World History II Final Exam Review

Unit 4: The Industrial RevolutionNel SiemsenWorld History II Final Exam ReviewAgricultural RevolutionBritain had extremely productive agriculture: Tenant/landlord relationship changed: peasants paid commercial rents to landowners in a business relationshipEnclosure Acts: Laws passed in England in the late 1700s to 1800s that converted public lands held in common into parcels of land to be sold to private owners.As agricultural productivity increased, textile manufacture increasedInvention: Seed drill, 1701: Jethro Tullincreased agricultural productivity

Textile Manufacture RevolutionTextile industry increased British jobs, as they imported cotton from IndiaInventions replaced people as fewer and fewer people were needed in manufactureInventions: Spinning jenny (1764), water frame (1769), spinning mule (1779), power loom (1785), cotton gin (1793)Thomas Newcomenused steam power to drive water pumps in mine shafts (1712)James Watt and Matthew Boultondeveloped steam engines (1785)Textiles dominated British exports, as they increase quantity and qualityNew technology displaced workerscaused Luddite Riots (1810-1820)anti-mechanization people destroyed machines and technology

Industrialization of BritainCoal was used to melt iron, rather than woodmore efficientIron industry coincided with the inventions of the railroads, Steam engineRailroad trackLocomotivesSteamshipsNew urban systems of gas supply and solid and liquid waste disposalRocket: first reliable locomotive (1829) 16mph Transatlantic steamships (1838): world steamship tonnage increased more than 100x

Working ConditionsMichael Thomas Sadler (1831): investigated the conditions of child labor in cotton and linen factoriesChildren began work at age 6, and worked 12-14 hr days, had bad food, cramped, dirty, conditionsCommittee on the Conditions in Mines (1842)Investigations revealed children worked 14hrs underground/daySir Edwin Chadwick, investigator for Royal Commission on the Poor LawsUrged further legislation to provide for sewage, drainage, sanitation, and potable waterInspired Public Health Act of 1848 and a Board of HealthGender RelationshipsEmployment for wives moved away from home, into factoriesFamily wage instituted men were paid more than women on the principle that they had to provide for an entire familyWomen brought back into the homeDomesticity: womens roles returned to a family-oriented lifestyle: caregivers and nurturers Living standards rose: ventilation heating, lighting, indoor plumbing, and running waterFamily planning increased, as children attended free, mandatory school in 1830s-1840sWomen jobs: teachers, nursesfit defined rolesWomen gained some political power through their husbandsPolitical Reactions: 1800-1914In Britain, government tried to restrict power of people: Peterloo Massacre (1819): peaceful protest against Corn Laws, for universal male suffrage, and annual election of the House of Commonsgovernment fired on.1832: Whig party forces through Reform Bill of 1832 (shifted seats from rural constituencies to urban) to prevent revolutionsFactory Act of 1833: forbade employment of children under age of 9 in textile millsPoor Law (1834): provided adequate assistance to sustain lifeMunicipal Corporations Act (1835): Reformed elections and administrations in large cities to better prepare them for industrialization1842: employment of women and of children under age 10 forbiddenTen Hour Act of 1847: limited working hoursThe Chartists: presented a Charter to parliament for universal male suffrage1918: Britain adopts universal male suffrage for men 21+Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst formed violent suffragette organizations for womens suffrage1918: women over 30 gain voting rights1928: Representation of the People Act: women have equal voting rights to menLabor OrganizationCombination Act of 1799, repealed in 1824: forbade workers from unionizingTrade Union Act of 1871: workers gained the right to strikeLondon Dock strike (1889): working-class strength demonstrated, closed down dockLabour Party (1900): working-class party won parliament seatsKarl Marx: called for worker-led revolutionWealth comes from the proletariat (laborers)Marx called for graduated income tax, free education, abolition of child factory labor, abolition of private propertyPerpetual class struggle: proletariat vs. bourgeoisieRevolution never occurred: unions won demands for higher pay, shorter hours, and better working conditions, assimilated to new worker organizations and accommodated demands, worker-favoring legislation passed, Labour party took its place in Parliament