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Unit 5, Part 1Unit 5, Part 1

UNIT 5, Part 1Acts of Courage

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Unit 5, Part 1Unit 5, Part 1Unit 5, Part 1Unit 5, Part 1 MAIN MENUMAIN MENU

Acts of Courage

(pages 1020–1034)

Click a selection title to go to the corresponding selection menu.

What Makes

a Hero?


What makesa Hero?

SELECTION MENUSELECTION MENU

Before You Read

Reading the Selection

After You Read

Selection Menu (pages 1020–1023)


What makesa Hero?

BEFORE YOU READBEFORE YOU READ

Before you read the article, think about the following questions:

• What answers can you give to the question in the title of the article?

• From skimming the first paragraph, what can you predict about the content of the article?

Preview the Article


What makesa Hero?


Read to discover contrasting ideas about heroes.

Set a Purpose for Reading


What makesa Hero?


Clarifying Meaning

When you clarify the meaning of a text, you work to unlock the meaning of each section or paragraph. To clarify meaning, answer the questions on the following slide.


What makesa Hero?


Clarifying Meaning

• What does this section mean? Why might the writer have chosen to include this?

• How does this information relate to the main idea and other ideas in the text?


What makesa Hero?


Clarifying Meaning

Create a chart similar to the one shown and answer the questions to help you clarify meaning as you read.


What makesa Hero?


What makesa Hero?

Acts of Courage As you read, keep the following questions in mind. How do you define heroism? Who do you see as a hero?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: Answers will vary.


What makesa Hero?

Clarifying Meaning Clarifying meaning while you read is important because authors often build ideas on one another. If you don’t clear up a confusing passage, you may not understand main ideas or information that comes later.

Reading Strategy



What makesa Hero?

Clarifying Meaning If you don’t understand a particular passage, take the following steps:

Reading Strategy


• Reread the section more slowly.

• Look up words you don’t know in a dictionary.

• Ask questions about what you don’t understand.


What makesa Hero?

Look at the photograph on page 1021. How does this photo illustrate both public and private acts of heroism?


Answer: You may see the soldier fighting a public war but also caring for the baby in a very private and intimate way.

Viewing the Photograph


What makesa Hero?

Interpreting Effective readers interpret what they read based on their understanding of the world. Ripley offers many categories of “hero” in her essay, which was originally published in 2003. Using what you know about today’s society, what is useful about a discussion of heroism?

Reading Strategy



What makesa Hero?

Answer: Given that the author wrote the article after September 11, 2001, she may be exploring the issue in the context of that event. Or given that so many people are considered heroes for fairly nonheroic behavior, perhaps the author is attempting to redefine the term.

Reading Strategy



What makesa Hero?

Look at the photograph on page 1022. What current leaders do you see as heroes and why?



Viewing the Photograph


What makesa Hero?


What makesa Hero?

AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

Answer: You should explain your opinions and ideas about heroism.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRespond

1. Did your ideas about what makes a hero change after you read the article? Explain.


What makesa Hero?


Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

2. (a) Why did Xavier Emmanuelli, cofounder of Doctors Without Borders, think that his colleague, Daniel Pavard, was a hero? (b) How does this challenge the traditional definition of a hero?


What makesa Hero?



Answer: (a) Because he quietly helped a dying bomb victim while no one was around to observe him (b) Most people identified as heroes are in the public eye.


What makesa Hero?



3. (a) According to Oxford University philosopher Roger Crisp, how do people in the United States define heroes? (b) Do you agree with him? Why or why not?


What makesa Hero?



Answer: (a) People in the United States define heroes as “rugged individualists.” (b) Some may say that traditional heroes in the United States are political leaders, soldiers, or entrepreneurs, while others may see Crisp’s definition as a generalization.


What makesa Hero?



4. (a) According to the writer, what are two qualities that a hero must have? (b) What do you think some other qualities of a hero might be?


What makesa Hero?



Answer: (a) A hero must be both an idealistic dreamer and a realist. (b) Selflessness, emotional and physical strength, and humanity


What makesa Hero?


Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

5. The article cites German playwright Bertolt Brecht, who once said “Unhappy the land that needs heroes.” What do you think this means? Do you agree? Explain.


What makesa Hero?



Answer: A land that “needs heroes” may not be providing for its citizens— and is therefore an unhappy place—or that people seek out heroes regardless of their country’s conditions.


What makesa Hero?


Answer: (a) With a quote from novelist Jean-Christophe Rufin (b) The quote provides sense of closure-that circumstances make heroes. You; however, may want a definitive statement.


6. (a) How does the writer conclude the article? (b) Do you think it is an effective conclusion? Why or why not?


What makesa Hero?


Answer: There are many kinds of heroes and our definition of heroism has changed over time.


7. What do you think is the main idea of the article? Support your ideas with evidence from the article.


What makesa Hero?


Responding and Thinking CriticallyConnect

8. Compare and contrast the heroes of Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur and those described in this TIME article.

Acts of Courage


What makesa Hero?



Answer: Sir Launcelot acted with honor and virtue with women and his allies; however, he was also a public figure and a warrior. Most of the heroes in Ripley’s article save lives rather than take them, as Launcelot does.

Acts of Courage

Unit 5, Part 1Unit 5, Part 1 SELECTION MENUSELECTION MENU

Before You Read


After You Read


Unit 5, Part 1Unit 5, Part 1 BEFORE YOU READBEFORE YOU READ

Meet D.T. Niane and the Storytellers

Click the picture to learn about the author.


The Sundiata tells the story of a great leader, his followers, and their larger-than-life deeds. Before you read this passage, ask yourself the questions on the next slide.

Connecting to the Legend


• What helps you gain the extra confidence and energy you need to perform well in events such as a crucial game or an exam?

• Why do people enjoy listening to stories about heroes?

Connecting to the Legend


Sundiata came to power around 1235, when he freed Mali from the control of a neighboring kingdom. He built his capital in Niani, which was located on a tributary of the Niger River. Enriched by profits from the gold trade, Niani became an important commercial center.

Building Background


Sundiata continued to expand the empire until his death in 1255. Under his successors, the empire flourished. At a time when bandits roamed through other areas, Mali was known as a safe and orderly place. “Neither traveler nor inhabitant in it has anything to fear from robbers or men of violence,” wrote an early Arab visitor.

Building Background


As you read, notice how the characters in the Sundiata display their courage.

Setting Purposes for Reading

Acts of Courage




Dialogue is the written conversation between characters in a literary work. Through dialogue, an author reveals the feelings, thoughts, and intentions of characters, develops conflicts, and moves the plot forward.

Dialogue




As you read, analyze the dialogue in this legend and consider how it reveals characters and advances the plot.

Dialogue


Identifying Genre

Genre is a category or type of literary work characterized by a particular form or style. One important genre of folklore is legends, or stories that are believed to be based on historical events and an actual hero. Legends help convey a culture’s learning, knowledge, and values.


Identifying Genre

Reading Tip: Making a Chart Record details of the Sundiata that help you identify it as a legend.


scrupulous adj. thoroughly attentive to even the smallest details; precise (p. 1027) Ana’s knitting was scrupulous.

elude v. to avoid or escape, especially through cleverness or quickness (p. 1027) As one child gave chase, the other child tried to elude her.

Click a vocabulary term to listen to the definition.


confidante n. a person who is entrusted with secrets or private affairs (p. 1028) Only Eric’s confidante knew about his secret plans.

perpetuate v. to cause to continue to be remembered (p. 1028) Gossip can perpetuate hurtful and untrue rumors.

Click a vocabulary term to listen to the definition.


Acts of Courage Keep these questions in mind as you read: How does Sundiata react to injustice? Is he a warrior or a peacemaker?


Answer: Sundiata could be described as both; he waged war to correct social injustice, to defend those who could not defend themselves, and to bring peace.


Identifying Genre Read the text highlighted in blue on page 1027. Which items in this summary indicate that the legend will include exaggerated elements?

Reading Strategy


Answer: The soothsayer’s instructions, Sundiata’s tearing a tree from the ground, and the sorcerer’s ability to disappear indicate that the legend will include exaggeration.


Dialogue Read the text highlighted in purple on page 1027. What does Nana Triban wish to convey to her half-brother?

Literary Element


Answer: Her loyalty and the fact that the Mali people are in trouble.


Acts of Courage Read the text highlighted in tan on page 1028. What risks does Nana Triban take while staying with Soumaoro? What does the legend imply about how one should act in times of danger?



Answer: Though Soumaoro is violent and it could be dangerous to mislead him, Nana Triban pretends that she is loyal to Soumaoro and tries to get him to confide in her. The legend implies that one should be brave and resourceful in times of danger.



Dialogue Read the text highlighted in purple on page 1028. What do you think Balla Fasséké means by this remark?

Literary Element


Answer: Balla Fasséké means that he, as the storyteller, is the “word,” and Sundiata, as the hero, is the “deed.” Sundiata’s destiny will begin because he will now fulfill the soothsayer’s prophecies of greatness.

Unit 5, Part 1Unit 5, Part 1 READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Look at the image on page 1028. Do you think the statue displays courageous qualities? Why or why not?

Answer: Yes, because the soldier stands straight, tall, and stares straight ahead.

Viewing the Art


Dialogue Read the text highlighted in purple on page 1029. Why does Balla Fasséké ask this question?

Literary Element


Answer: He is trying to inspire Kamandjan to do great things.


Identifying Genre Read the text highlighted in blue on page 1029. What characteristic of legends is found in this passage?

Reading Strategy


Answer: The fantastic elements of this passage—as displayed when the mountain is pierced through by a man—are characteristic of legends.

Unit 5, Part 1Unit 5, Part 1 AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ



1. What do you think might happen next in this story? Share your predictions with your classmates.



2. (a) What does Sundiata first plan to do in order to defeat Soumaoro? (b) Later, what does he do before leaving Sibi? What do his methods suggest about him as a leader?



Answer: (a) Destroy his magical powers (b) Consults with soothsayers, showing that he respects the expertise of others



3. (a) What astonishing deeds do Fran Kamara and Kamandjan perform at the urging of Balla Fasséké? (b) Why do Balla Fasséké’s words cause the warriors to react as they do?

Answer: (a) Rush into battle (b) To guarantee their status as heroes


Answer: So he can be worshipped and live forever


4. Why do you think Sundiata has such a strong desire to be remembered by future generations?



5. (a) What knowledge of human nature does Balla Fasséké reveal through his speeches? (b) Does our society today have any methods comparable to Balla Fasséké’s for making people famous? Explain.



Answer: (a) He knows that fame motivates people. (b) Newspapers, magazines, and television make people famous.



6. At one point, the story says, “There would not be any heroes if deeds were condemned to man’s forgetfulness.” How would you interpret this statement?

Acts of Courage



Answer: People do great things because they hope for recognition, or heroes exist mainly because we celebrate them.

Acts of Courage


Dialogue

In this legend, dialogue helps to advance the plot and to develop the characters. Dialogue brings characters to life by showing what they are thinking and feeling as they react to other characters.


Dialogue

1. (a) Why do you think Nana Triban mentions that she “knew how to flatter [Soumaoro] and make him jealous”? (b) From her words, what impressions do you have of Nana Triban? Explain.


Dialogue

Answer: (a) To show that she was behaving in a way that would attract his attention (b) She is crafty, resourceful, brave, and loyal.


Dialogue

2. What does the king of Tabon mean when he says, “Thus on the Niger plain will the smiths of Tabon cleave those of Sosso in twain”? Explain.


Dialogue

Answer: The king of Tabon is assuring Sundiata Fran Kamara that Soumaoro will be defeated.


Interdisciplinary Activity

The heroes of legends usually embody the qualities their particular culture values. Who are some heroes of recent times about whom you could imagine a legend developing?


Interdisciplinary Activity

In a small group, list heroes from the recent past or the present day, including political figures, athletes, or others who exemplify skill, strength, or courage. For each name on your list, write two or three sentences explaining why audiences might enjoy hearing stories about that person.


Legends are part of folklore’s oral tradition—the stories and histories that storytellers have retold for generations. Usually, legends celebrate the heroic qualities of a national or cultural hero.

Identifying Genre


Identifying Genre

Answer: List details such as the events of Sundiata’s childhood or the incredible feats performed by the Mali sofas.

1. Identify three exaggerated or fantastic details in this legend. Which detail did you consider most entertaining or inspiring? Explain.


Identifying Genre

Answer: Loyalty, bravery, and resourcefulness

2. From this legend, what traits or qualities would you say the Mandingo people valued in a person?


Practice

Practice with Word Parts Use your knowledge of word parts to answer the questions on the following slides.


Practice

1. Which of the following words contains a prefix that means “with”?

A. elude

B. captivity

C. confidante


Practice

2. Which of the following words contains a suffix often found in verbs?

A. inhabitant

B. glee

C. perpetuate

Unit 5, Part 1Unit 5, Part 1 SELECTION MENUSELECTION MENU

Before You Read


After You Read



The tale of Sundiata is based on the real person Sundiata, a monarch who established the Sudanese empire of Mali. According to oral tradition, he had eleven brothers, who were heirs to the kingdom of Kangaba in Mali. Sumanguru, ruler of the adjacent land of Kaniaga, ravaged Kanagaba, killing all of Sundiata’s brothers. Sundiata, who was already ill and weak, was spared.

Building Background


Will Eisner, an acclaimed graphic novel artist most famous for the character the Spirit, depicts the beginning of this tale in this graphic novel version of “The Lion of Mali.” Eisner grew up in the tenements of New York City, where his first work was published in his Bronx high school’s newspaper.

Building Background


His budding career in comics art was interrupted by

service in the U.S. army during World War II; however,

the army did make good use of his talents—he created

illustrations for posters and comic strips to entertain the

troops while serving. Eisner went on to enjoy a sixty-

year career in comics, winning seven awards from the

National Cartoonist Society, including the prestigious

Reuben award in 1988. So influential was his art that

an award even has been created in his honor: the Will

Eisner Comic Industry Awards.

Building Background


Read to discover similarities and differences between the graphic-novel and text versions of the tale of Sundiata.

Set a Purpose for Reading


Comparing and Contrasting

Versions of a Story

There are many different versions of the tale of Sundiata. When you compare and contrast versions, you identify similarities and differences between them. This graphic-novel excerpt and the prose excerpt by Niane cover different portions of Sundiata’s story, but there are still many points of comparison between them.



Versions of a Story

As you read, think about how plot, setting, and characters are conveyed in each excerpt. How is reading each format similar and different? Take notes to help you keep track of the similarities and differences.



Versions of a Story


Acts of Courage Keep this question in mind as you read: Which type of text—a graphic novel or regular text—best presents the story of Sundiata’s courage? Use examples from both texts to support your opinion.


Answer: Answers will vary, but you should be ready to defend your choices.


Comparing and Contrasting Versions of a Story How is this portrayal of Sundiata different from the text you read earlier?

Reading Strategy


Answer: The graphic novel shows a younger Sundiata, one who is playful and innocent. The Sundiata in the excerpt you read was a warrior and leader of an army.


Comparing and Contrasting Versions of a Story Do you prefer seeing the battle, as on page 1033, or reading a detailed description as you did earlier? Which gives you a better sense of the battle?

Reading Strategy




Answer: Most will agree that it helps illustrate the characters and action and provides background to the story.


1. Does the graphic-novel version of the tale of Sundiata enhance your understanding of the text version? Why or why not?



2. (a) What are two examples of simile in this graphic novel? (b) How does Eisner illustrate the similes?



Answer: (a) The phrases “like a cloud of locusts” and “like the horns of the buffalo” are similes. (b) The warriors swarm as if they were locusts. The two groups of warriors are positioned as if they were horns of the buffalo.



3. (a) How do the men of Mali plan to outsmart Sumanguru’s army? (b) What happens when they execute their plan? Explain.

Answer: (a) Half of the army will hide and surprise them. (b) They are able to trap the enemy.


Answer: The illustrations clearly tell the story; however, they do not provide certain details or any background.


4. Do you think Eisner’s illustrations tell the tale of “The Lion of Mali” in an effective way? Explain.



5. What comment about Sumanguru’s powers is Eisner making in the last three panels of the selection?

Answer: He foreshadows that Sumanguru’s omnipotence will eventually lead to his downfall.



6. What characteristics of legends are demonstrated in the graphic-novel retelling of the tale of Sundiata?

Acts of Courage



Answer: Exaggeration is used in the graphic novel. The Mali warriors quickly arm themselves and disperse to attack an invading army. Sumanguru uses magical powers.

Acts of Courage


Imagine tools of war, past and present (shields, combat boots, or gas masks).

Unit 5, Part 1Unit 5, Part 1 BELLRINGERBELLRINGER

What do you think you would need to be a warrior?

Unit 5, Part 1Unit 5, Part 1Unit 5, Part 1Unit 5, Part 1 BELLRINGER OPTION TRANSPARENCYBELLRINGER OPTION TRANSPARENCY

Click on the image to see a full version of the Bellringer Option Transparency.


0%

0%

0%

0%A. the king of Sosso

B. his father

C. soothsayers

D. his mother

With whom did Sundiata consult in Sibi?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS


0%

0%

0%

0%A. She was forced to become one of

Soumaoro’s wives.B. She was driven out of Mali and lived

in exile.C. She became one of the new leaders

of Mali.D. She became a servant to Tabon

Wana.

What happened to Nana Triban after Sundiata left Mali?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. Balla Fasséké

B. Nana Triban

C. Sassouma Bérété

D. Tabon Wana

Who was Sundiata’s singer, the person who would carry on his memory by his words?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. They presented a gift to Sundiata.

B. They recited a story.

C. They pledged their loyalty to Sundiata.

D. They preformed great feats.

What did all the chiefs do as Balla Fasséké mentioned their names?



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