzle All the body systems work together in order to keep the body functioning properly. Some of these relationships will be explored in this activity. Materials:

● paper ● different colors of yarn ● tape

Procedure:

1. Write the names of all the systems discussed here and in the previous unit on sheets of paper. Cut the paper so that each sheet contains the name of one system. Lay down the pieces of paper containing the names of the body systems on a flat surface. Set them down randomly in a circle.


2. There will be multiple actions, and each will contain a description. Your goal is to connect the pieces of paper using yarn based on how the description of the actions go. For example, the description is “the digestive system passes it to the integumentary system”, then connected both systems in question.

3. Use one color of yarn per action. 4. The actions are as follows:

Breathing: Muscles work together to expand the chest cavity. The lungs expand, air rushes in, and blood becomes oxygenated. Eating: Muscles will help in chewing food, food goes down the digestive tract and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The kidneys filter the blood afterwards. Running Away: You see a dog baring its fangs. Your body tells you to flee. Your muscles help you run away. Guide Questions:

1. Is there any system that is more involved than the others? 2. Does this mean that some systems are less important?

Learn about It

The human body is organized into systems that perform specific tasks that are essential to continue to live and survive. However, none of the organ systems can act on their own. An organ system always works together with one or more systems even when you simple tasks are performed. Think of when you play basketball. If you want to shoot the ball, think of all the body parts that are working together. The hands have to feel the ball. The eyes need to see where the ring is. The brain has to process how far the ring is, based on the message from the eyes. The brain has to tell the muscles to move the arms and legs to position yourself properly. The lungs need a deep breath before you shoot the ball. The heart needs to pump so the blood can bring oxygen to the cells. Many other processes happen. Did you keep track of the different organ systems that those body parts mentioned belong to? Let us see further how different organ systems work together.


Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems The skeletal system provides protection and frame from muscles. Muscles allow us to move and these organs are protected by the skin. How do they work together? Try lifting your index finger. When it moves, the muscles contract to move the bones in your finger. The muscles cells will dry out and die if they are not protected from external factors. It is the skin and nails on that finger that protect it from the environment. Everytime you move almost every body part with voluntary muscles, the three organ systems work together.

Fig. 30. Muscular, skeletal, and integumentary systems work together

to move body parts. Digestive, Circulatory, and Respiratory Systems The cell needs glucose and oxygen in order to have the energy it needs. The digestive system breaks down the food into materials that can be delivered to the cells by the blood.

Fig. 31. Digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems work together

for cells to have energy.


From digestion, glucose can pass through the villi into the blood flow. The oxygen is collected by the lungs and is passed on to the circulatory system. The circulatory system will take on the task of delivering the glucose and oxygen to the cells. The three systems work together to provide cells with materials for energy. Reproductive, Endocrine, and Circulatory Systems At the onset of puberty, the pituitary gland will signal the other glands of the endocrine system to start their task of developing reproductive cells and organs. The blood will deliver hormones to target glands and organs. The main reproductive organs, ovary (for females) and testes (for males), will receive the message and produce hormones for the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Fig. 32. Endocrine, circulatory, and reproductive systems work together for the

development of sexual characteristics. Circulatory and Excretory Systems In order to release waste products and maintain homeostasis, organs from different body systems act as the body’s excretory system. Different organs have different tasks regarding the removal of waste and harmful materials from the body. The circulatory system makes sure that the waste materials are delivered to different excretory organs. The digestive system separates water from undigested food. It excretes solid waste and brings the water to the circulatory system. The circulatory system collects waste products from cells such as including carbon dioxide. The blood delivers the carbon dioxide back to the lungs where it will be released as we exhale. Harmful materials from the digestive system will be destroyed by the liver and released from the body through the urinary system. Most waste products will be delivered by the blood to the urinary system and it will be released as urine. Some excess water and salts will be released by the skin as sweat, not only to remove waste, but also to control the body temperature.


Body System Organ Excretory function

Digestive System

colon and anus

separates water from solid waste; removes solid waste

liver destroys toxins from the blood

Integumentary System

skin release excess water and salts through sweat

Urinary System removes waste materials from the blood

Circulatory System collects waste materials and deliver them to the liver, urinary system, lungs and skin

Fig. 33. Body systems and organs involved in excretion of waste products.

Fig. 34. Waste products in the body and the organ systems involved.

The Nervous, Circulatory, and other Organ Systems of the Body The nervous system makes sure that all the other organ systems are working together to keep the body alive. It controls the survival tasks of the body such as breathing, pumping of blood, digestion of food and production of sweat.


The circulatory system makes sure that all cells in all organ systems receive glucose, water, oxygen and other nutrients needed to live. These two organ systems always work together with other organ system for the body to perform specific tasks.

Fig. 35. The nervous and circulatory systems work together will all the other body

systems to perform specific tasks.

Key Points

● Body systems rarely work alone. They usually work with one or more

systems in order to perform their functions. ● Movement and locomotion is done by the integumentary, muscular, and

skeletal systems working together. ● The acquisition and production of energy is done by the circulatory,

respiratory, and the digestive system. ● Development of the body is a joint effort between the endocrine and the

circulatory system. ● The nervous system is involved in almost everything, as it serves to

coordinate and communicate.


Web Links


● Water is important to all body systems. To see how important it actually is, watch ‘What would happen if you didn’t drink water? - Mia Nacamulli’: TED-Ed. 2016. ‘‘What would happen if you didn’t drink water?”’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iMGFqMmUFs

● Stress also affects multiple systems. To find out how, watch: ‘How stress affects your body - Sharon Horesh Bergquist”: TED-Ed. 2015. “How stress affects your body” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-t1Z5-oPtU

● Sports can affect health. To find out how, watch: ‘How playing sports benefits your body… and your brain. - Leah Lagos and Jaspal Ricky Singh”: TED-Ed. 2016. “How playing sports benefits your body… and your brain” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmFQqjMF_f0


A. Indicate if the statement is true or false. 1. The nervous system is the only system that can work by itself. 2. The respiratory and the circulatory systems work together to bring

glucose to the cells. 3. The integumentary system works with the skeletal system to make the

body move. 4. The digestive system and the respiratory system bring in materials for the

cell’s energy. 5. The urinary system works with the digestive system to clean the blood. 6. The circulatory system delivers products of the digestive and the

endocrine system to the rest of the body. 7. The digestive system does not need the muscular system for digestion. 8. The circulatory does not need the muscles to pump blood.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iMGFqMmUFs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjiKUmfaZr4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmFQqjMF_f0

9. The skeletal system works with the muscular system to generate movement.

10. The integumentary system is independent of other systems.

B. Identify the term being described. 1. This organ of the digestive and endocrine system destroys toxins. 2. This organ of the circulatory system is comprised mostly of muscle. 3. This organ of the integumentary system also releases toxins through

sweat. 4. This organ of the respiratory system contains many blood vessels for gas

exchange. 5. This system coordinates all other systems.

Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions. 1. Is there any organ system that humans can survive without? Why or Why

not? 2. Why is the nervous system involved in almost every other system’s

function? 3. How do the skeletal and muscular systems work together to create

movement? 4. Can energy be produced just by the digestive or the respiratory system? 5. Can endocrine products be delivered without the circulatory system?


Laboratory Activity

Activity 5.1

Body System Exercises Objectives At the end of this laboratory activity, the students should be able to:

● identify factors that affect filtration rate; ● identify factors that affect heart rate; ● identify factors that affect reflexes; and ● explain how the different systems work together.

Materials and Equipment

● funnel ● filter paper ● water ● sugar solution ● cups

● sand immersed in water ● timer ● flashlight ● glue

Procedure

1. Sit down on a chair for 30 seconds. Check your pulse and record the number of beats you feel for 10 seconds afterwards. Repeat this step after 30 seconds of jogging in place, and after 30 seconds of jumping jacks.

2. Create a filtration setup by placing a filter paper on a funnel. Place the funnel inside a cup. Compare the time it takes for water to flow between a sugar solution and sand immersed in water. Make sure that both have equal amounts. Record.

3. Ask a classmate to lightly hit the soft part of the joints in your elbows and knees with a hard object. Observe what happens.

4. Close your eyes for 1 minute. Ask a classmate to shine a light into your eye immediately after you open them. Ask your classmate to observe the changes to your pupils.


Guide Questions 1. Which activity made your heart beat the fastest? 2. Which mixture flowed faster? Sand or sugar? 3. What happens when you hit the soft part of the joint?

Performance Task

What Happens When You... Goal

● Your goal is to inform people of what happens to your body when you perform specific actions.

Role

● You are young health professionals who want to inform the public of how the different systems are related.

Audience

● You are aiming to inform your schoolmates. Situation

● All the body systems are related. Awareness of these relationships will help in promoting a better lifestyle for those that are well-informed.

Product, Performance, and Purpose

● You should come up with an oral and visual presentation of what happens to the body when certain actions are done. The following are your choices: What happens when you… jog;

eat; are threatened; sleep

Choose from one of the above, and make sure that your presentation includes how different body systems work together when the actions are done.


Standards and Criteria

● Your performance will be graded by the following rubric.

Criteria Below

Expectations, 0% to 49%

Needs Improvement

50% to 74%

Successful Performance 75% to 99%

Exemplary Performance

100%

Content. Detailed facts are presented well. Content related to the task.

Details not presented. Content is not related to the task.

Details are presented but not organized. There are some content that are not related to task.

Details are presented in an organized manner.Content are related to the task.

Details are presented in an organized matter that can be easily understood. Content are related to the task. Additional supporting details are presented.

Communication Skills. Presentation was done in a clear and logical manner.

Presentation was not done.

Presentation was done but in a disorganized and illogical manner.

Presentation was done smoothly but the concepts are presented in such a way that should be rearranged for better understanding.

Presentation was done clearly. Concepts were presented in a logical manner and easily understandable by the audience.

Audiovisual materials. Materials presented in a creative way but not sacrificing the accuracy of facts.

No audiovisual materials used.

Audiovisual materials are used but are messy and disorganized. There are no attention to details.

Audiovisual materials are well organized and done neatly. Some attention are paid to detail.

Audiovisual materials are well organized and done creatively. There is also a great attention to details.

Integrating concepts in photosynthesis. Subject matter is integrated and properly used in presenting facts.

No concept on organ system interconnectedness discussed in the task.

The concept of organ system interconnectedness was mentioned but not integrated in the task.

The concept of organ system interconnectedness was properly integrated in the task. Concepts were properly presented in relation to the task.

The concept of organ system interconnectedness was integrated in an organized and logical way. Additional concepts about photosynthesis related to the task were presented.


Self Check

Do a self-check on how well you learned the lessons in this unit. Place a checkmark in the appropriate box.

Check I can…

explain the functions of all the systems in this unit.

identify all the organs and functions in each of the systems.

explain the causes of some common diseases that affect these systems and proper health practices for these systems.

explain how the different systems are connected.

Key Words

Adrenal Gland An endocrine that produces adrenaline for the fight or

flight response.

Arteries These are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Bladder A urinary system organ that stores urine.

Brain An organ of the nervous system whose primary function is to process information and coordinate body systems.

Capillaries Small blood vessels that are usually for gas exchange.

Central Nervous System

Component of the nervous system comprised of the brain and the spinal cord.

Endocrine A system comprised of various glands of different functions.

Gonads Sex organs, which are the testes in males and ovaries in


females.

Heart A muscular organ used for pumping blood.

Kidney Bean shaped organs of the urinary system for filtering blood.

Nephron The most basic unit of filtration in the kidneys. This is a series of microscopic tubules.

Peripheral Nervous System

All the nerves that are connected to the spinal cord are part of the PNS.

Veins Blood vessels that are used for carrying blood back into the heart.

Wrap Up

The Body Systems Working Together for Survival and Daily Actions


Photo Credits

Fig 3. CRUK 414 by Cancer Research UK, is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via

Wikimedia Commons Fig 8. Struma 001 by Drahreg01, is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia

Commons Fig 9. Diagram showing the female urinary system CRUK 301 by Cancer Research

UK., is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons Fig 10. Diagram showing how the kidneys work CRUJ 138 by Cancer Research UK,

is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons Fig 11. Blausen 0595 Kidney Stones by BruceBlaus, is licensed under CC BY 3.0 via

Wikimedia of Health Fig 12. Kidney Transplant by BruceBlaus, is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via

Wikimedia of Health Check your understanding. Urinary System Large Unlabeled by

Andrewmeyerson, is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons Fig 20. Neuron typical structure by Ajimonthomas, is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0

via Wikimedia Commons Fig 22. CRUK 188 by Cancer Research UK, is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via

Wikimedia Commons Fig 25. Bells palsy diagram by Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator, is licensed under

CC BY 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Struma_001.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_the_female_urinary_system_CRUK_301.svg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0595_KidneyStones.png

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kidney_Transplant.png

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urinary_System_Large_Unlabeled.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron_typical_structure.jpg

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unit 5 parts and functions of the body systems ii

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