Unit 4 Study Guide: Unit 4 Study Guide: SpecificsSpecifics

Ch.13- Jacksonian Democracy (1824-1830)Ch.13- Jacksonian Democracy (1824-1830)Ch.14-Jacksonian Democracy (1830-1840)Ch.14-Jacksonian Democracy (1830-1840)

Ch.15-National Economy (1790-1860)Ch.15-National Economy (1790-1860)Ch.16- Reform and Culture (1790-1860)Ch.16- Reform and Culture (1790-1860)

Ch.13- The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy (1824-Ch.13- The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy (1824-1830)1830)

Leading Citizens-Leading Citizens- Wealthy Prominent members of gov. had o cultivate the Wealthy Prominent members of gov. had o cultivate the common touch.common touch.

Jacksonian gov.-Jacksonian gov.- People’s gov. as little governing as possible, and all People’s gov. as little governing as possible, and all governing done directly by the people. governing done directly by the people.

New Democratic Nutrient-New Democratic Nutrient- Equalitarian ideals, people understanding of Equalitarian ideals, people understanding of economy due to the Panic of 1819, and Miss. Compromise.economy due to the Panic of 1819, and Miss. Compromise.

New Style of Politicking-New Style of Politicking- Candidates made use of banners, badges, Candidates made use of banners, badges, parades, brochures, free drinking, in order to get the votes.parades, brochures, free drinking, in order to get the votes.

Congressional Caucus-Congressional Caucus- Elect pres. Candidate by senate meeting. Elect pres. Candidate by senate meeting. ““Corrupt Bargaining”-Corrupt Bargaining”- Adam-Clay corruption, Clay pushed all of his Adam-Clay corruption, Clay pushed all of his

supporters behind Adam and when he won, Adam made Clay his secretary supporters behind Adam and when he won, Adam made Clay his secretary of state.of state.

Adams Proposal-Adams Proposal- Cong. Build roads, canals, national Universities and Cong. Build roads, canals, national Universities and Observatory tower.Observatory tower.

Ch.13 cont.Ch.13 cont.

South Carolina Exposition-South Carolina Exposition- Against the tariff of 1828, S. Carolina Against the tariff of 1828, S. Carolina denounced the tax as being unjust, unconstitutional and called for denounced the tax as being unjust, unconstitutional and called for nullification of the tariff by the states.nullification of the tariff by the states.

Concept of Revolution of 1828-Concept of Revolution of 1828- More common folks voting due to More common folks voting due to Universal male suffrage.Universal male suffrage.

Spoils System-Spoils System- Rewarding political supporters with public offices. Rewarding political supporters with public offices. Built potent personalized political machine, lubricated by gifts from Built potent personalized political machine, lubricated by gifts from expected party members and % levy on office holders. Made the expected party members and % levy on office holders. Made the best fit officials not want to work in office for fear of being removed best fit officials not want to work in office for fear of being removed after their political candidate is out of office.after their political candidate is out of office.

Robert Y. Hayne-Robert Y. Hayne- Voice of the South in the nullification of the Voice of the South in the nullification of the Tariff.Tariff.

Daniel Webster-Daniel Webster- Voice of N.E. His reply to null. Inspired Voice of N.E. His reply to null. Inspired Northerners on the issue of Union.Northerners on the issue of Union.

Adams Land Policy-Adams Land Policy- Banned Westerners who wanted native Lands Banned Westerners who wanted native Lands land. Adams try to fairly deal with Cherokee Indians about to be land. Adams try to fairly deal with Cherokee Indians about to be removed by white settlers.removed by white settlers.

Ch.14: Jacksonian Democracy @ Flood Tide (1830-Ch.14: Jacksonian Democracy @ Flood Tide (1830-1840)1840)

Nullies- Nullies- Nullifiers try to get 2/3 vote in Senate Nullifiers try to get 2/3 vote in Senate to nullify the 1828 Tariff, but the Union blocked to nullify the 1828 Tariff, but the Union blocked them out.them out.

Tariff of 1832-Tariff of 1832- Offed the fuse of the earlier Offed the fuse of the earlier tariff, met some of the Southern demands, and tariff, met some of the Southern demands, and reduced tax by 10%.reduced tax by 10%.

Compromise Tariff 1833-Compromise Tariff 1833- Henry Clay’s Henry Clay’s proposed Compromise to S. Carolina’s proposed Compromise to S. Carolina’s nullification, T. 1833 will reduce the Tariff 1832 nullification, T. 1833 will reduce the Tariff 1832 by 10% over the course of 8 yrs. by 10% over the course of 8 yrs.

Force Bill-Force Bill- (Bloody Bill) Authority of the (Bloody Bill) Authority of the president to use navy/army if necessary to president to use navy/army if necessary to collect federal tariff duties.collect federal tariff duties.

Clay’s Recharter Plan-Clay’s Recharter Plan- Get congress to Get congress to approve recharter bill then send it to W. House. approve recharter bill then send it to W. House. If Jackson approves the bill, he will be alienated If Jackson approves the bill, he will be alienated by his Western supporter. If he vetoes he will by his Western supporter. If he vetoes he will loose the support of the $ influential groups of loose the support of the $ influential groups of the East in the next election. the East in the next election.

Ch.14 cont.Ch.14 cont. BUS anti-West-BUS anti-West- Hostile towards wildcat banks of the west that Hostile towards wildcat banks of the west that

provided volatile paper money for land. Bank foreclosed on many W. provided volatile paper money for land. Bank foreclosed on many W. farms and the $ went into Eastern pockets.farms and the $ went into Eastern pockets.

Anti-Masonic Party-Anti-Masonic Party- Opposed Fearsome secrecy of the Masonic Opposed Fearsome secrecy of the Masonic Order.Order.

Pet Banks-Pet Banks- banks the support Jackson. Jackson removed Fed. Funds banks the support Jackson. Jackson removed Fed. Funds from BUS and placed them in these banks.from BUS and placed them in these banks.

Biddle’s Panic-Biddle’s Panic- Biddle Forced to replenish after looses, called in Biddle Forced to replenish after looses, called in unnecessary loans to attempt to force Congress to reconsideration unnecessary loans to attempt to force Congress to reconsideration chartering the bank, wobblier banks driven to the wall. chartering the bank, wobblier banks driven to the wall.

Species Circula-Species Circula- Jackson decreed that all republic lands most be Jackson decreed that all republic lands most be purchased with hard metallic chase.purchased with hard metallic chase.

Cherokee National Council-Cherokee National Council- And attempt by the Cherokee to And attempt by the Cherokee to become “civilized” In 1808 they developed a legislature. A written code become “civilized” In 1808 they developed a legislature. A written code in 1827- With a written constitution with executive leg. Judicial in 1827- With a written constitution with executive leg. Judicial branches. branches.

Ch. 14 cont.Ch. 14 cont.

Indian removal Act 1830-Indian removal Act 1830- Forced uprooting of millions of Forced uprooting of millions of Natives on the East of the Miss. To reservations.Natives on the East of the Miss. To reservations.

5 Civilized Tribes-5 Civilized Tribes- Cherokee, Creeks, Cactuses, Chickasaws. Cherokee, Creeks, Cactuses, Chickasaws. Indian Territory-Indian Territory- in Oklahoma, meant to forever free the Natives in Oklahoma, meant to forever free the Natives

from removal by the Whites seeking land, but the reservation from removal by the Whites seeking land, but the reservation lasted only 15 yrs.lasted only 15 yrs.

Ch.15:Forging the National Economy (1790-1860)Ch.15:Forging the National Economy (1790-1860)

Lone Wolf Pioneers-Lone Wolf Pioneers- James F. Cooper, Natty Bumpo, Herman James F. Cooper, Natty Bumpo, Herman Melville, Captain Ahab.Melville, Captain Ahab.

Kentucky Blue Grass-Kentucky Blue Grass- Euro Blue grass, grows after burning cane. Euro Blue grass, grows after burning cane. Blue grass is perfect for cow grazing and drew many people to Blue grass is perfect for cow grazing and drew many people to Kentucky.Kentucky.

George Catlin-George Catlin- Painter, student of Native American life, amongst Painter, student of Native American life, amongst the 1the 1stst to advocate preservation of Nature as Native policy, Proposed to advocate preservation of Nature as Native policy, Proposed Natural parks which led to the National Park System.Natural parks which led to the National Park System.

Irish Potatoes Crisis-Irish Potatoes Crisis- Black 40s, when potatoes crop failed in Black 40s, when potatoes crop failed in Ireland, causing famine. The mass poverty and influx of Irish in Ireland, causing famine. The mass poverty and influx of Irish in America placed them next to Jews and Africans on the social ladder.America placed them next to Jews and Africans on the social ladder.

Ch. 15 cont.Ch. 15 cont.

Ancient Order of Hibernians-Ancient Order of Hibernians- Semi Semi secrete order founded in Ireland to protect secrete order founded in Ireland to protect against the feigned land lords.against the feigned land lords.

Molly Maguire-Molly Maguire- Shadowy Irish miners Shadowy Irish miners union that rocked Penn. Coal district in union that rocked Penn. Coal district in 1860s-1870s.1860s-1870s.

Order of Star Spangled Banner Order of Star Spangled Banner 1849/Know-Nothings-1849/Know-Nothings- Nativists agitated Nativists agitated for rigid restriction on immigrations & for rigid restriction on immigrations & naturalization for laws authorizing the naturalization for laws authorizing the deportation of alien paupers.deportation of alien paupers.

Literature of Exposure-Literature of Exposure- Fiction, authors Fiction, authors posing as escaped nuns describe chocking posing as escaped nuns describe chocking sins, imagine clustered concealed. (ie, sins, imagine clustered concealed. (ie, secrete burials of babies)secrete burials of babies)

Samuel Slater-Samuel Slater- Father of factory system, Father of factory system, skilled British mechanic who memorized skilled British mechanic who memorized plans for British machines and escaped to plans for British machines and escaped to America where he re-invented the machine.America where he re-invented the machine.

Eli Whitney:Eli Whitney: Built the cotton gin in 1793 Built the cotton gin in 1793 Interchangeable parts-Interchangeable parts- Whitney Whitney

developed similar muskets so 1 piece from developed similar muskets so 1 piece from 1 musket can fit another. The 1 musket can fit another. The Interchangeable parts was adopted widely Interchangeable parts was adopted widely by 1850.by 1850.

Ch.15 cont.Ch.15 cont.

Elias Howe-Elias Howe- Made sewing machine in Made sewing machine in 1846. Isaac Singer perfected in and gave 1846. Isaac Singer perfected in and gave another boost to the Industrializationanother boost to the Industrialization

Limited Liability-Limited Liability- Help concentration of Help concentration of capital, investors in legal case/bankruptcy capital, investors in legal case/bankruptcy lost only the amount they put in.lost only the amount they put in.

Boston Associates-Boston Associates- Dominated textile, Dominated textile, railroad, insurance, and banking.railroad, insurance, and banking.

Working Man’s Party-Working Man’s Party- Goals= 10 hr wrk Goals= 10 hr wrk day, higher wages, tolerable wrk places, day, higher wages, tolerable wrk places, pub. Education for their kids, and End to pub. Education for their kids, and End to inhumane imprisonment by debtors. inhumane imprisonment by debtors.

Domestic Feminism-Domestic Feminism- Women playing a Women playing a large role in the decision to have fewer large role in the decision to have fewer kids signifies growing power & influence kids signifies growing power & influence of women wrapped in “domestic cult” and of women wrapped in “domestic cult” and led to establishment of modern families led to establishment of modern families as small, affectionate, child centered, as small, affectionate, child centered, arenas for women’s talents. arenas for women’s talents.

Ch. 15 cont.Ch. 15 cont.

Commonwealth vs. Hunt-Commonwealth vs. Hunt- Supreme Court ruled that unions Supreme Court ruled that unions not illegal.not illegal.

Cyrus McCormick-Cyrus McCormick- 1830s 1830s mechanical mover-reaper can do mechanical mover-reaper can do the work of 5 men.the work of 5 men.

Lancaster Turnpike-Lancaster Turnpike- 1790s 1790s established by private company in established by private company in Penn. from Philly to Lancaster.Penn. from Philly to Lancaster.

National Road/Cumberland National Road/Cumberland Road-Road- 1811 from Cumberland in 1811 from Cumberland in Maryland to Vandalia in Illinois state Maryland to Vandalia in Illinois state righter's and War of 1812 righter's and War of 1812 interrupted its construction but was interrupted its construction but was finished in 1852.finished in 1852.

Regional Specific Products-Regional Specific Products- South; Cotton to N.E and O.E; South; Cotton to N.E and O.E; West; Grain and Livestock > feed West; Grain and Livestock > feed factory workers, East; Machines & factory workers, East; Machines & Textile for South and west.Textile for South and west.

Ch.16: The Ferment of Reform and Culture (1790-Ch.16: The Ferment of Reform and Culture (1790-1860)1860)

DeismDeism- Rely on reason rather than - Rely on reason rather than revelation, science rather than revelation, science rather than bible, reject the concept of original bible, reject the concept of original sin & deny Christ’s divinity but sin & deny Christ’s divinity but believe in a supreme being.believe in a supreme being.

Camp Meetings-Camp Meetings- 2 2ndnd Great Great Awakening spread through these Awakening spread through these for several days of religious for several days of religious gathering, people engaged in gathering, people engaged in rolling dancing, barking, and rolling dancing, barking, and jerking. jerking.

Peter Cartwright-Peter Cartwright- Best known Best known Methodist circuit rider/traveling Methodist circuit rider/traveling frontier preacher.frontier preacher.

Succession Foreshadow-Succession Foreshadow- 1 1stst the the church splits, then the political church splits, then the political parties, and the union split. The parties, and the union split. The Southern church’s succession Southern church’s succession foreshadow the Southern states foreshadow the Southern states succession. succession.

Burned Over district-Burned Over district- W. N.Y W. N.Y where many descendants of the N.E where many descendants of the N.E puritans settled is blistered by puritans settled is blistered by sermonized preaching of hellfire sermonized preaching of hellfire and damnation. and damnation.

Ch. 16 cont.Ch. 16 cont. Brigham Youngi-Brigham Youngi-(Mormons) replaced (Mormons) replaced

Smith after he and his bros. were Smith after he and his bros. were murdered in 1844. He led his people to murdered in 1844. He led his people to Later-Day Saints to Utah made gov. in Later-Day Saints to Utah made gov. in 1850. 1850.

Anti-polygamy Laws-Anti-polygamy Laws- Congress Congress passed the laws in 1862 against the passed the laws in 1862 against the Mormons practice of polygamy. Mormons practice of polygamy.

Little Red Schoolhouse-Little Red Schoolhouse- 1 room, 1 1 room, 1 stove, 1 teacher, and 8 grades. Males stove, 1 teacher, and 8 grades. Males teacher were at the time ill trained, ill teacher were at the time ill trained, ill tempered and low paid. Thought only tempered and low paid. Thought only reading, writing, and arithmetic.reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Horace Mani-Horace Mani- Secretary of Mass. Secretary of Mass. Board of Edu. Campaigned for better Board of Edu. Campaigned for better schools, longer terms, better school schools, longer terms, better school houses, and pay, and more houses, and pay, and more curriculums.curriculums.

University of Virginia-University of Virginia- 1819, by 1819, by Jefferson offered freedom of religion, Jefferson offered freedom of religion, political shackles, and placed and political shackles, and placed and emphasis on modern languages and emphasis on modern languages and science.science.

Susan B. Antony-Susan B. Antony- Future feminist, Future feminist, her teachers refused to teach her her teachers refused to teach her division.division.

Ch. 16 cont.Ch. 16 cont.

Emma Willard-Emma Willard- Influence on respect for Influence on respect for women’s 2nday edu. In 1800s thanks to her women’s 2nday edu. In 1800s thanks to her establishment of Troy Female Seminary.establishment of Troy Female Seminary.

Lyceum- Lyceum- Platform for speakers in science, Platform for speakers in science, literature, and moral philosophy.literature, and moral philosophy.

Dorothea Dix-Dorothea Dix- petition in Mass Legislator in petition in Mass Legislator in 1843 on insanity and asylums changed the 1843 on insanity and asylums changed the views of the mentally insane as willfully views of the mentally insane as willfully perverse to mentally ill.perverse to mentally ill.

American Peace Society-American Peace Society- 1822 declared 1822 declared war on war. William Ladd delivered war on war. William Ladd delivered speeches.speeches.

Heavy Drinking-Heavy Drinking- lowered labor efficiency, lowered labor efficiency, increased accidents working with machines, increased accidents working with machines, fouled the sanctity of the family, threaten fouled the sanctity of the family, threaten spiritual welfare, and physical safety of spiritual welfare, and physical safety of children and wives. children and wives.

American Temperance Society 1826-American Temperance Society 1826- implored drinker sign Temperance pledge, implored drinker sign Temperance pledge, then became more radical and called for end then became more radical and called for end of alcoholism.of alcoholism.

Maine Law of 1851/Prohibition Law-Maine Law of 1851/Prohibition Law- Neal S. Dual fathered the law, which Neal S. Dual fathered the law, which prohibited the sale and manufacture of prohibited the sale and manufacture of intoxicating liquor.intoxicating liquor.

Ch. 16 cont.Ch. 16 cont.

Women’s Rights Movement-Women’s Rights Movement- major players= Lacertian Mott, Elizabeth C. major players= Lacertian Mott, Elizabeth C. Stanton, Susan B. Antony, etc.Stanton, Susan B. Antony, etc.

Grimke Sisters Sarah and Angelina-Grimke Sisters Sarah and Angelina- encouraged anti-slavery. encouraged anti-slavery. Amelia Bloomer-Amelia Bloomer- Revolted against street sweeping female attire and Revolted against street sweeping female attire and

adorned bloomers.adorned bloomers. Seneca Falls Meeting-Seneca Falls Meeting- Women Right Convention 1848 began the W.R.M Women Right Convention 1848 began the W.R.M Robert Owen-Robert Owen- Founded the Communal society 1825 at new Harmony Founded the Communal society 1825 at new Harmony Brook Farm.Brook Farm. 1841 based on Brotherly and sisterly corporation of 1841 based on Brotherly and sisterly corporation of

intellectuals committed to philosophy of transcendentalism. intellectuals committed to philosophy of transcendentalism. Benjamin Silliman-Benjamin Silliman- Most influential Am. Scientist at chemistry and geology. Most influential Am. Scientist at chemistry and geology. Louis Agassiz-Louis Agassiz- Biologist, insist on original research deplored memory work. Biologist, insist on original research deplored memory work. Gilbert Stuart-Gilbert Stuart- Most gifted of early Am. Painters, painted Washington along Most gifted of early Am. Painters, painted Washington along

with Wilson Peale.with Wilson Peale.

Ch. 16 cont.Ch. 16 cont.

Knickerbockers Group-Knickerbockers Group- Irvin, Irvin, Fennimore, Bryant.Fennimore, Bryant.

Washington Irvin-Washington Irvin- 1 1stst Am. to win Am. to win international recognition. Stepped into international recognition. Stepped into traditions of N. Netherlands, pub. traditions of N. Netherlands, pub. Knickerbockers' History of N.Y, Sleep Knickerbockers' History of N.Y, Sleep Hallow, Rip Van Wrinkle, etc.Hallow, Rip Van Wrinkle, etc.

James Fennimore-James Fennimore- 1 1stst Am. Novelist. Am. Novelist. W.C. Bryant-W.C. Bryant- Thanatopsis 1817 poem Thanatopsis 1817 poem

and edited the Evening post set the and edited the Evening post set the model for journalism.model for journalism.

Transcendentalism Movement-Transcendentalism Movement- 1830 1830 Liberality of straightjacket puritan Liberality of straightjacket puritan theology, influence by German theology, influence by German Romantic philosophers and Asian Romantic philosophers and Asian religions. religions.

Ralf W. Emerson-Ralf W. Emerson- Favorite of the Favorite of the Trans. His most brilliant wrk effort was a Trans. His most brilliant wrk effort was a phi, Beta, Kappa address, he was a phi, Beta, Kappa address, he was a practical philosopher.practical philosopher.

Walden and On Duty of Civil Walden and On Duty of Civil Disobedience-Disobedience- Influenced Ghandi, Influenced Ghandi, Martin Luther king on none-violent Martin Luther king on none-violent revolt.revolt.

Ch. 16 cont.Ch. 16 cont.

Walt Whitman-Walt Whitman- Collection of Collection of Poem in Leaves of Grass.Poem in Leaves of Grass.

Henry W. Longfellow-Henry W. Longfellow- 1 of 1 of the most influential poets ever the most influential poets ever in Am. Only Am. Honored w/ a in Am. Only Am. Honored w/ a bust in the Poet’s Corner of bust in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey. Westminster Abbey.

James R. Lowell-James R. Lowell- Essayist, Essayist, literary critic, editor and literary critic, editor and diplomat.diplomat.

Louisa M. Alcott-WroteLouisa M. Alcott-Wrote Little women and others.Little women and others.

Emily Dickinson-Emily Dickinson- Sparse Sparse language and simple rhyme language and simple rhyme schemes.schemes.

Nathaniel Hawthorne-Nathaniel Hawthorne- Reflect on Calvinism Reflect on Calvinism obsession with original sin and obsession with original sin and struggle between good and struggle between good and evil.evil.

Herman Melville-Herman Melville- Moby Dick. Moby Dick.