unit 5 guide

7/31/2019 Unit 5 Guide

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Unit 5: Control and Use of Power

The nation state has an overriding goal of protecting its security both from threats withinand outside of the state. Nation states are determined to protect their sovereignty bymaintaining and extending their power wherever they can. This may cause problems

between groups within the state and it certainly causes problems in relations betweenstates.This unit will deal with the concepts of balance of power and collective security in order toappreciate the problems involved in reconciling the need to protect national sovereigntyand the need to live in an increasingly interdependent world. These issues and conceptswill be examined in the context of the Middle East from the perspective of the nationsinvolved as well as from the perspective of the United Nations.

Why do you think societies organize? ________________________________________

List three benefits of organizing a society:

List three drawbacks of organizing a society:

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The Control and Use of Power by State to Maintain Security and Order:Basic Concepts

Society•

Is a voluntary and spontaneous set of relationships in which people coexist withother people and serve one another's needs.

State• The state is a society organized into a community occupying a specific territory.• The traditional function of a state was to organize and arm society with the

necessary power to protect the social order from internal disruption and externalattack with force if necessary.

Sovereignty• The traditional view of sovereignty is that it gives the authority to the state to

override the authority of all other social organizations within the community.• This view of sovereignty is evolving into the view that sovereignty is not something

that is held by an entity within society, but rather, rests with the citizens of acountry who have banded together to achieve common goals.

Government• Government is the decision-making structure(s) and processes of the state. These

can change over time in response to the varying needs and wants of groups withinsociety.

• The state is a much more abstract entity that remains intact for long periods of timeunless it is destroyed through civil war or conquest.

The FLQ Crisis

In October 1970, tanks roamed city streets and soldiers in full battle gear raided homes intheir hunt for "terrorists." They were looking for the Front de libération du Québec; FrenchCanadian nationalists who abducted a British diplomat and a Quebec minister. Some feltlike they were living in a police state. How far would Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeaugo? "Just watch me," he said. Three days later he invoked the War Measures Act and anation waited with civil liberties suspended.

Go to http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/civil_unrest/topics/101-610/ and watch the videoclip at this site.

Do you think the government has the right to suspend your rights and freedoms in the bestinterests of the nation? Use examples and clear logic to support your argument.(Minimum: 10 sentences)

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http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/civil_unrest/topics/101-610/





Maintenance of Adequate Levels of National Power

If Nation States are to maintain adequate levels of national sovereignty they mustuse some form of power.

Power in the modern nation state comes through controlling:

1. Numbers of people;

a. Nations are concerned about maintaining a large enough population to

support large work forces and military forces.

2. The many different kinds of resources;

a. Nations were constantly searching for ways to accumulate and protect thesupply of resources needed for their growing industries.

3. Developing a highly organized & disciplined society; and

a. Careful attention was paid to maintaining political unity by:

b. Fostering nationalism and a widely supported social contract;

c. Creating a prosperous and optimistic society because of its sense of progress and success; and through

d. The careful use of propaganda and patriotism. National power is the numbers of people, resources, the organization, and theinformation that a nation can use to achieve the goals it has set for itself.

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National power can be expressed through:• authority;

• Authority may be based on international law, precedent, and long standingagreements between nations.

• influence; and•

Nations use diplomacy, persuasion, pressure, and propaganda in an attemptto influence each other.• force.

• When all else fails nations are prepared to use their military forces,sanctions, secret services, etc. in an attempt to force others to do as theywant.

Activity: Compile images which represent these forms of power expression from theinternet, magazines, or newspapers. Glue them onto this sheet and, in point form, explain

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how your examples relate to each form of power.

• Foreign Policy: Dealing with or involved with a country or countries other thanyour own.

National

Power can beexpressedthrough…

Authority Influence

Force

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• Sovereignty: Supreme authority, especially over a state; Independence , freedomfrom outside interference and the right to self-government.

Foreign Policy: Power vs. Interdependence Assignment

Using the Maintenance of Adequate Levels of National Power document as a guide (page4), select three countries that you feel are great, middle, or small power and collectinformation for these countries using the Activity Guide as your template.

Use the CIA Factbook website as a starting point for your data collection:

• http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/

Collect and analyze the data and determine the best method of comparison. You may wishto use the following methods of data presentation:

•

graphs,• charts,• pictographs,• histograms and/or • written material

Analysis: In a paragraph, explain what differentiates the countries in relation to them beinga great, middle or smaller power.

Reference: Each source you are using for the project must be referenced.

Which of the three nations that you researched in your assignment would you prefer to livein? Why?

Go to http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/ .

Summarize each of the three “Highlights” to identify a few areas that Canada has chosen to be involved in the world.

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http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/





Highlight 1

Highlight 2

Highlight 3

Based on what we have learned about the foreign policies of nations, is it necessary for nations to develop these? If so why? If not why? (Minimum: 5 sentences)

How does foreign policy relate to sovereignty, power and interdependence? (Minimum 5sentences)

Watch the video “Hotel Rwanda”.

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Answer the following questions:

What role did Tatiana Rusesabagina play in shaping Paul’s actions?

Who else influenced Paul’s decisions?

How did Paul’s definition of family expand to include the community later on in the film?

How and why does Paul’s attitude change over the course of the movie?

How would you characterize his level of personal responsibility and investment as eventsunfolded?

How would you describe Paul’s level of empowerment throughout the movie? Explain.

Recall a time that you witnessed an injustice What happened?

Did you consider intervening to stop the injustice while it was happening?

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What influenced your decision for action or inaction?

What did you feel as you witnessed the injustice?

Put yourself in the victim’s place, how would you want the witnesses or bystander to

respond?

Would you react differently in the future?

The international community mentioned in the film includes: the United Nations ,United States , Belgium , France, humanitarian/human rights organizations (for example: The Red Cross), and the Hutus and Tutsis.

The United Nations

What was their position before the violent conflict?

During the conflict?

Go to www.un.org . Click on UN at a Glance. List the four main purposes of the UN:

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http://www.un.org/

http://www.un.org/

http://www.un.org/

http://www.un.org/



1.

2.

3.

4.

Do you think the UN did the best job it could to achieve it’s purposes in Rwanda?Support your personal view with evidence from the film and/or from your ownknowledge of current events. Minimum: 8 sentences

Oil Based Products List

Air conditioners, ammonia, anti-histamines, antiseptics, artificial turf, asphalt, aspirin, balloons, bandages, boats, bottles, bras, bubble gum, butane, cameras, candles, car batteries, car bodies, carpet, cassette tapes, caulking, CDs, chewing gum, cold,combs/brushes, computers, contacts, cortisone, crayons, cream, denture adhesives,deodorant, detergents, dice, dishwashing liquid, dresses, dryers, electric blankets,electrician’s tape, fertilisers, fishing lures, fishing rods, floor wax, footballs, glues,

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glycerine, golf balls, guitar strings, hair, hair colouring, hair curlers, hearing aids, heartvalves, heating oil, house paint, ice chests, ink, insect repellent, insulation, jet fuel, life

jackets, linoleum, lip balm, lipstick, loudspeakers, medicines, mops, motor oil,motorcycle helmets, movie film, nail polish, oil filters, paddles, paint brushes, paints,

parachutes, paraffin, pens, perfumes, plastic chairs, plastic cups, plastic forks, plastic

wrap, plastics, plywood adhesives, refrigerators, roller-skate wheels, roofing paper,rubber bands, rubber boots, rubber cement, rubbish bags, running shoes, saccharine,seals, shirts (non-cotton), shoe polish, shoes, shower curtains, solvents, solvents,spectacles, stereos, sweaters, table tennis balls, tape recorders, telephones, tennisrackets, thermos, tights, toilet seats, toners, toothpaste, transparencies, transparent tape,TV cabinets, typewriter/computer ribbons, tyres, umbrellas, upholstery, vaporisers,vitamin capsules, volleyballs, water pipes, water skis, wax, wax paper

Use the Wikipedia Article “1970s energy crisis” to create a timeline of events. You mustinclude the following dates and explain what happened on each date:

1970, October of 1973, 1974, 1979, 1980, after 1980

Problems in Maintaining and Extending National Power andthe Issue of Resources (natural & information)

• There is no nation in the world that is economically self-sufficient. All nationsdepend on other nations for an array of resources:

• In a modern industrial world there are some key needs whichnations have to fill if they want to maintain their national power : energyresources particularly petroleum;

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• mineral resources particularly iron and coal in close proximity toeach other. (Highly technological nations are dependent on certainscarce minerals for very specialized alloys for example.)

•

trading routes (usually water routes) which allow nations to movecommodities cheaply and efficiently

• Certain parts of the world have become strategic areas because of their resourcesand their location. Many nations covet these areas because they would augment anation's national power.

• The Middle East is a good example of such an area.

• The Middle East is the world's largest supplier of oil and is very convenient to theworld's largest users of petroleum products.

What can be learned from the 1970’s oil crisis with regards to international politicalrelationships and the strategic interests in resources? Minimum 5 sentences.

Problems in Maintaining and Extending National Power:

The Issue of Organization• The Issue of Organization (Ideology: communism vs. capitalism);

o In the twentieth century, ideology has served as both a focus for manynations and a point of division between nations.

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o Since World War II there has been a deep antagonism between capitalistand communist nations with both sides attempting to become moresuccessful and powerful than the other.

• The USA and the USSR who were the two major powers within each bloc were

determined to expand their national power at the expense of the other.

• Both nations surrounded themselves with a number of allies (NATO & the WarsawTreaty Organization).

• Then they began to recruit other nations into their blocs in an attempt to control asmany strategic areas as possible and to show that more people in the world sawtheir system as being superior.

• Each side used a number of techniques as a way of persuading uncommitted nationsto join one side or another:

o propaganda was used as a way of persuading the uncommitted that onesystem is better than another;

o foreign aid was used to lure an uncommitted country into some kind of economic relationship;

o military aid was the other important means of binding a nation to a larger power; and

o inciting revolutions and then supporting the friendly regime with money,often in the form of economic and military aid in order to keep it in power.

Organizational Concepts

Ideology:

• Know that nations as part of their way of life use an ideology as a means to:o give meaning and purpose to their citizens;

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o provide principles which can be used to organize society; and

o to give people a common cause with which they can identify.

Power Blocs:

• Know that nations group themselves into blocs partly because they feel morecomfortable with a particular ideology and partly because they gain a measure of security by being part of a larger group.

Alliances:

• Know that the informal grouping into a bloc can be formalized by creating analliance system that defines the rights and responsibilities of each member.

Influence:

• Know that the great powers used a number of methods to persuade uncommittednations to join their bloc:

o Influence; Know that states will use their wealth & trade, the threat of military action, and propaganda in a systematic effort to pressure others toaccept what the state desires.

o Force; Know that force in terms of militarism, secret services, etc wereregularly used to change points of view.

o Authority; Know that both blocs attempted to use agencies such as the UNfor their own purposes.

Case Study: Communism vs. Capitalism Assignment

Using the internet as your primary means of research select one of the following events andexamine how the forces of communism and capitalism competed with one another toextend their power beyond their border by creating organizations which were ideologicallyaligned with their philosophy.

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• Vietnam War • Nicaragua• Israeli vs. Egyptian War of 1956• Korean War

Your research must include the following elements:

1. Background to the event leading up to the actual event occurring.2. Which nations were involved?3. What their political ideologies were and how they were exhibited.4. Why were they so interested in extending their ideology to this geographical area?5. How they exerted their power in these events.6. Identify specific examples from your research that represents the concepts of

Ideology, Power Blocs, Alliances, Influence, Force and Authority. (see pg 15)

Problems in Maintaining and Extending National Power continued: the Issue of Information (scientific and technological)

• With the coming of the industrial and scientific revolutions, nations found that the preservation of a superior national power depended more and more ontechnological superiority.

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• Nations who wished to be considered great powers found that they had to invest agreat deal of time and money developing science and technology for military

purposes.

• These powers found that they had to develop a military-industrial complex to turn

their scientific/technological discoveries into military realities.

• These nations also found themselves in an increasingly contradictory position as thearmaments they produced became increasingly destructive.

• The nuclear age which began in 1945 made war so destructive that the foreign policies of the great powers went through several modifications in dealing with thisreality:• an arms race policy attempting to achieve permanent technological superiority

through some kind of breakthrough which could be denied to the other side;• the Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) policy where no side dared start a

nuclear war because there could be no winners;• the mutual & balanced force reductions policy which attempted to find a way of

halting and reversing the arms race; and• the policy of creating an impregnable defence (Star Wars) system that would

render nuclear missiles obsolete.

Objectives for This Lesson

• Understand that a major component of a nation's national power is its ability to

research (the scientific and technological knowledge) and develop (with anindustrial infrastructure) the military hardware necessary to make their soldierscompetitive.

• Understand that the possibility of a scientific/technological innovation makesnations uncertain about their security and thereby contributing to increasedinvestment in developing weapons which are more destructive and effective.

• Understand that the great powers found that the military-industrial complex theyhad created began to demand more and more resources be diverted to the arms race.

• Understand that modern warfare has moved the battlefield to the home front andhas raised the level of destructiveness of weapons to extremely high levels.

• Understand that nations have been searching for a way to respond to thisdestructiveness while protecting the traditional concept of sovereignty.

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• Understand that the great powers have on the one hand created a large industry based on selling armaments and on the other hand have been very concerned aboutlimiting the distribution of nuclear weapons.

Use http://library.thinkquest.org/22059/index2.html to answer the following.

Conflict:

Use point form to describe what happened in each Conflict. When did it happen? How didit start? How was it resolved?

1. The Korean War

2. Vietnam War

3. Cuban Missile Crisis

PeopleThere were many influential people during the history of the Cold War. A few include JohnF Kennedy, Senator Joe McCarthy, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Joseph Stalin. Each of these

people played an important role in the Cold War although not all on the same side. In pointform tell who this people were AND the role they played in the Cold War.

1. John F. Kennedy

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http://library.thinkquest.org/22059/index2.html

http://library.thinkquest.org/22059/index2.html



2. Joseph Stalin

3. Mikhail Gorbachev

4. Harry S. Truman

Coalitions

The three major international bodies of concern that existed during the cold war were TheUnited Nations, NATO, and the Warsaw Pact.

1. United Nations

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The term United Nations was first used by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt inhis "Declaration by United Nations," on January 1, 1942. In the declaration, representativesof 26 nations pledged to fight together against the Axis powers during the Second WorldWar.Following a meeting at Yalta, a resort in southern Russia, 50 countries met together at the

United Nations Conference on International Organization in 1945, where they drew up theUnited Nations Charter, which was signed on June 26, 1945 by the 50 countries. The UNofficially came into existence on October 24, 1945, the charter having been ratified byChina, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other countries.

2. NATO What does NATO stand for and why was it established?

3. Warsaw Pact: What is the full name of this pact and why was it created?

Government

1. In point form, summarize the main points of the first and last paragraphs under theheading “Communism”.

2. Explain what “McCarthyism” is.

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Technology

1. What country successfully launched the first satellite? What was it called? When wasit?

2. What country successfully had the first spacecraft that landed on the moon? What was it

called? When was it?

3. What does ICBM stand for? What countries developed them and for what purpose?Were they ever used?

The End of the Cold War

Define the following

1. Glasnost

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2. Perestroika

3. What happened in Poland in the 1970s? Then what happened in 1990?

4. Why was the Berlin Wall built? When was it opened? What happened in 1990?

In your opinion, Should a nation with a highly developed science and technology sell thistechnology to less developed nations? Give at least three reasons to back your point of view.

Problems in Maintaining and Extending National Power:The Issue of Numbers

(Balancing the Power of Nations)

• Nations are not equal in the amount of national power they are able to develop.Some nations are much more successful than others and are seen as a threat by thenations which are less powerful.

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• Nations faced with this reality tend to look to other nations for support in anattempt to balance off the power of the more powerful nation.

• Nations which have a lot of national power often try to build up their power by

creating empires (political or economic) which can supply them with resources andhuman power.

• Smaller nations build up national power by joining alliances where they makeagreements to pool resources and support each other when attacked by another nation.

• This process often results in the formation of two or more competing alliancesystems.

• Nations which are not part of either alliance and have some national power or

control a strategic area are said to hold the balance of power.

• After World War II much of the world came under two large alliance systems, NATO and the Warsaw Pact, who were competing with each other for power.Many smaller nations in terms of national power found that because they controlledstrategic areas which both NATO and the Warsaw Pact needed, they were able to

bargain from a strong position for things like foreign aid.

Suez: A Very British Crisis

The Suez crisis in the 1950s signalled the end of Britain's history as a power thatcould act alone on the world stage.

BETRAYALThe Suez Canal in Egypt was a symbol of western dominance.

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France and Britain were the major shareholders in the company that ran the canal andBritish troops occupied its banks.When Gamal Abdul Nasser (Egypt) came to power in 1954, his main objective was toremove the British from Egypt.The British Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, did not understand that the world had changed.

For Eden, Nasser was a threat to peace in the Middle East. For Nasser, Eden was standingin the way of securing his country's future.When Britain and America refused to help Nasser to finance his ambitious project to buildthe Aswan Dam, it was the last straw.In a bold move of defiance, he nationalized the Suez Canal Company to pay for theconstruction of the dam.

CONSPIRACYWhen Nasser seized control of the Suez Canal, Anthony Eden was appalled.He regarded Nasser as a dictator whose claim to represent all Arabs was a direct threat toBritish interests in the Middle East.

He was determined to make Nasser reverse his decision by force if necessary.Britain plotted with France and Israel to gain back control of the canal.The plan was for Israel to invade Egypt, its neighbour, allowing Britain and France to issuean ultimatum to each side to stop fighting or they would intervene to "save" the canal.Members of the secret conference that hatched the plan include Douglas Hurd - then

private secretary to the British ambassador to the UN - who describes the nightmare of having to sell Eden's cover story for the plot.An MP discovered what Eden was really up to and attempted to expose him in the Houseof Commons.

WAR Anthony Eden takes the country to war in Suez.The invasion took place as planned. But Eden had not informed the Americans.When they found out, they were concerned about wider relations with the Arab world andrefused to back the operation.Desperately short of funds and without financial support from the Americans, the Britishwere forced to pull out of Suez by December 1956.As rumours mounted that Eden had colluded with Israel and France, he lied to the House of Commons.He left office shortly afterwards.Eden's widow, the Countess of Avon, recalls the pressures her husband faced. His privatesecretary remembers how regime change was always part of the agenda.

Published: 2006/10/16 13:44:51 GMT

© BBC 2012

A Canadian Connection to the Suez Crisis

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On 26 July 1956 Egyptian President Nasser seized the predominantly Anglo-French SuezCanal Company, which had operated the canal since 1869. Nasser's takeover of the canal,connecting the Mediterranean and Red seas, was a blow to Western pride and commerce.Diplomacy failed, and Britain, France and Israel secretly agreed to move against Egypt.Israel attacked October 29, advancing in a single day to within 42 km of the canal. As

planned with Israel beforehand, Britain and France ordered Israel and Egypt to withdrawfrom the immediate area of the canal. Nasser refused. On October 31 Britain and Franceintervened directly, bombing the Canal Zone.

Privately the Canadian government was angry at an action which split the Commonwealth and alienated the US. Publicly the Canadian role was that of conciliator. L.B. Pearson,secretary of state for external affairs, and his colleagues at the United Nations wonoverwhelming General Assembly support November 4 for an international force "to secureand supervise the cessation of hostilities." Canadian General E.L.M. Burns wasimmediately named commander of the UN Emergency Force (UNEF). The British andFrench, however, ignored the UN resolution and landed paratroopers in the Canal Zone late

on November 4. Under pressure, largely American, placed on British PM Sir AnthonyEden, a cease-fire was achieved November 6. Pearson fought successfully to haveCanadian soldiers included in UNEF; advance units of the force arrived in mid-November.

Because of L.B. Pearson’s role in the Suez Crisis of 1956 and the Canadian role in the UNEmergency Force he helped create, Canadians tended to look on peacekeeping with a

proprietary air.

In 1957, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in defusing the Suez Crisisthrough the United Nations. The selection committee claimed that Pearson had "saved theworld." The United Nations Emergency Force was Pearson's creation, and he is consideredthe father of the modern concept of peacekeeping. His peaceful ways would soon lead tohis nomination for secretary-general of the United Nations.

1. Why did various countries want control of the Suez canal?2. Describe each county’s role:

France –

Britain –

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http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001798





Egypt –

Israel –

USA –

Canada –

4. Do you think Canada did the right thing? Why or why not?

Finding a Mechanism toResolve Conflict among Nations

•

At the international level, war, traditionally, has been the ultimate arbiter of differences among nations.

• At the national level individual force has been replaced by the sovereignty of thestate which uses law and impartial arbiters (courts) that distribute justice whichmust be accepted by all parties to a dispute.

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• The growth and development of nuclear weapons has created a situation in whichthe consequences of traditional great power manoeuvring and brinkmanship could

be catastrophic.

• The issue of the proliferation of nuclear weapons to more and more nations

increases the probability that at some point in the future they could be used in aconflict.

• So the question arises: what is a possible mechanism to replace the traditionalmechanism of warfare as an arbiter to disputes?

• There, are of course, no clear answers to this problem. Some might be:

• The development for a time of one large super power which has the power andthe will to act as the world's arbiter.

• Existing great powers and trading blocs could lead to the development of a fewsuper-states which are able to police large areas of the earth and maintain anuneasy co-existence because anything else is too horrible to do.

• The development of a world government centring on an existing organizationlike the UN with the power to make and enforce international law.

Of the three mechanisms listed on the previous page, which do you think would be mosteffective in handling the following problems? Defend your answer with a reason.

Nuclear Warfare

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Arms Race

Ethnicity

Democracy

Security

Review

Terms: Society, Government, Ideology, Power Blocs, Alliances, United Nations, NATO,Warsaw Pact

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Explain how national power is expressed through: authority, influence, and force.

Write about one of the following events including: background, which nations wereinvolved, and how power was exerted in the situation. How was it resolved?

• Vietnam War •

Nicaragua• Israeli vs. Egyptian War of 1956• Korean War

How does foreign policy relate to sovereignty, power and interdependence?

List the four main purposes of the UN.

Do you think the UN did the best job it could to achieve its purposes in Rwanda?

Describe the three mechanisms to replace the traditional mechanism of warfare as an

arbiter to disputes as explored in this unit. Be able to explain the benefits and drawbacks of each and which one you think would be the best overall with solid evidence.

unit 5 guide

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