unit 5 health book
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Unit 5
Lesson One
Chapter 15
Lesson 1
Your skin has two main layers which include the epidermis – the outer, thinner layer of your skin, and the dermis – the inner, thicker layer of your skin.
The epidermis is made of both dead and living cells. New cells arise to the surface to
replace the old ones. Some of the cells in the epidermis
produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin, hair and the iris
of the eyes their coloring. Melanin determines the color in
your skin.
The dermis is made up of connective tissue that gives
the skin its elasticity, or spongy, flexible quality.
Under the dermis is tissue called the hypodermis. Although it is not part of
your skin, it attaches your skin to the bone and
muscle.
Structure of the Skin
Functions of the Skin
Lesson 1
Providing a Protective Covering for your Body
Your skin shields you from injury, invasion by pathogens, and the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Your skin is the main divider between your internal organs and the outside world. It is also waterproof and has a water-holding capacity.
Regulating Body Temperature
Skin keeps body temperature constant. Radiation is a process when tiny blood vessels in the skin enlarge, permitting internal heat to escape. This happens when your body is hot and sweat glands also become active, releasing perspiration, which cools the skin as it evaporates. You conserve body heat as your internal temperature drops because of how the blood vessels narrow.
Enabling you to Sense the World Around you
Skin serves as a means of communication with the outside environment. Nerve endings respond to touch, pain, pressure and temperature.
Skin Care and Problems With the SkinLesson 1
Some common problems with the skin are as followed:
•Acne
•Ringworm
•Athlete’s foot
•Boils
•Warts
•Moles
•Psoriasis
•Vitiligo
•Impetigo
•Blisters
•Callus
•Corn
The skin should be washed every morning and evening with soap and water. A balanced eating style should also be used to promote
healthy skin. Everyone needs to bathe, wash, or shower daily to prevent bacteria that causes body odor. Vitamin A also helps with your health and some items that include this are: milk, egg yolks,
liver, green leafy and yellow vegetables, and yellow fruits.
Lesson 2
Lesson 2
Functions
The skeleton provides a strong, stable, and mobile
framework on which muscles can act. It also supports and protects your internal organs.
Structure
Axial skeleton:
-includes the 80 bones of the skull, spine, ribs, and
sternum
-the vertebrae protect your spinal cord
-The ribs protect your lungs and heart
Appendicular skeleton:
-includes the 126 bones of the shoulders, arms, hands,
hips, legs and feet
Joints
The point at which two bones meet is a joint. Most joints
allow a wide range of movement. There are several
types of mobile joints:
•Ball-and-socket joint
•Pivot Joint
•Ellipsoidal joint
•Hinge joint
Ligaments are tough bands of fibrous, slightly elastic
tissue that bind the bone ends at the joint. Ligaments also
prevent excessive movement of the joint. Tendons are
fibrous cords that join muscle to bone or to other muscles.
Care
Calcium is an important mineral found in dairy
products essential for building strong bones. Phosphorus is
another vital mineral that gives your bones their rigidity.
Exercise promotes better blood circulation which
increases nourishment to you bones.
ProblemsFractures are any type of break
in your bone. Some include:
•Hairline fracture
•Transverse fracture
•Comminuted fracture
Injuries of joints include:
•Dislocation
•Torn cartilage
•Bunion
•Bursitis
•Arthritis
Lesson 3
Lesson 3
FunctionsWithout muscles, nothing in
your body would work. Muscles pump blood through
your body, move food through your digestive system, and control the
movement of air in and out of your lungs.
StructureThe major muscles are:
Smooth muscles: the type of muscle concerned with the movements of internal organs
Skeletal muscles: the striped, or striated, muscles attached to bones that cause body movements
Cardiac muscle: a special type of striated tissue that forms the walls of the heart
Care
To maintain muscle tone, you need to keep active and eat
nutritious meals.
Structure•Myasthenia Gravis: muscles become weak and easily fatigued
•Muscular Dystrophy: an inherited disorder characterized by a progressive wasting away of skeletal muscles
Injury-Related Muscular Problems
•Muscle strain: a tearing or stretching of muscle fibers as a result of suddenly pulling them too far
•Bruise: a discolored area under the skin caused by leakage of blood after an injury
•Tendinitis: the inflammation of a tendon
•Hernia: a protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weak area in the muscle
Chapter 16
Lesson 1
Lesson 1
FunctionYour nervous system controls
all your body’s actions and functions.
StructureCentral Nervous System:
receives and analyzes information and initiates
responses. Includes the spinal cord and brain.
Peripheral Nervous System: gathers information from inside
and outside of your body.
The Brain StemA 3-inch-long stalk of nerve
cells and fibers that connect the spinal cord to
the rest of the brain.
Includes the:
•Medulla oblongata: the lowest part of the brain stem
•Pons: pathway for nerve impulses passing to and from the cerebrum
•Midbrain: shortest part of the brain stem
•Thalamus: an important relay center for incoming sensory impulses
•Hypothalamus: keeps body conditions balanced
Reflex ActionA spontaneous
response of the body to a stimulus.
Lesson 2
Care of the Nervous SystemTo keep your nervous
system functioning well, you need:
-Regular exercise
-Proper nutrition
-Adequate rest and sleep
ProblemsAccidents can damage or
destroy nerve tissue Degenerative diseases
can destroy nerve tissue in the brain or spinal
column. Drug and alcohol use can lead to nervous
system disorders.
Head InjuriesAny direct blow to the head can lead to possible brain
injury. A concussion, a temporary disturbance of the brain’s ability to function, is
the most common and mildest kind of brain injury. A
contusion is more serious though and can result in a
coma.
Spinal InjuriesInjury on the spinal cord can lead to paralysis. An injury at
neck level may result in quadriplegia and paralysis is in both the arms and legs. Injury at the chest level or lower affects the legs and
lower body.
Degenerative Diseases
Parkinson’s disease: caused by degeneration of the nerve cells within the brain that modify nerve impulses transmitted from the motor areas of the brain.
Multiple sclerosis: the destruction of the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord.
Alzheimer’s disease: causes general mental deterioration
Other DisordersEpilepsy: a disorder of the nervous system that is characterized by seizures
Cerebral Palsy: a group of nonprogressive neurological disorders that are the result of damage to the brain before birth, during birth, in the newborn period, or in early childhood.
Lesson 3
StructureThe principal structures are the endocrine glands which are
ductless structures that secrete hormones. Hormones are
chemical substances produced by ductless glands that regulate the activities of different body cells.
GlandsPituitary Gland: regulates and controls the activities of all other endocrine glands.
Thyroid Gland: produces hormones that regulate metabolism-the use of nutrients by the body’s cells-body heat production, and bone growth.
Parathyroid Glands: structures that produce parathyroid hormone, which regulates the body’s calcium and phosphorus balance.
Adrenal Glands: two glands located on the top of the kidneys.
The PancreasThe pancreas is a gland that serves two systems-the digestive and the endocrine. It is located behind the
stomach, attached to the first section of the small intestine by a duct that transports its digestive
juice to the intestine.
The GonadsOf all the endocrine glands, only the
gonads are different in males and females. The ovaries (female) and
testes (males) are apart of the reproductive system. The ovaries produce and release ova, and the testes produce and release sperm.
Gonads play a huge part in the process of the reproductive system which will be discussed in chapter
19.
ProblemsMost of the disorders are related to the production of too much or too little of hormone. Some disorders include:
•Diabetes Mellitus: a disorder in which the pancreas produces too little or no insulin.
•Graves’ Disease: an autoimmune disorder in which the thyroid gland becomes overactive and enlarged, producing excessive amounts of thyroid hormones.
•Crushing’s Disease: overproduction of adrenal hormones
•Goiter: and enlargement of the thyroid gland
Growth DisordersIf the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland does not produce enough of the growth hormone, a person does not grow. The person’s stature is short although the bones are usually in normal shape.
Chapter 17
Lesson 1
FunctionsYour circulatory system maintains an internal environment in which
all the calls of you body are nourished. As your heart pumps
blood, blood vessels carry oxygen and nutrients to body cells. At the
same time another gas carbon dioxide, is carried along with
waste matter from your cells and delivered to your lunges and kidneys for removal from the
body.
Structure The main parts of the
circulatory system are your heart, blood, arteries, veins
and capillaries.
•The heart-Along with your brain, your heart is the most important part of your body's vital organs. The brain never rests; the muscular pump beats continuously to send blood to the and the rest of the body.
•Blood- The fluid that transports all the substances that your body needs to sustain life. Blood delivers oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to the cells and carries away wastes that the cells produce. About 55% of the total volume of blood is made up of plasma the fluid in which the other parts of blood are suspended.
The Lymphatic systemYour body's circulatory system
is supported by a second network known as the lymphatis system. This system serves to functions. It drains tissue fluid
back into the bloodstream, and it fights infection. All body tissues are bathes in watery fluids that
comes from the blood. The remainder is carried to the heart through the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is your
second circulatory system. The fluid is circulated through your
body’s muscles.
Care of the Circulatory and Lymphatic System
Smoking puts added stress on your circulatory system. It increases
blood pressure and heart rate by narrowing arteries. Being
overweight is linked to high blood pressure and coronary heart disease, so maintaining an
appropriate weight is important. Everyone should also have an
aerobic exercise 3 times a week for 20 minutes and regular check ups
are important too.
Lesson 2
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is the force of blood in the main arteries. It rises and falls
as the heart and muscles of the body cope with varying demands.
When arterial pressure is at its greatest, it is called systolic pressure. When the arterial
pressure is at its lowest, it is called diastolic pressure.
Circulatory System Problems
•Congenital Heart Disease•Heart Murmur•Varicose Veins•Anemia•Leukemia•Hemophilia
Lymphatic System Problems
•Immune Deficiency
•Hodgkin’s Disease
•Tonsillitis
Respiratory System
•The main function of the respiratory system is respiration – the exchange of gases between your body and your environment
•There are two major parts to respiration – internal (exchange of gases between blood and cells) and external (the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide)
•Your main structures are the lungs and structures within the nose and mouth
•Your lungs take in oxygen from the air you inhale and return carbon dioxide to the air when you exhale
•When you inhale, your rib muscles and diaphragm contract
•From your nose, air moves through the pharynx, or throat, and into the trachea, or windpipe.
•To avoid risk of infection, you need to keep from putting your hands up to your nose and mouth.
Respiratory System ProblemsThe respiratory system is a common site of infection. Some more serious
infections of it are:
Bronchitis
Asthma
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Emphysema
Sinusitis
Chapter 18
Lesson 1
The Digestive System
Functions
Digestion- the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods for use by the body’s cells.
Absorption- the passage of digested foods from the digestive tract into the circulatory system.
Elimination- the expulsion of undigested food or body wastes
Structure
Digestion begins before you take a bite of food when the aroma of food
activates the salivary glands.
The Mouth and Teeth
The primary function of your teeth is to break food you eat into smaller pieces. Mastication is the process
of chewing.
Organs That Aid Digestion
The Liver
The Gallbladder
The Pancreas
Care of the Digestive System
Good eating habits are the best way to avoid or minimize digestive
system problems.
•Eat a variety of foods.
•Avoid an overabundance of fried foods.
•Do not hurry through your meals-eat slowly while sitting down.
•Do not wash your food with liquid. Wait until you are finished chewing-swallow, and then take a sip of liquid
•Drink plenty of water!
•Do not eat when you are under stress.
Problems
•Indigestion
•Heartburn
•Gas
•Nausea
•Diarrhea
•Constipation
•Gallstones
•Appendicitis
•Gastritis
•Lactose Intolerance
•Peptic Ulcer
•Colitis
•Hemorrhoids
•Tooth Decay
The Urinary System
The chief function of the urinary system is to remove water soluble
waste products that result from chemical changes to cells. Urine contains nitrogen and, therefore, would become toxic if allowed to
remain in your body.
Your bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that acts as a reservoir for
urine. Care of the urinary system is to regularly drink fluids and to have
a well-balanced eating style.
Problems of the Urinary system is Cystitis-a bacterial infection of the
bladder that occurs mostly in females and Urethritis- an
inflammation of the urethra.
Lesson 3
Chapter 19
Function and Structure of the Male Reproductive System•During the early teen years, the male reproductive system reaches maturity
•Hormones released by the pituitary gland stimulate the testes and begin producing the male sex hormone testosterone.
•Testosterone initiates physical changes and causes the production of sperm, male reproductive cells.
•The production of sperm and the transfer of it to the female’s body during sexual intercourse are the two main biological functions of the male reproductive system.
External Male Reproductive Organs•The main external organs are the testes and the penis.
•Also known as testicles, the testes are two small glands that produce sperm at the rate of 100 million per day.
•The testes hang outside the body in a sac called the scrotum.
•The penis is a tube-shaped organ attached to the trunk of the body just above the testes.
•During ejaculation, semen-a thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive organs-is propelled from the penis.
•If this happens during sexual intercourse, fertilization-the union of a reproductive cell from a male and one from a female-may be initiated.
•At birth, the tip of the penis is covered with a fold of skin called foreskin so some parents choose to have their child circumcized.
Internal Male Reproductive Organs•The tubes in each testis join a larger coiled tube which is called the epididymis which is a temporary storage facility for sperm.
Care of the Male Reproductive System•Care of the male reproductive system involves cleanliness, protection, and self-examination.
•Males should shower daily, completely cleansing the penis and scrotum.
•Males should avoid overly tight clothing and wear a protector during strenuous activity.
•Once a male if physically mature, he should perform monthly self-examinations of his testes to check for any signs of cancer.
Problems
Hernia
Sterility
Enlarged Prostate Gland
Cancer of the Prostate Gland
Cancer of the Testes
Functions and Structure of the Female Reproductive System•The primary biological functions of the female reproductive systems are related to the process of reproduction.
•It stores female reproductive cells, or ova and nourishes and protects each fertilized ovum from the beginning of pregnancy through birth.
•Sperm from the male enter the female reproductive system through the vagina, a muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body.
Female Reproductive Organs•Ova are stored in the ovaries, the female sex glands that house the ova and produce female sex hormones.
•During early teen years, hormones cause immature ova to mature and ovaries begin the process of releasing one mature ovum each month which is called ovulation.
•When it is released from an ovary, it moves into one of the fallopian tubes. These are a pair of tubes with fingerlike projections that draw the ovum in.
•If a sperm cell introduced during intercourse is present in the fallopian tubes, it may unite with an ovum and fertilization occurs. The result of the union of sperm and an ovum is a zygote.
•The uterus is a small, muscular, pear-shaped organ, about the size of a fist. When a zygote is formed, it attaches itself to the uterine wall.
Care and Problems of he Female Reproductive System•Cleanliness is an important part of keeping the reproductive system healthy. The vagina is a self-cleansing organ.
•You should also perform a breast self-examination once a month.
Problems of the Female Reproductive System•Some of the problems that occur are related to menstruation. Others are related to infertility, the inability of a woman to become pregnant.
Problems Related to Menstruation
Menstrual Cramps
Premenstrual Syndrome
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Problems that Can Cause Infertility
Blocked Fallopian Tube
Endometriosis
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Other Reproductive Disorders
Some other disorders include ovarian cysts and cancers of the reproductive system. About one out of every eight females develop cancer at sometime. Early sexual activity, as well as family history of cervical cancer and other
factors, is related to an increased incidence of cervical cancer. A Pap test should be done every one or two years after a woman has reached 18 years of age or has become sexually active.