unit 5 group project 3

Unit 5: Group ProjectLecture Note: Supplementary Note 3

Allocated Learning hours: 45

CIVIL ENGINEERING BATCH - 01 (FULL TIME) 3RD SEMESTER

Dr. Lalith Rajapakse/Dr. Lesly Ekanayake

Detailed Introduction to Building Services (again…!!)

General Introduction

Building Services Engineering is the engineering of the internal environment and environmental impact of a building. It essentially brings buildings and structures to life.

Building services engineers are responsible for the design, installation, operation and monitoring of the mechanical, electrical and public health systems required for the safe, comfortable and environmentally friendly operation of modern buildings.

Essential Services

Communication lines, telephones and IT networks (ICT) Energy supply - gas, electricity and renewable sources Escalators, lifts and travelators (hor./vert. circulation) Fire detection and protection Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) Lightning protection Low voltage (LV) systems, distribution boards/switchgear Natural lighting and artificial lighting, & building facades Security and alarm systems Ventilation and refrigeration Water , drainage and plumbing Other considerations: Standard methods of detailing Integration of all these (service cores/service ducts)

LED lighting for interior/exterior illumination for lower energy consumption and carbon emissions

Integration of services and provision of ducts/cores

Coordination among mechanical/electrical/health majors and allocation for costs/space

Design Intent

Detailed Introduction to Building Services

3.7.1 Basics and system types etc.

3.7 Drainage Systems/Sewerage & Waste Collection and Disposal

Waste Disposal

Soil

Water closets

Waste

Wash basinsBath tubsShowersKitchen sinksDisposal chutesWashing machines

Types of Drainage SystemsMostly dependent on local authorities service facilities and established sewer arrangements or local regulations.

1). Combined systems: Uses a single drain to convey both foul water and surface water to a shared sewer • Economical to install • Higher processing costs due to larger processing plants

2). Separate systems: Foul water from the sanitary appliances conveyed in a foul water drain to a foul water sewer• Rainwater from roofs/ roads etc. is conveyed in a surface water drain to a surface water sewer/ soakaway/ river • Expensive to install • Reduces load and treatment costs at water processing plant

3). Partially separate systems: In practice, different systems can be found often together, i.e. there is no pure combined or separate system.

Terminology: • Waste water – used water from appliances (e.g. sinks, showers, dishwashers etc.) • Soil water – water containing excreted matter, whether human or animal • Foul water – both waste and soil water• Surface water – run-off of rainwater from roofs or any paved surface around the house (e.g. driveways, footpaths etc.)

Layout-Individual unit

Private and public sewer lines

Layout- Sewer network



Separate Sewer System: Foul water and surface/runoff sewer lines are not interconnected all the time.

Combined Sewer System: Single sewer to handle both foul water and surface/runoff components.



Provisions for urban runoff to enter into a storm drain

Relationship between impervious surfaces and surface runoff

Low Impact Development: Rain garden designed to treat stormwater from an adjacent parking lot

Wastewater treatment plants

3.7.2 Drainage systems: Direct connection vs. Stub stack

Toilet with elevated cistern & chain attached to lever of discharge valve

Close coupled cistern type flushing toilet [Modern type]

3.7 Drainage systems/Sewerage & waste collection and disposal

3.7.3 Drainage Belowground


System of pipework required to carry waste fluids and quasifluids from building to disposal site (Public sewage treatment plant or domestic wastewater treatment system).

Design Features

Using a private drain line to connect outflows from several units together is cheaper for housing schemes etc.

Adequate points of access for testing and cleaning of blockages (manholes, inspection chambers, rodding eyes)



3.7.4 Water Seal/Water Trap for Sanitary Appliances


How to avoid induced syphonage

3.7.5 Laying of drainage lines/Anti-flooding precautions/Self-cleansing

Minimum gradients: 1 : 40 for smaller flows and short lengths (to ensure self-cleansing)1 : 80 for 100 mm pipes serving 5 – 20 houses1 : 150 for 150 mm pipes serving 10 – 150 houses


3.7.6 Testing Belowground Drainage Lines/Systems


Smoke-testing of a drainage network using a pressurized smoke generator

The test by water pressure is applied only to the iron stacks, branches, anddrain pipes; but it is just as important that the fixture connections be madegas-tight, so a final test is applied to them when the fixtures are all connectedup and the traps sealed.

Drain test kit for the completion of air tests to 4 in (100 mm) water gauge pressure on drains and pipes

Drains must be tested before and after backfilling trenches.

Water Test: BS 8005 gives details of Water tests (for sewers up to 750 mm diameter).

The section of pipework to be tested is blocked at the lower end with a test pipe

upstand at the higher end, often located in an inspection chamber or manhole.

The test pipe has a 1.2 to 1.5 m head of water in it to produce a meaningful test with

adequate pressure.

This should stand for 2 hours and if necessary topped up to allow for limited porosity

(clay pipes). For the next 30 minutes, maximum leakage for 100 mm and 150 mm

pipes is 0.05 and 0.08 litres per metre run respectively.

BS 8005 requires maximum leakage of 1 litre per hour per metre diameter per metre

length of pipe.

Air Test: Details of Air tests according to BS 8005 as follows.

The drain is sealed between access chambers and pressure tested with hand

bellows and a 'U' gauge (manometer).

Build up air pressure initially to 100 mm water gauge.

After 5 minutes adjust the air pressure to 100 mm water gauge.

The pressure must not fall below 75 mm during the first 5 minutes, that is, a drop in

pressure of 25mm over 5 minutes.

Smoke Test

The length of drain to be tested is sealed and smoke pumped into the pipes from

the lower end. The pipes should then be inspected for any trace of smoke.

Smoke pellets may be used in the smoke machine or with clay and concrete pipes

they may be applied directly to the pipe line.

3.7.7 Subsoil drainage

Layout & spacing of drains depend on the subsurface soil composition and drainage qualities as well as disposition of buildings/pavements.


To drain a larger garden, land drainage should beinstalled in the classic herringbone pattern toensure no point within the area is more than 2.5 mfrom a drain. Some pre-planning is essential toensure the best use of the drains and to allow forunavoidable features such as trees, walls, etc., andto ensure that the drainage runs to a convenientoutfall at an acceptable gradient.

3.7.8 Drainage design


3.7.9 Waste disposal: Refute chutes


3.8.1 Introduction

3.8 Fire Detection and Prevention

The discipline of fire protection engineering includes, but is not exclusive to:

Active fire protection - fire suppression systems, and fire alarm. Passive fire protection - fire and smoke barriers, space separation Smoke control and management Building design, layout, and space planning Fire prevention programs Fire dynamics and fire modeling Human behavior during fire events Risk analysis, including economic factors

Design Guidelines: BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings(replaces the older version BS 5588; 1996-1999).

BS 9999 gives recommendations and guidance on the design, management and use of buildings to achieve acceptable levels of fire safety for all people, in and around buildings.

BS 9999 is applicable to the design of new buildings, and to alterations, extensions and changes of use of an existing building, with the exception of individual homes, and with limited applicability in the case of certain specialist buildings. It also provides guidance on the ongoing management of fire safety in a building, throughout the entire life cycle of the building, including guidance for designers to ensure that the overall design of a building assists, and enhances the management of fire safety. It can be used as a tool for assessing existing buildings, although fundamental change in line with the guidelines might well be limited or not practicable.

3.8.2 Basic Components used in Building Fire Protection


3.8.3 Important Concepts & Basics


Risk:

Fire propagation rate:

Occupancy characteristics:



Risk profiles:

Risk profile examples:



Means of escape:

Escape route:

Available safe egress time:

3.8.4 BS 9999 & Approved Document B Guidelines/Specifications


Period of Structural Fire Resistance: • 15 mins for two storey office building with a ground floor area less than 1000 m2.• An open plan office building between 30 and 60 m in height: 90 mins without sprinklers and 60 mins with sprinklers. • A department store without sprinklers, between 11 and 18 m in height: 75 mins.

Sprinklers are not mandatory in any building in BS 9999 although two separate statements are made to the effect that, for buildings over 30 m in height, sprinklers should be installed.

3.8.4 BS 9999 & Approved Document B Guidelines/Specifications


Access Roads and construction costs

Other supporting materials

Domestic swimming pool construction costs

Other supporting materials

In Sri Lanka, Rs. 3,500 to 22,000 per sq. meter (rough estimate)

unit 5 group project 3

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