Unit 4Unit 4State Building in the State Building in the

1717thth Century Century

This is why I’m hot…

Europe after 30 Years’ War…Europe after 30 Years’ War… The last of the religious conflicts profoundly The last of the religious conflicts profoundly

impacts the states of Europeimpacts the states of Europe Powerful states declined while others rose from Powerful states declined while others rose from

the ashes following the warthe ashes following the war Religious difference and competition for Religious difference and competition for

overseas empires had become defining features overseas empires had become defining features of the European experience by mid-17of the European experience by mid-17 thth century century

States seek political stability through different States seek political stability through different forms of government – absolutism; constitutional forms of government – absolutism; constitutional monarchymonarchy

Trends in Western EuropeTrends in Western Europe Following the 30 Years’ War, western Europe Following the 30 Years’ War, western Europe

experienced a reconfiguration of powerexperienced a reconfiguration of power France’s Emergence and the theory of France’s Emergence and the theory of

AbsolutismAbsolutism Spain’s declineSpain’s decline Emergence of the Dutch Republic – officially Emergence of the Dutch Republic – officially

granted independence (along with Swiss granted independence (along with Swiss cantons)cantons)

England’s triumph as a constitutional monarchyEngland’s triumph as a constitutional monarchy

France Emerges from the AshesFrance Emerges from the Ashes Impact of the Peace Impact of the Peace

of Westphalia of Westphalia Dutch, English, and Dutch, English, and

French emergeFrench emerge 500 mile radius 500 mile radius

around Paris creates around Paris creates the zone which was the zone which was to dominate Europe to dominate Europe and much of the and much of the world. world.

FranceFrance was first to was first to rise – why? rise – why?

France wins valuable territory in Rhineland

A Difficult Path to Greatness…A Difficult Path to Greatness… Provincial Autonomy and DecentralizationProvincial Autonomy and Decentralization

““A bundle of territories held together by allegiance to a king” A bundle of territories held together by allegiance to a king” National Estates General (parliament) ? National Estates General (parliament) ? Local parliaments (supreme courts) ?Local parliaments (supreme courts) ? 300 local regional legal systems…300 local regional legal systems… No uniform taxes, coinage or weights and measuresNo uniform taxes, coinage or weights and measures

Religious DifferencesReligious Differences Edict of NantesEdict of Nantes Efforts to unify France under one religion resisted at home Efforts to unify France under one religion resisted at home

and abroadand abroad

Lack of Competent RulersLack of Competent Rulers 1559 -1650: Only ONE competent adult monarch1559 -1650: Only ONE competent adult monarch Sons of Henry II and Catherine de’Medici (Francis II, Charles Sons of Henry II and Catherine de’Medici (Francis II, Charles

IX and Henry III) were young, generally weak, and ineffectiveIX and Henry III) were young, generally weak, and ineffective Henry IV Bourbon (1589-1610) was the only adult king from Henry IV Bourbon (1589-1610) was the only adult king from

the start and ruled effectively.the start and ruled effectively. Louis XIII (1610-1643) and Louis XIV (1643-1715) both took Louis XIII (1610-1643) and Louis XIV (1643-1715) both took

the throne as young boys…the throne as young boys…Young kings

Francis, Charles, and Henry

Absolutism in France: Royal Ministers’ RoleAbsolutism in France: Royal Ministers’ Role

Boy kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV faced Boy kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV faced uneasy succession to throneuneasy succession to throne

Role of Role of royal ministersroyal ministers Cardinal RichelieuCardinal Richelieu (1624-1642) (1624-1642)

Attacks power of noblesAttacks power of nobles Peace of AlaisPeace of Alais reduces power of Huguenots reduces power of Huguenots System of spiesSystem of spies IntendantsIntendants Aided Swedes vs. Hapsburgs in 30 Years Aided Swedes vs. Hapsburgs in 30 Years

WarWar Raised Raised tailletaille and and gabellegabelle to fund French to fund French

involvement in 30 Years’ War – debt rising!involvement in 30 Years’ War – debt rising! Died in 1642, with Louis XIII 5 months later, Died in 1642, with Louis XIII 5 months later,

leaving 4 year old Louis XIV on the throneleaving 4 year old Louis XIV on the throneRichelieu and young

Louis XIII

Absolutism in France: Royal Ministers’ RoleAbsolutism in France: Royal Ministers’ Role

Cardinal Mazarin (1642-1661)Cardinal Mazarin (1642-1661) Allowed by Allowed by Anne of AustriaAnne of Austria – regent of – regent of

Louis XIV, to continue in Richelieu’s Louis XIV, to continue in Richelieu’s footstepsfootsteps

Mazarin’s foreign background…Mazarin’s foreign background… FrondeFronde (1648) (1648)

Series of noble rebellions broke out against Series of noble rebellions broke out against MazarinMazarin

Fronde (“child’s slingshot”) is put downFronde (“child’s slingshot”) is put down

Mazarin dies, leaving power solely to Mazarin dies, leaving power solely to 23 year old King Louis XIV23 year old King Louis XIV

France poised to accept absolutismFrance poised to accept absolutism

Anne of Austria and Mazarin … they were

lovers you see…

Come here, my Italian stallion!

I shall win you some gold at the gaming tables!

Theory of AbsolutismTheory of Absolutism King had ultimate authority by King had ultimate authority by divine divine

rightright BishopBishop Jacques Bossuet: Jacques Bossuet: “God “God

establishes kings as his ministers, and establishes kings as his ministers, and reigns through them over the people”reigns through them over the people”

Jean BodinJean Bodin: "The sovereign Prince is : "The sovereign Prince is only accountable to God"only accountable to God"

Influence of era of religious wars…Influence of era of religious wars… French ministers had paved the way French ministers had paved the way

for Louis XIV – the poster child for for Louis XIV – the poster child for absolutismabsolutism

Bishop Bossuet and Jean Bodin: Divine

Right and Absolutism!

Divine!

Absolute!

Louis XIV – An IntroductionLouis XIV – An Introduction ““He was extremely fond of He was extremely fond of

himself and his position of himself and his position of kingship, with an insatiable kingship, with an insatiable appetite for admiration and appetite for admiration and flattery. He loved flattery. He loved magnificent display and magnificent display and elaborate etiquette, though elaborate etiquette, though to some extent he simply to some extent he simply adopted them as adopted them as instruments of policy rather instruments of policy rather than as a personal whim.”than as a personal whim.”

“Le Roi Danse”Before taking the throne, Louis

built his divine reputation through his ballet dancing, with the help of eccentric Baroque

composer Jean-Baptiste Lully. It was the Ballet de la Nuit that earned Louis the nickname the

“Sun King”

Louis XIV – Government and AdministrationLouis XIV – Government and Administration

Louis’ view of the state: Louis’ view of the state: L’etat c’est moiL’etat c’est moi

Believed in ABSOLUTISM and perpetuated myth that he was the “sun king” – source of light for all his subjects and center of their universeEmblem

of Louis XIV;

Louis in his

younger days

Louis XIV – Government and AdministrationLouis XIV – Government and Administration ArmyArmy

Ended independence of colonelsEnded independence of colonels Louis “made war an activity of state”Louis “made war an activity of state” Centralized, systematized, & increased sizeCentralized, systematized, & increased size first war ministryfirst war ministry

Advisers Advisers Recently ennobled or middle class men with no Recently ennobled or middle class men with no

political influencepolitical influence Use of briberyUse of bribery Used Councils of State and intendantsUsed Councils of State and intendants Each intendant...embodied all aspects of the Each intendant...embodied all aspects of the

royal government, supervising...taxes and royal government, supervising...taxes and recruiting soldiers, keeping an eye on the recruiting soldiers, keeping an eye on the nobility...stamping out bandits, smugglers, and nobility...stamping out bandits, smugglers, and wolves, policing the marketplaces, relieving wolves, policing the marketplaces, relieving famine, watching the local law courts...a firm and famine, watching the local law courts...a firm and uniform administration...was superimposed uniform administration...was superimposed upon...the old France.upon...the old France.

Louis XIV – Economic Policies Louis XIV – Economic Policies Finances were a BIG deal – had to get $ to build Finances were a BIG deal – had to get $ to build

palace at Versailles, maintain the court, and pursue palace at Versailles, maintain the court, and pursue warwar

Mercantilist ColbertMercantilist Colbert served as financial minister served as financial minister Bourgeois originBourgeois origin ““Five Great Farms”Five Great Farms” Commercial CodeCommercial Code Subsidies and tax exemptions to key industriesSubsidies and tax exemptions to key industries Encouraged coloniesEncouraged colonies French navy and French navy and French East India Company French East India Company MMerchant marineerchant marine Encouraged export of manufactured productsEncouraged export of manufactured products Prohibited the export of foodProhibited the export of food Advanced commercial capitalismAdvanced commercial capitalism Colbert brought $ in…Louis spent it!Colbert brought $ in…Louis spent it!

Colbert in his golden years with fabulous wig;

New France (in blue)

Louis XIV – Economic Policies Louis XIV – Economic Policies

Tax problemsTax problems Taille passed through many officialsTaille passed through many officials Tax farmersTax farmers Noble exemptionsNoble exemptions Bourgeois bought special tax exemptionsBourgeois bought special tax exemptions Poor taxed heavilyPoor taxed heavily

Nevertheless, government deficits Nevertheless, government deficits grewgrew

Methods to raise moneyMethods to raise money Currency was devalued in secretCurrency was devalued in secret Patents of nobilityPatents of nobility Sale of government offices and military Sale of government offices and military

commissionscommissions But then what…?But then what…?

Top: A patent of nobility; Bottom: devalued

French livre – it looked the same but had 20%

less gold and silver!

Louis XIV – Religious PoliciesLouis XIV – Religious Policies Louis acted to centralize religion Louis acted to centralize religion

as all other aspects of societyas all other aspects of society supported Gallican church supported Gallican church

(CATHOLIC with the French (CATHOLIC with the French monarch at the head)monarch at the head)

Rewards for conversionRewards for conversion Use of dragoons and the Use of dragoons and the

dragonnadesdragonnades

Edict of Fontainebleau Edict of Fontainebleau (1685)(1685) revoked Edict of Nantes (1598)revoked Edict of Nantes (1598) destruction of Huguenot churches destruction of Huguenot churches

and schoolsand schools Exodus of over 200k Huguenots!Exodus of over 200k Huguenots! Impact? Impact?

Images associated with the dragonnades depicting obnoxious soldiers behaving

badly while priests attempt to attain conversions

Louis XIV – Life at CourtLouis XIV – Life at Court VersaillesVersailles built outside built outside

ParisParis Reflected power of French Reflected power of French

monarchymonarchy Elaborate system of rules Elaborate system of rules

and regulationsand regulations EveryoneEveryone had to use flattery had to use flattery

to get pensionto get pension Reduced “people of quality” Reduced “people of quality”

to his lap dogsto his lap dogs Gambling, entertainment, Gambling, entertainment,

prostitutionprostitution appartementappartement Lifelong imprisonment?Lifelong imprisonment?

Palace of Versailles: Grounds and Hall of Mirrors

Wars of Louis XIV: OverviewWars of Louis XIV: Overview Largest standing army in Largest standing army in

EuropeEurope ConscriptionConscription When Louis took control in When Louis took control in

1661 (Mazarin’s death), 1661 (Mazarin’s death), France still faced Hapsburgs France still faced Hapsburgs on three sideson three sides

Spain’s weakness and the Spain’s weakness and the pursuit of France’s “natural pursuit of France’s “natural boundaries”boundaries”

Costly, fruitless missionsCostly, fruitless missions Concern over Concern over balance of balance of

powerpower caused other caused other European nations to form European nations to form alliances vs. Francealliances vs. France

Louis XIV leading the battle charge on horseback

Early Wars of Louis XIVEarly Wars of Louis XIV War of Devolution of 1667 War of Devolution of 1667

Invasion of Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comte (FRANsh-con-Invasion of Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comte (FRANsh-con-TAY)TAY)

Blocked by Triple Alliance of Dutch, English and SwedesBlocked by Triple Alliance of Dutch, English and Swedes Only earned a few towns in Spanish Netherlands by Treaty of Aix-la-Only earned a few towns in Spanish Netherlands by Treaty of Aix-la-

ChapelleChapelle

““Dutch War” of 1672Dutch War” of 1672 Louis invades United ProvincesLouis invades United Provinces Brandenburg, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire allied against himBrandenburg, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire allied against him Louis only gains Franche-ComteLouis only gains Franche-Comte

Louis next attacked east vs. Holy Roman EmpireLouis next attacked east vs. Holy Roman Empire StrasbourgStrasbourg and and Alsace - Lorraine Alsace - Lorraine Germany’s lack of unity opens the door…Germany’s lack of unity opens the door… Louis distracts HRE Louis distracts HRE Leopold ILeopold I, by inciting and financing a Hungarian , by inciting and financing a Hungarian

rebellion, and encouraging a Turkish attack on the Empire, leading to a rebellion, and encouraging a Turkish attack on the Empire, leading to a siege of Vienna in 1683.siege of Vienna in 1683.

Leopold, with Polish assistance, was able to drive the Turks away and Leopold, with Polish assistance, was able to drive the Turks away and bring the Hungarians back into line. bring the Hungarians back into line.

Early Wars of Louis XIVEarly Wars of Louis XIV Leopold I united Leopold I united

Catholic nations Catholic nations against Franceagainst France

Protestants unify Protestants unify under William III of under William III of Orange against Louis Orange against Louis

In 1686, Louis faced In 1686, Louis faced allall of his opponents in of his opponents in the the War of the War of the League of Augsburg League of Augsburg (1688-1697) (1688-1697)

““Glorious Glorious Revolution” in Revolution” in England sparks warEngland sparks war

French success on French success on land, failure at sealand, failure at sea

Treaty of Ryswick Treaty of Ryswick (1697)(1697)

War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713):War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713):Overall TrendsOverall Trends

““Watershed war,” Watershed war,” setting new setting new standards for the next standards for the next century century

Less destructive war?Less destructive war? Religion of little Religion of little

importanceimportance

English involvement?English involvement? First “world war”?First “world war”?

Charles II: Bringing Sexy Back

War of Spanish Succession: CauseWar of Spanish Succession: Cause

Charles II dies without Charles II dies without male heirmale heir

Balance of power Balance of power principles vs. Charles’ principles vs. Charles’ will? will?

Next in line: Louis XIV’s Next in line: Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip. grandson, Philip.

English William III of English William III of Orange was unwilling to Orange was unwilling to accept the will, and accept the will, and created the Grand created the Grand AllianceAlliance

War of Spanish Succession: CauseWar of Spanish Succession: Cause

“All in the family”: Charles was the product of LOTS of inbreeding.

War of Spanish Succession: AspirationsWar of Spanish Succession: Aspirations France?France? Spain?Spain? Austria?Austria? Holland?Holland? England? England?

Louis flanked by his enemies: Emperor Leopold I and William III

of Holland (and England)

War of Spanish Succession: FightingWar of Spanish Succession: Fighting War fought in Europe War fought in Europe

and North America and North America ((Queen Anne’s WarQueen Anne’s War) ) for 11 yearsfor 11 years

John Churchill, John Churchill, Duke of Duke of MarlboroughMarlborough, and , and Battle of Blenheim Battle of Blenheim (1704)(1704)

Peace of Utrecht Peace of Utrecht (1713) (1713) and and Peace of Peace of Rastatt (1714)Rastatt (1714)

John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough

My salon hair shall lead me to victory!

War of Spanish Succession:War of Spanish Succession: Treaty of Utrecht, 1713Treaty of Utrecht, 1713 AustriaAustria

Gained Italian Hapsburg Gained Italian Hapsburg holdings (Milan, Naples, holdings (Milan, Naples, Sicily) Sicily)

Took Spanish Netherlands, Took Spanish Netherlands, now called Austrian now called Austrian Netherlands (Belgium)Netherlands (Belgium)

The The Duke of SavoyDuke of Savoy got got Sardinia, and was recognized Sardinia, and was recognized as a kingas a king

Elector of BrandenburgElector of Brandenburg got got GuelderlandGuelderland was recognized as a kingwas recognized as a king BrandenburgBrandenburg became became

known as known as PrussiaPrussia HollandHolland got the “Dutch Barrier,” got the “Dutch Barrier,”

a string of forts in former a string of forts in former Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)

SpainSpain King Philip V BourbonKing Philip V Bourbon Spain and France separate. Spain and France separate. Bourbons influence on Bourbons influence on

monarchy and New World?monarchy and New World? FranceFrance

Monarchy lost ground to Monarchy lost ground to aristocratic and parliamentary aristocratic and parliamentary opposition opposition

Expansionist dreams checked, Expansionist dreams checked, but retained Alsace, Strasbourg, but retained Alsace, Strasbourg, and the Franche-Comteand the Franche-Comte

EnglandEngland Gained Gibraltar and Minorca Gained Gibraltar and Minorca

and Newfoundland, Nova and Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay Scotia, and Hudson Bay TerritoryTerritory

Received the valuable Received the valuable asientoasiento

War of Spanish Succession-War of Spanish Succession- Peace SettlementPeace Settlement The The Treaty Treaty

of Utrechtof Utrecht, , confirmed confirmed the system the system of of international international relations. relations.

The seeds The seeds of the of the nations of nations of Italy and Italy and Germany Germany planted!planted!

France and France and Great Great Britain: two Britain: two strongest strongest powerspowers

War of Spanish Succession-War of Spanish Succession- Peace SettlementPeace SettlementOverseas TerritoriesOverseas Territories

The Decline of SpainThe Decline of Spain At start of the 17At start of the 17thth century, century,

Spain controlled a vast Spain controlled a vast empire and appeared to be a empire and appeared to be a formidable European powerformidable European power

However, the unsuccessful However, the unsuccessful wars of Philip II and the wars of Philip II and the excessive court spending of excessive court spending of Philip III emptied the Spanish Philip III emptied the Spanish treasurytreasury

In the end, In the end, their ambitions their ambitions outstripped their resourcesoutstripped their resources

Philip III of Spain and his favorite advisor, the Duke of Lerma. Philip

had little interest in the affairs of state, and devoted much of his time

to purchasing and marveling at relics. Lerma was primarily

interested in bolstering his family’s wealth and position at court.

The Decline of SpainThe Decline of Spain Rule of Philip IV and his chief Rule of Philip IV and his chief

minister, Gaspar de Guzmanminister, Gaspar de Guzman Involvement in Thirty Years’ Involvement in Thirty Years’

War…War… Dutch independence by the Dutch independence by the

Peace of Westphalia (1648)Peace of Westphalia (1648) The Peace of Pyrenees (1659) The Peace of Pyrenees (1659)

lost Artois as well as their lost Artois as well as their defenses of the Spanish defenses of the Spanish Netherlands, later lost to the Netherlands, later lost to the Austrian Hapsburgs in the War Austrian Hapsburgs in the War of Spanish Succession of Spanish Succession

Philip IV of Spain and his chief minister, Gaspar de Guzman, count

of Olivares. Philip’s continued involvement in the 30 Years’ War

was costly, and incited internal rebellion. At the Battle of Rocroi in

1643, the Spanish army was decimated

Emergence of the Dutch RepublicEmergence of the Dutch Republic

The Dutch created a The Dutch created a bourgeois society that bourgeois society that was wealthy, was wealthy, flourishing, civilized - flourishing, civilized - and astonishingly and astonishingly creative!creative! Hugo Grotius Hugo Grotius Baruch de SpinozaBaruch de Spinoza Anton von Leeuwenhoek Anton von Leeuwenhoek

(microscope),(microscope), Huygens Huygens Vermeer, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rembrandt,

and Leysterand LeysterVermeer’s Woman with a

Balance

The Greatness of the Dutch RepublicThe Greatness of the Dutch Republic The Dutch were characterized by a spirit of The Dutch were characterized by a spirit of

toleration toleration The great The great Dutch fleet of 1600Dutch fleet of 1600

Dutch East India CompanyDutch East India Company ManhattanManhattan and the and the Cape of Good HopeCape of Good Hope Dutch West Indies CompanyDutch West Indies Company which set up which set up

posts in posts in Brazil, Curaçao, Guinea.Brazil, Curaçao, Guinea. Bank of Amsterdam, backed by the Dutch Bank of Amsterdam, backed by the Dutch

government, made Holland the financial government, made Holland the financial center of worldcenter of world allowing deposit of “mixed money” issuing allowing deposit of “mixed money” issuing

notes for notes for florins-florins--soon the main -soon the main international currencyinternational currency

innovative use of checks and guaranteed innovative use of checks and guaranteed depositsdeposits

Charged a fee for maintaining accounts and Charged a fee for maintaining accounts and for exchange and enriched the city of for exchange and enriched the city of Amsterdam.Amsterdam.

Dutch Ship circa 1600

Dutch GovernmentDutch Government Each province had a Each province had a

stadtholderstadtholder, but most , but most provinces usually elected the provinces usually elected the Prince of OrangePrince of Orange in in emergencies. emergencies.

Normally the burghers ran the Normally the burghers ran the government, keeping Holland government, keeping Holland decentralized. decentralized.

William III of OrangeWilliam III of Orange (1650- (1650-1702)1702) grave, reserved, Dutch Calvinistgrave, reserved, Dutch Calvinist lived plainly and hated flatterylived plainly and hated flattery married Mary, Protestant married Mary, Protestant

daughter of James II (Stuart) of daughter of James II (Stuart) of EnglandEngland Willie III of Orange – His

Younger Days…

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs The Dutch fought three indecisive wars with England during the reign of The Dutch fought three indecisive wars with England during the reign of

Cromwell, but gave New York to England. (Anglo-Dutch Wars)Cromwell, but gave New York to England. (Anglo-Dutch Wars) Wars with France were much more serious, and the Dutch successfully used Wars with France were much more serious, and the Dutch successfully used

balance of power politics to stop Louis XIV’s aggression in 1667, 1672, and 1689. balance of power politics to stop Louis XIV’s aggression in 1667, 1672, and 1689. (Franco-Dutch Wars)(Franco-Dutch Wars)

However, these wars came at a cost and Dutch power declined through end of However, these wars came at a cost and Dutch power declined through end of 1717thth century century

Raid on the Medway: greatest naval victory for the Dutch (over England). “The Devil Shits Dutchmen!” Says Samuel Pepys, English

Naval Administrator.

Elizabeth’s England – A RecapElizabeth’s England – A Recap A Politique – adopted the A Politique – adopted the via media via media after Edward after Edward

and Mary embraced more extreme approaches to and Mary embraced more extreme approaches to religion (Elizabethan Settlement restored religion (Elizabethan Settlement restored Protestantism)Protestantism)

Refusal to marry – why?Refusal to marry – why? Tumultuous childhood/teenage experiences Tumultuous childhood/teenage experiences

(Thomas Seymour affair)(Thomas Seymour affair) Henry VIII’s erratic treatmentHenry VIII’s erratic treatment Mary’s experience with marrying Phillip IIMary’s experience with marrying Phillip II Robert DudleyRobert Dudley

Avoided war whenever possible, but eventually Avoided war whenever possible, but eventually forced to confront (and defeat) Spain as well as forced to confront (and defeat) Spain as well as squelch internal plots by Catholics to replace her squelch internal plots by Catholics to replace her with Mary Queen of Scots (who was eventually with Mary Queen of Scots (who was eventually beheaded) beheaded)

Ruled with Parliament and managed to keep the Ruled with Parliament and managed to keep the mounting religious turmoil at bay during the final mounting religious turmoil at bay during the final years of her reign (Golden Age)years of her reign (Golden Age)

"I have no desire to make windows into men's souls."

England’s Civil WarsEngland’s Civil Wars

England after 1588 withdrew from continental matters and was England after 1588 withdrew from continental matters and was the one great European power absent from the Treaty of the one great European power absent from the Treaty of Westphalia. Why? Westphalia. Why? England was involved in a religious/civil war, fought between the England was involved in a religious/civil war, fought between the

Puritans and the Anglicans, between the forces of Parliament and those Puritans and the Anglicans, between the forces of Parliament and those of the king. of the king.

Wars in England were relatively mild, but at the same time fierce and Wars in England were relatively mild, but at the same time fierce and savage conflicts were occurring in Ireland. savage conflicts were occurring in Ireland. Nine Years’ WarNine Years’ War (1594-1603) England invests more troops in Ireland (1594-1603) England invests more troops in Ireland

than in the Dutch conflictthan in the Dutch conflict Nearly forced the English crown into bankruptcy Nearly forced the English crown into bankruptcy Plantation of UlsterPlantation of Ulster This was the basis for the Protestant stronghold on N. Ireland in This was the basis for the Protestant stronghold on N. Ireland in

UlsterUlster

““Ulster Plantation”Ulster Plantation”

England - 17th Century DemographicsEngland - 17th Century Demographics England in the 17th Century had England in the 17th Century had

about 4-5 million English-speaking about 4-5 million English-speaking peoples. peoples.

In addition, groups had emigrated In addition, groups had emigrated to the West Indies, North Ireland to the West Indies, North Ireland and the 13 American colonies. and the 13 American colonies.

Total American pop in 1700: Total American pop in 1700: 500,000 500,000 English culture included English culture included

Shakespeare, Milton and Francis Shakespeare, Milton and Francis Bacon. Bacon.

The English economy was The English economy was enterprising and affluent, inferior to enterprising and affluent, inferior to Holland in shipping, but with a Holland in shipping, but with a larger, more productive homeland. larger, more productive homeland.

The British East India Company The British East India Company was formed (1600) to compete with was formed (1600) to compete with the Dutch. the Dutch.

England – James I (1566-1625)England – James I (1566-1625) Elizabeth dies (1603) as last Elizabeth dies (1603) as last

of the Tudor line. of the Tudor line. Throne goes to James VI of Throne goes to James VI of

Scotland/James I of Scotland/James I of England. (son of Mary, England. (son of Mary, queen of Scots and Lord queen of Scots and Lord Darnley)Darnley)

James believed he was James believed he was absolute and divinely absolute and divinely ordainedordained

James alienated the James alienated the PuritansPuritans Episcopal system vs. the Episcopal system vs. the

Presbyterian model Presbyterian model House of Commons House of Commons

dominated by Puritansdominated by Puritans

England – James IEngland – James I Parliament and the Stuart Kings Parliament and the Stuart Kings

James I Stuart ultimately has a major conflict with Parliament James I Stuart ultimately has a major conflict with Parliament belief in royal absolutismbelief in royal absolutism his support of the Anglican hierarchy under his support of the Anglican hierarchy under Archbishop Archbishop

LaudLaud his Scotch originshis Scotch origins his pedantic ways (his pedantic ways (““wisest fool in Christendomwisest fool in Christendom””)) his constant need for money, his constant need for money,

Parliament was nationally unified, with no provincial units as Parliament was nationally unified, with no provincial units as on the European continent. on the European continent. House of Lords was dominated by great noble landowners House of Lords was dominated by great noble landowners House of Commons had the gentry plus reps of merchants and House of Commons had the gentry plus reps of merchants and

townstowns Parliament was generally unified in social interest and wealth Parliament was generally unified in social interest and wealth This opened door for eventual civil conflict This opened door for eventual civil conflict

When James died, throne passed to his son, CharlesWhen James died, throne passed to his son, Charles

England – Charles I (1625-1649)England – Charles I (1625-1649) Charles decided to rule without Parliament in Charles decided to rule without Parliament in

16291629 violated the violated the Petition of RightPetition of Right, newly passed in , newly passed in

ParliamentParliament Charles violated it by levying a tax called Charles violated it by levying a tax called Ship Ship

MoneyMoney on coastal towns, supposedly used for on coastal towns, supposedly used for “defense.” “defense.”

Religion was also a problemReligion was also a problem he married a Catholic, he married a Catholic, Henrietta Maria of Henrietta Maria of

France France tried to force Scotland to adopt tried to force Scotland to adopt Anglican Anglican

Book of Common PrayerBook of Common Prayer in in Scottish Scottish Presbyterian ChurchPresbyterian Church. .

Scots rebelled due to religious oppression Scots rebelled due to religious oppression and Charles had to call Parliament in 1637 to and Charles had to call Parliament in 1637 to get money to quell rebellion.get money to quell rebellion.

England – Parliamentary ResistanceEngland – Parliamentary Resistance April 1640 Parliament proved hostile and was dissolved in April 1640 Parliament proved hostile and was dissolved in

under a month (under a month (Short ParliamentShort Parliament)) A second Parliament called in the fall of 1640 was equally A second Parliament called in the fall of 1640 was equally

rebellious and began a revolution against the king under rebellious and began a revolution against the king under John Hampden, John Pym, Oliver Cromwell--land-owning John Hampden, John Pym, Oliver Cromwell--land-owning gentry and Puritans who were supported by merchant gentry and Puritans who were supported by merchant class. class.

These rebels formed the These rebels formed the Long ParliamentLong Parliament, led by , led by ““root root and branchand branch” ” men--the first radicalsmen--the first radicals Presented “Root and Branch Petition” (1640)Presented “Root and Branch Petition” (1640) sought to impeach and execute royal adviserssought to impeach and execute royal advisers abolish bishops and end the Anglican hierarchy abolish bishops and end the Anglican hierarchy ultimately declared Presbyterianism the legal religion. ultimately declared Presbyterianism the legal religion. The result was open war between the Royalist The result was open war between the Royalist ““CavaliersCavaliers,,”” with with

followers from north and west and followers from north and west and ““RoundheadsRoundheads,,”” of Parliament of Parliament mostly from the south and east.mostly from the south and east.

England – Civil Conflict Erupts!England – Civil Conflict Erupts! 2 warring camps in Parliament2 warring camps in Parliament

Royalist Royalist CavaliersCavaliers wanted to stop reforms there wanted to stop reforms there Radical Radical RoundheadsRoundheads under under John PymJohn Pym and and

Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell wanted more reforms. wanted more reforms. Charles tried to exploit differences by arresting Charles tried to exploit differences by arresting

some radicals, and civil war erupted by 1642some radicals, and civil war erupted by 1642 Oliver Cromwell starts Oliver Cromwell starts New Model ArmyNew Model Army of of

Puritans to fight king’s forces. Puritans to fight king’s forces. used all the latest military tactics used all the latest military tactics Defeated Charles I’s forces to end first phase of Defeated Charles I’s forces to end first phase of

war in 1645war in 1645 Expected Charles to give in to Constitutional Expected Charles to give in to Constitutional

MonarchyMonarchy Religious conflict splintered the revolutionaries – Religious conflict splintered the revolutionaries –

Puritans vs. PresbyteriansPuritans vs. Presbyterians Charles sought to exploit the situation by getting Charles sought to exploit the situation by getting

help from the Scots in putting down help from the Scots in putting down revolutionaries.revolutionaries.

Cromwell would have none of it and captured Cromwell would have none of it and captured Charles, purged Parliament of Presbyterians, Charles, purged Parliament of Presbyterians, tried Charles and had him beheaded in 1649. tried Charles and had him beheaded in 1649.

England - Oliver CromwellEngland - Oliver Cromwell Cromwell now declared England a Commonwealth Cromwell now declared England a Commonwealth

(Republic). (Republic). He crushed the ScotsHe crushed the Scots Rump ParliamentRump Parliament abolished House of Lords and monarchy and set abolished House of Lords and monarchy and set

England up as a England up as a commonwealthcommonwealth with Cromwell as leader with Cromwell as leader

Cromwell could never win over the conservatives, and his own Cromwell could never win over the conservatives, and his own supporters soon divided over radical issuessupporters soon divided over radical issues LevellersLevellers QuakersQuakers DiggersDiggers Fifth Monarchy MenFifth Monarchy Men

Cromwell abolished Parliament (1653) and ruled as Cromwell abolished Parliament (1653) and ruled as Lord Lord ProtectorProtector, placing England under Puritan military rule , placing England under Puritan military rule characterized by characterized by ““blue lawsblue laws””

Cromwell did challenge the Dutch naval supremacy and in a Cromwell did challenge the Dutch naval supremacy and in a brief war with Spain was able to seize Jamaica.brief war with Spain was able to seize Jamaica.

He died in 1658 and was briefly succeeded by his son. He died in 1658 and was briefly succeeded by his son.

England - Oliver CromwellEngland - Oliver Cromwell

““the native religion and the native religion and clergy were driven clergy were driven underground, a foreign underground, a foreign and detested church was and detested church was established, and a new established, and a new and foreign landed and foreign landed aristocracy, originally aristocracy, originally recruited in large recruited in large measure from military measure from military adventurers, was settled adventurers, was settled upon the country.…upon the country.…””

England – Restoration of the StuartsEngland – Restoration of the Stuarts Royalty was restored with Charles II in 1660Royalty was restored with Charles II in 1660 England was left with the memory of the nightmare of England was left with the memory of the nightmare of

standing armies and rule by religious fanatics. standing armies and rule by religious fanatics. Democratic ideas were rejected as Democratic ideas were rejected as ““levelingleveling”” (except in (except in

America where some Puritan leaders took refuge) America where some Puritan leaders took refuge) Political consciousness of the lower classes basically Political consciousness of the lower classes basically

ceased for the next two centuries.ceased for the next two centuries.

England – Restoration of Charles IIEngland – Restoration of Charles II Charles was careful not to provoke Charles was careful not to provoke

ParliamentParliament The “The “Merrie MonarchMerrie Monarch” was welcomed back ” was welcomed back

after the socially and morally oppressive after the socially and morally oppressive years of Cromwell.years of Cromwell.

New Parliament – New Parliament – Cavalier ParliamentCavalier Parliament met met to reestablish Anglican Church as official in to reestablish Anglican Church as official in England, and to force others to conform.England, and to force others to conform. Parliament took steps to limit kingParliament took steps to limit king

creation of modern land tenurecreation of modern land tenure abolishing certain feudal payments to king--in abolishing certain feudal payments to king--in

exchange for which they agreed to support the exchange for which they agreed to support the state (king) by taxing themselves--and share in state (king) by taxing themselves--and share in the governing of England. the governing of England.

Local landowners also ran local affairs as Local landowners also ran local affairs as ““justices of the peacejustices of the peace””

Dissenters, i.e. Puritans, were severely Dissenters, i.e. Puritans, were severely restrictedrestricted

Under the Under the Clarendon Clarendon CodeCode (1661-65) passed (1661-65) passed

by Sir Edward Hyde, by Sir Edward Hyde, Charles’ chief minister, Charles’ chief minister,

Puritans were Puritans were disenfranchiseddisenfranchised

England – Charles II and CatholicismEngland – Charles II and Catholicism Charles II, perhaps sympathetic to Catholicism, Charles II, perhaps sympathetic to Catholicism,

suspended restrictive laws vs. Catholics and suspended restrictive laws vs. Catholics and Puritans via Puritans via Declaration of Indulgence 1672Declaration of Indulgence 1672, , provoking worry…provoking worry…

Tendency in Europe was for Protestants to Tendency in Europe was for Protestants to return to Catholicism; however, the English return to Catholicism; however, the English people and Parliament were anti-Catholic. people and Parliament were anti-Catholic.

Charles II, however, admired Louis XIV and Charles II, however, admired Louis XIV and made a secret treaty (Treaty of Dover) involving made a secret treaty (Treaty of Dover) involving English help against the Dutch in exchange for English help against the Dutch in exchange for cash, a promise of his eventual conversion, and cash, a promise of his eventual conversion, and toleration for Catholics in England. toleration for Catholics in England.

Angered, Parliament passed Angered, Parliament passed Test Act of 1673Test Act of 1673: : all office-holders had to take communion in the all office-holders had to take communion in the Church of England (be Anglican), Church of England (be Anglican), Catholics Catholics could not servecould not serve in army or navy. in army or navy.

Charles’ beloved sister Minette was

married to Philippe, the allegedly gay

brother of Louis XIV and helped engineer

the Treaty of Dover

Restoration and Fear of CatholicismRestoration and Fear of Catholicism

Parliament worried about Parliament worried about succession of James II succession of James II

Exclusion BillExclusion Bill Two factions formedTwo factions formed

WhigsWhigs who wanted James who wanted James barredbarred

ToriesTories who hated James but who hated James but didn’t believe succession didn’t believe succession should be tampered with. should be tampered with.

Charles’ response to the Charles’ response to the factions: DISMISS factions: DISMISS PARLIAMENT!PARLIAMENT!

Charles dies in 1685 and his Charles dies in 1685 and his brother brother James IIJames II succeeds succeeds him. him.

James II: UberCatholic

England – RestorationEngland – RestorationJames II (1685-1689) and BeyondJames II (1685-1689) and Beyond

Ignored Ignored Test ActTest Act Declaration of IndulgenceDeclaration of Indulgence allows Catholics to allows Catholics to

hold office! hold office! Also believed in his power to make/unmake laws.Also believed in his power to make/unmake laws. Parliament lays low …until Catholic heir born…Parliament lays low …until Catholic heir born… Parliament offered the throne to Parliament offered the throne to MaryMary, Protestant , Protestant

daughter of James and wife of daughter of James and wife of William III of William III of Orange-Orange--who was thoroughly Protestant and -who was thoroughly Protestant and opposed to Louis XIV. opposed to Louis XIV.

Offered the crown, William Offered the crown, William ““invadedinvaded”” England; England; James fledJames fled James II attempted to reclaim the throne, James II attempted to reclaim the throne,

unsuccessfully attacking from Ireland in 1690 at unsuccessfully attacking from Ireland in 1690 at the the Battle of the BoyneBattle of the Boyne

Victory still celebrated by the Victory still celebrated by the OrangemenOrangemen of of North IrelandNorth Ireland

James II fled to the court of James II fled to the court of Louis XIVLouis XIV

James II: “The Psychedelic” and

stamps commemorating the Battle of the Boyne

EnglandEnglandThe Old and Young PretendersThe Old and Young Pretenders

James II’s son, James, was considered James James II’s son, James, was considered James III of England/VIII of Scotland by his III of England/VIII of Scotland by his supporters, but referred to as the “supporters, but referred to as the “old old pretenderpretender” by those who did not support his ” by those who did not support his claim to throne.claim to throne.

““Bonnie” Prince CharlieBonnie” Prince Charlie, was the “, was the “young young pretenderpretender”” Papacy, Louis XIV, and Spain supported Stuart Papacy, Louis XIV, and Spain supported Stuart

claimsclaims Both tried to reclaim the English/Scottish thrones but Both tried to reclaim the English/Scottish thrones but

failed– but failed, thus ending all hope of a Stuart failed– but failed, thus ending all hope of a Stuart restoration for good.restoration for good.

Displaced Stuarts

England: Glorious Revolution England: Glorious Revolution Reign of William and MaryReign of William and Mary

Bill of RightsBill of Rights (1689) (1689) No law could be suspended by No law could be suspended by

the kingthe king no taxes or army without no taxes or army without

ParliamentParliament’’s consents consent no subject could be arrested or no subject could be arrested or

detained without legal process detained without legal process

Act of SettlementAct of Settlement (1701) (1701) Toleration ActToleration Act (1689) (1689) Act of UnionAct of Union (1707)) (1707))

England: Glorious Revolution England: Glorious Revolution Reign of William and MaryReign of William and Mary

Ireland: England feared Irish Ireland: England feared Irish ““counter-revolutioncounter-revolution”” to the to the burden of an alien church and burden of an alien church and absentee landlords – given a absentee landlords – given a harsh “penal code”harsh “penal code”

Bank of England: to pay for his Bank of England: to pay for his new war with France, William new war with France, William borrowed from private lenders borrowed from private lenders who were granted the right to who were granted the right to operate a bank--the operate a bank--the Bank of Bank of EnglandEngland

Trinity College, the only university in Ireland at the time,

did not admit Catholics until 1793. The RCC finally changed its policy that excommunicated any Catholics who attended the

university without special dispensation from the Pope until

1970!

England – Was it a Glorious Revolution?England – Was it a Glorious Revolution? As an advocate of absolutism, As an advocate of absolutism,

Thomas Hobbes condemned Thomas Hobbes condemned the revolution in the revolution in LeviathanLeviathan

It did, in part, vindicate the It did, in part, vindicate the principles of principles of parliamentary parliamentary governmentgovernment, as promoted by , as promoted by John Locke in his Two John Locke in his Two Treatises on GovernmentTreatises on Government

Large segments of the people Large segments of the people were still excluded from were still excluded from governmentgovernment

England was a true England was a true aristocracyaristocracy Divine RightDivine Right in England forever in England forever

is obliteratedis obliterated

William and Mary and family. The throne passed next to Anne, Mary’s sister

in 1702.

Big-Picture Trends in Eastern EuropeBig-Picture Trends in Eastern Europe Three old, increasingly ineffective, loose Three old, increasingly ineffective, loose

and sprawling political organizations are in and sprawling political organizations are in declinedecline the Holy Roman Empire the Holy Roman Empire the Republic of Polandthe Republic of Poland the empire of the Ottoman Turks the empire of the Ottoman Turks

Newer and stronger powers are rising to Newer and stronger powers are rising to replace them in the wake of the 30 Years’ replace them in the wake of the 30 Years’ WarWar Prussia - the military state of the HohenzollernsPrussia - the military state of the Hohenzollerns Austria – the new seat of Hapsburg powerAustria – the new seat of Hapsburg power Russia – absolutism and westernization of PeterRussia – absolutism and westernization of Peter

Big-Picture Trends in Eastern EuropeBig-Picture Trends in Eastern Europe

More ruralMore rural less productive human laborless productive human labor weaker middle classesweaker middle classes Peasants were governed by their Peasants were governed by their

landlords and were losing freedomlandlords and were losing freedom Impact of the Commercial Impact of the Commercial

Revolution: serfdom persistsRevolution: serfdom persists

Three Aging Empires: Three Aging Empires:

Each of the three (HRE, Polish, Ottoman) was Each of the three (HRE, Polish, Ottoman) was different in origins and traditions but with different in origins and traditions but with basic similarities: basic similarities: Central authority was weakCentral authority was weak Powerful local lords Powerful local lords None had an efficient administration. None had an efficient administration. All were comprised of diverse ethnic/language All were comprised of diverse ethnic/language

groupsgroups All were at the mercy of strong neighbors. All were at the mercy of strong neighbors.

Three Aging Empires – HRE After 1648 Three Aging Empires – HRE After 1648

Impact of Impact of Protestant Protestant ReformationReformation

Impact of Impact of Thirty YearsThirty Years’’ War War Lacking large-scale organization, Lacking large-scale organization,

could not carry on overseas could not carry on overseas colonization or tradecolonization or trade

Internal commerce stifled by Internal commerce stifled by varying laws, tariffs, tolls and varying laws, tariffs, tolls and coinage coinage

Culture was at a low ebb, in spite Culture was at a low ebb, in spite of of GottfriedGottfried LeibnizLeibniz and and J. S. J. S. BachBach

Even WE couldn’t bring

enough culture to the

HRE!Gottfried Leibnitz – inventor of binary system and calculus (independently of Newton) and J.S. Bach

Three Aging Empires - HRE Three Aging Empires - HRE Germany: 300 Germany: 300

sovereign states sovereign states plus 200 plus 200 sovereign sovereign ““free free knightsknights””

Each state Each state anxious to anxious to preserve preserve ““German German libertiesliberties””

France and France and others happy to others happy to oblige and oblige and weaken the weaken the potential threat of potential threat of a unified nationa unified nation

Electors required Electors required each new each new emperor to agree emperor to agree to to ““capitulationscapitulations””

Three Aging Empires - HRE Three Aging Empires - HRE

Issues facing the Imperial DietIssues facing the Imperial Diet Protestants/Catholics splitProtestants/Catholics split All talk no action All talk no action

Each minor state aspired to absolutismEach minor state aspired to absolutism Ambitious states used the politics of marriage Ambitious states used the politics of marriage

to increase power and territoryto increase power and territory HohenzollernsHohenzollerns accumulated key territories accumulated key territories BavariansBavarians used the church to gain key cities used the church to gain key cities SaxonsSaxons eventually gained the thrones of England eventually gained the thrones of England

(Hanover Dynasty) and Poland (Wettin Dynasty)(Hanover Dynasty) and Poland (Wettin Dynasty)

Three Aging Empires - Poland Three Aging Empires - Poland Poland - a Poland - a

RepublicRepublic Nobles’ Nobles’

liberties liberties Large, Large,

heterogeneoheterogeneous populationus population

Townspeople Townspeople largely largely Germans Germans and Jews and Jews Jews had Jews had

lived apart lived apart for religious for religious reasonsreasons

Jews Jews eventually eventually forced into forced into ghettos ghettos

Poland was decentralized and lacked middle class and national language (except Church Latin) Poland was decentralized and lacked middle class and national language (except Church Latin)

Three Aging Empires - Poland Three Aging Empires - Poland Power of the aristocrats (8% of the people)Power of the aristocrats (8% of the people) Royal elections were centers of foreign intrigue, briberyRoyal elections were centers of foreign intrigue, bribery People were too divided to accept any Polish king under People were too divided to accept any Polish king under

most conditions. most conditions. Diet was ineffective - (Diet was ineffective - (liberum vetoliberum veto) ) The king lacked an army, law courts, officials and The king lacked an army, law courts, officials and

income. income. Nobles were highly cultured and cosmopolitan – and Nobles were highly cultured and cosmopolitan – and

independent! independent! ““Poland was, in short, a power vacuum...and as centers Poland was, in short, a power vacuum...and as centers

of higher pressure developed, notably around Berlin and of higher pressure developed, notably around Berlin and Moscow, the push against the Polish frontiers became Moscow, the push against the Polish frontiers became steadily stronger.steadily stronger.””

Talk began of Talk began of partitioningpartitioning Poland. Poland.

Three Aging Empires - Ottoman Three Aging Empires - Ottoman The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire

was the largest and was the largest and most solid of the most solid of the territoriesterritories

The Ottomans The Ottomans controlledcontrolled many subject many subject peoples, but there was peoples, but there was no no assimilationassimilation Law tied to Muslim Law tied to Muslim

religionreligion non-Muslims were left to non-Muslims were left to

settle their own settle their own problems by religious problems by religious groupings groupings

A janissary with a merchant

Three Aging Empires - Ottoman Three Aging Empires - Ottoman Turkish rule: oppressive, arbitrary and Turkish rule: oppressive, arbitrary and

brutalbrutal Border provinces only loosely attached, Border provinces only loosely attached,

serving as battlegroundsserving as battlegrounds Family of Family of Elizabeth Bathory Elizabeth Bathory defends S. defends S.

Russia and Hungary from TurksRussia and Hungary from Turks Hapsburgs eventually absorbed the region Hapsburgs eventually absorbed the region

In 1663, Turkey began to modernize In 1663, Turkey began to modernize under the rule of exceptional viziers under the rule of exceptional viziers (viz-EARS)(viz-EARS)

The Turks again became a threat to The Turks again became a threat to Austria (encouraged by Louis XIV!)Austria (encouraged by Louis XIV!)

Eventually defeated in 1699 by an Eventually defeated in 1699 by an international force.international force.

Austria Emerges:Austria Emerges: Recovery of Hapsburg Power, 1648-1740Recovery of Hapsburg Power, 1648-1740 The Thirty YearsThe Thirty Years’’ War dashed Hapsburg War dashed Hapsburg

hope of twin supports in Spain and the Holy hope of twin supports in Spain and the Holy Roman Empire--though the Austrians did Roman Empire--though the Austrians did maintain an interest in the Germanies until maintain an interest in the Germanies until 1870. 1870. Main divisions: Main divisions:

AustriaAustria, the , the ““hereditary provinceshereditary provinces”” of the Hapsburgs of the Hapsburgs the the Kingdom of BohemiaKingdom of Bohemia, made up of Bohemia, , made up of Bohemia,

Moravia, and Silesia Moravia, and Silesia the the Kingdom of HungaryKingdom of Hungary, made up of Hungary, , made up of Hungary,

Transylvania, and Croatia. Transylvania, and Croatia.

HRE Leopold IHRE Leopold I (1658-1705) moves the (1658-1705) moves the empire eastwardempire eastward

Hapsburgs eliminated Protestantism in their Hapsburgs eliminated Protestantism in their territories during the Thirty Yearsterritories during the Thirty Years’’ War, and War, and briefly conquered Hungary soon after from briefly conquered Hungary soon after from the Turksthe Turks

GO EAST!

Leopold I: Holy Roman Emperor

Austria Emerges:Austria Emerges: Recovery of Hapsburg Power, 1648-1740Recovery of Hapsburg Power, 1648-1740 Turkish siege of Turkish siege of

Vienna in 1683Vienna in 1683 Austrian, German Austrian, German

and Polish troops and Polish troops financed by Pope financed by Pope Pius XI sent to Pius XI sent to battle the Turks. battle the Turks.

Turks defeated Turks defeated and driven backand driven back Prince Eugene of Prince Eugene of

SavoySavoy Added Hungary Added Hungary

to the Hapsburg to the Hapsburg domains. domains.

Treaty of Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)Karlowitz (1699)

Trieste (tree-EST)Trieste (tree-EST), was developed as the Hapsburg window on , was developed as the Hapsburg window on the Mediterraneanthe Mediterranean

Development of the Austrian MonarchyDevelopment of the Austrian Monarchy

Empire was international with strong German Empire was international with strong German influenceinfluence

It was based on cosmopolitan aristocratsIt was based on cosmopolitan aristocrats Old Diets remained in place in Austria, Old Diets remained in place in Austria,

Hungary, and Bohemia but there was Hungary, and Bohemia but there was no no overall imperial Dietoverall imperial Diet..

National diets retained their National diets retained their ““liberties,liberties,”” and no and no questions were asked in Vienna as long as the questions were asked in Vienna as long as the diets… diets… produced taxes and soldiers as neededproduced taxes and soldiers as needed accepted the wars and foreign policy of the ruling accepted the wars and foreign policy of the ruling

Hapsburg houseHapsburg house

Consolidation of Bohemia and Hungary Consolidation of Bohemia and Hungary by the Austrian Monarchyby the Austrian Monarchy

Bohemian independence Bohemian independence crushed in 1620: turned into crushed in 1620: turned into a Catholic statea Catholic state

1699 Protestant Hungary 1699 Protestant Hungary was given the same was given the same treatmenttreatment 1703 rebellion crushed 1703 rebellion crushed Hungarians: proud, Hungarians: proud,

nationalistic, distinct and nationalistic, distinct and pissedpissed!!Francis II Rákóczi led the Francis II Rákóczi led the

Hungarians to rebel against the Hungarians to rebel against the HapsburgsHapsburgs

Development of the Austrian MonarchyDevelopment of the Austrian Monarchy Each constituent country had its own Each constituent country had its own

law, diet, and political lifelaw, diet, and political life To give a semblance of unity, To give a semblance of unity,

Hapsburg Emperor Charles VI in Hapsburg Emperor Charles VI in 1713 produced the 1713 produced the Pragmatic Pragmatic SanctionSanction Hapsburg territories were indivisible with Hapsburg territories were indivisible with

only one line of heirs. only one line of heirs. CharlesCharles’’ only heir – daughter Maria only heir – daughter Maria

Theresa!Theresa! To secure her succession, Charles got To secure her succession, Charles got

all major foreign powers to sign a all major foreign powers to sign a guarantee as well.guarantee as well.

Frederick II of Prussia takes upper Silesia Frederick II of Prussia takes upper Silesia from Maria Theresa in 1740 to spark from Maria Theresa in 1740 to spark war…war…

HRE Charles VI passes Pragmatic

Sanction to secure his daughter’s succession

– and territories!

Growth of Brandenburg PrussiaGrowth of Brandenburg Prussia Prussia was indeed an unpromising Prussia was indeed an unpromising

site from which to rise to greatness site from which to rise to greatness Machiavellian-style leadership and a Machiavellian-style leadership and a

strong militarystrong military allowed the region to allowed the region to prosperprosper

It was composed of two basic It was composed of two basic territories: territories: BrandenburgBrandenburg PrussiaPrussia

Growth of Brandenburg PrussiaGrowth of Brandenburg Prussia HohenzollernsHohenzollerns of of

Brandenburg inherited Brandenburg inherited Prussia. Prussia.

Expansion via Treaty of Expansion via Treaty of Westphalia helped unify Westphalia helped unify disparate and divided disparate and divided landland

Militaristic traditionsMilitaristic traditions key key to successto success

Role of Frederick Role of Frederick William, the Great William, the Great ElectorElector

Frederick William the Great Elector (1620-88) was a military legend

Freddie’s the Great Elector’s Game PlanFreddie’s the Great Elector’s Game Plan

Use of small, efficient military to break Use of small, efficient military to break local forces that controlled taxation local forces that controlled taxation

Levied taxes over diverse region to Levied taxes over diverse region to support army support army

General War CommissariatGeneral War Commissariat to collect to collect taxes.taxes.

GWC then evolved to be bureaucracy GWC then evolved to be bureaucracy for administration of civil government for administration of civil government officers from officers from JunkersJunkers Junkers fill all high posts in government Junkers fill all high posts in government

bureaucracybureaucracy

Note: Strong man-thigh

Brandenburg Prussia: Controlling The JunkersBrandenburg Prussia: Controlling The Junkers

Junkers were the dominant class in PrussiaJunkers were the dominant class in Prussia To get power over these local nobles in each To get power over these local nobles in each

region, Fred made a deal region, Fred made a deal Fred gets power in their region and military service Fred gets power in their region and military service

from Junkersfrom Junkers Junkers get Junkers get exemption from taxesexemption from taxes and their and their free free

control over their peasantscontrol over their peasants Legitimized Legitimized serfdom serfdom

Junkers’ code of duty, service, obedience, and Junkers’ code of duty, service, obedience, and sacrifice molds Germany to this day. sacrifice molds Germany to this day.

Middle class growth stifledMiddle class growth stifled

Freddie’s the Great Elector’s Game PlanFreddie’s the Great Elector’s Game Plan MercantilismMercantilism and and

monopolies for monopolies for manufacturersmanufacturers

Taxes used to Taxes used to construct roads/canalsconstruct roads/canals

Skilled religious Skilled religious refugees encouragedrefugees encouraged

The main identifiable The main identifiable features of this new features of this new Prussia were: Prussia were: • the disproportion between the disproportion between

the size of the army and the size of the army and the resource basethe resource base

• the use of this army as the the use of this army as the main all-Prussian main all-Prussian institution and basis of the institution and basis of the statestate

• the state-based economythe state-based economy

Brandenburg Prussia - GrowthBrandenburg Prussia - Growth Frederick William the Great ElectorFrederick William the Great Elector leaves the leaves the

state to his son, who becomes Frederick I state to his son, who becomes Frederick I (1701-1713), first (1701-1713), first King of PrussiaKing of Prussia Attains the title of Attains the title of KingKing Imitates the court of Imitates the court of Louis XIVLouis XIV Leaves throne to his son, Frederick William ILeaves throne to his son, Frederick William I

Frederick William I (1713-1740)Frederick William I (1713-1740) Use “balance of power” politics superbly under this Use “balance of power” politics superbly under this

able ruler post-Louis XIVable ruler post-Louis XIV Der soldatenkönigDer soldatenkönig Freddie Willie I produced the base that made his son Freddie Willie I produced the base that made his son

Frederick II “the Great.”Frederick II “the Great.” Judged simply as a human accomplishment, Judged simply as a human accomplishment,

Prussia was a remarkable creation, a state Prussia was a remarkable creation, a state made on a shoestring, a triumph of work and made on a shoestring, a triumph of work and duty.duty.

Emergence of RussiaEmergence of Russia Between 1650 and Between 1650 and

1750, Russia emerged 1750, Russia emerged from the old Tsardom from the old Tsardom of of MuscovyMuscovy

Russia had long been Russia had long been Christian, but had not Christian, but had not participated in the participated in the development of development of Western Europe many Western Europe many reasons: reasons: Greek Orthodox Greek Orthodox

ChristianityChristianity The The Mongol conquest Mongol conquest

in 1240in 1240 - eastern - eastern orientationorientation

Russian geographyRussian geography

Map of Russia in 1648 - cut off from the West by Sweden and the Ottoman Empire

Russia and Prussia: A ComparisonRussia and Prussia: A Comparison

A comparison of Russia and : A comparison of Russia and : Both lacked natural frontiers, consisting of a Both lacked natural frontiers, consisting of a

wide plainwide plain State arose as a means to support the armyState arose as a means to support the army had an autocratic government and landlord had an autocratic government and landlord

class in service of the stateclass in service of the state imported skills from W.Europe for the army imported skills from W.Europe for the army

and the stateand the state Neither developed a commercial class Neither developed a commercial class

(bourgeoisie) of any size.(bourgeoisie) of any size.

Russia’s Diversity and Unique (backward?) FeaturesRussia’s Diversity and Unique (backward?) Features

Diverse populationDiverse population Great RussiansGreat Russians of Muscovy of Muscovy assimilated assimilated TartarsTartars of the Volga regions of the Volga regions CossacksCossacks of the area between the Volga and of the area between the Volga and

Black SeaBlack Sea White RussiansWhite Russians (Belorussians) were south and (Belorussians) were south and

west of Moscowwest of Moscow Lesser RussiansLesser Russians ( (UkrainiansUkrainians) under Polish ) under Polish

rule. rule. In 1650 In 1650 SwedesSwedes controlled the Baltic Coast controlled the Baltic Coast

and and TurksTurks the Black Sea the Black Sea Russians had little contact with EuropeansRussians had little contact with Europeans

Most trade routes were north-south. Most trade routes were north-south. The English had trading companies through The English had trading companies through

ArchangelArchangel on the White Sea before 1600. on the White Sea before 1600. Russian culture was essentially crudeRussian culture was essentially crude Religion played a major role but lacked Religion played a major role but lacked

charitable or educational institutions (Orthodox charitable or educational institutions (Orthodox practices were considered bizarre by western practices were considered bizarre by western Euros)Euros)

Russian dress –

bizarre to the

west…

Russia: Ivan IV: The Terrible (r. 1533-84)Russia: Ivan IV: The Terrible (r. 1533-84) Was the first to call himself Was the first to call himself tsartsar Ivan had himself crowned Tsar Ivan had himself crowned Tsar

(CAESAR) – tried to expand (CAESAR) – tried to expand westwest

Blocked by Polish and Swedish Blocked by Polish and Swedish powers, he looked east instead – powers, he looked east instead – “THIRD ROME” = Moscow“THIRD ROME” = Moscow

Crushed power of the Boyars, or Crushed power of the Boyars, or Russian nobility.Russian nobility.

Established Zemsky SoborEstablished Zemsky Sobor Cruel, sadistic, and most likely, Cruel, sadistic, and most likely,

mentally ill.mentally ill. Killed his own (similarly sadistic) Killed his own (similarly sadistic)

son and heir, Ivan Ivanovichson and heir, Ivan Ivanovich

I MUST be terrible. I killed my son by

hitting him in the head with my sceptre!

See my child! See him! I whacked him in

the head with my sceptre!

I’m….dead. Thanks, dad!

Russia: Russia: Time of Troubles and the Emergence of the RomanovsTime of Troubles and the Emergence of the Romanovs

Ivan’s reign was followed by the brief reign Ivan’s reign was followed by the brief reign of his younger and mentally retarded son of his younger and mentally retarded son FeodorFeodor (1584-1598), who died without an (1584-1598), who died without an heir.heir.

Following Feodor and end of Rurik dynasty, Following Feodor and end of Rurik dynasty, 10-year “10-year “Time of TroublesTime of Troubles” occurred. ” occurred. Nobles (Nobles (BoyarsBoyars) asserted their power ) asserted their power Bad harvests, famineBad harvests, famine

Time of Troubles came to an end when Time of Troubles came to an end when Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year old Mikhail Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year old Mikhail Romanov (1613-1645) as new Tsar. Romanov (1613-1645) as new Tsar.

Eventually, the Eventually, the Romanov DynastyRomanov Dynasty, one of , one of the noble families, was able to suppress the the noble families, was able to suppress the Duma Duma and develop an autocracy. and develop an autocracy.

Romanov dynasty lasted until revolution of Romanov dynasty lasted until revolution of 1917!1917!Top: Feodor “the

Bellringer”; Bottom: Mikhail Romanov

The Romanov Dynasty:The Romanov Dynasty:Political and Economic StructurePolitical and Economic Structure

Political structurePolitical structure Tsar on top - divinely ordained Tsar on top - divinely ordained 2 legislative houses2 legislative houses

DumaDuma made up of Boyars made up of BoyarsZemsky SoborZemsky Sobor (established by Ivan IV and (established by Ivan IV and

made of landed Russians)made of landed Russians) Economic Structure Economic Structure

upper class dominated – landed aristocracy upper class dominated – landed aristocracy ruledruled

peasants were turned into peasants were turned into hereditary serfshereditary serfs, , able to be bought and soldable to be bought and sold

Merchants were heavily restricted Merchants were heavily restricted Economic revolts often occurred in 17Economic revolts often occurred in 17 thth century century

The Romanov Dynasty – Religious StructureThe Romanov Dynasty – Religious Structure

The The Russian Orthodox ChurchRussian Orthodox Church became divided under Tsar Alexis (son became divided under Tsar Alexis (son of Mikhail) and the Patriarch Nikon of Mikhail) and the Patriarch Nikon

Nikon wanted Russian Orthodox to Nikon wanted Russian Orthodox to return to its Greek roots return to its Greek roots

Nikon also interfered in politics and was Nikon also interfered in politics and was regarded as an opportunist and even the regarded as an opportunist and even the “Antichrist”“Antichrist”

Church was divided:Church was divided: An established, upper class church – An established, upper class church –

used for political controlused for political control Old BelieversOld Believers (“Raskolniki” or (“Raskolniki” or

dissenters)dissenters) The peasants: for them “both church and The peasants: for them “both church and

government seemed mere engines of government seemed mere engines of repression.”repression.”

Religious revoltsReligious revolts

Defiant Boyarynya arrested by Tsarist authorities in 1671. She holds two

fingers raised: a hint of the old (i.e. "proper") way

Russia: Peter the Great Russia: Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)(r. 1682-1725) After a time of anarchy After a time of anarchy

and a return to and a return to government largely government largely controlled by the boyars, controlled by the boyars, Peter the Great takes Peter the Great takes thronethrone Personal qualitiesPersonal qualities Initially shared throne with Initially shared throne with

brother brother Ivan VIvan V until Ivan’s until Ivan’s death in 1696death in 1696

Sister Sister Sophia Sophia regent until regent until 1689 1689

Many tried to keep up with Peter’s great pace and huge strides…he was

always on the move!

Damnski. I wish he’s slow it

down. I’m old.

Peter Looks West…(1697-1699)Peter Looks West…(1697-1699) Peter visited Archangel and Peter visited Archangel and

spent a year in Holland and spent a year in Holland and EnglandEngland

He was crude, practical, and “as He was crude, practical, and “as little troubled by appearances little troubled by appearances as by moral scruples.” as by moral scruples.”

He recruited 1000 foreign He recruited 1000 foreign experts for service in Russia - experts for service in Russia - many followed later. many followed later.

Goal was to build a powerful Goal was to build a powerful army and state--partly army and state--partly defensive, partly expansionist defensive, partly expansionist

He believed Russia needed He believed Russia needed “windows on the West,” warm “windows on the West,” warm water ports and a new West-water ports and a new West-looking capital city – looking capital city – St. St. PetersburgPetersburg..

Young Peter

Peter Rebuilds His MilitaryPeter Rebuilds His Military Brought technology back Brought technology back

to Russia to beef up to Russia to beef up military to create an elite military to create an elite fighting machine.fighting machine.

Created an army of Created an army of 210,000 men210,000 men

Built navy from scratch Built navy from scratch that made victory in that made victory in Great Great Northern WarNorthern War possible. possible.

Fought to attain territory Fought to attain territory that would provide a warm that would provide a warm water port for trade with water port for trade with the west. the west.

Peter’s Azov Fleet establishes Russia as a Maritime

powerhouse and secures access to the Black Sea

Peter’s WarsPeter’s Wars Peter was able to recover Kiev and Smolensk from Peter was able to recover Kiev and Smolensk from

Polish rule because of Poland’s anarchy.Polish rule because of Poland’s anarchy. Russo-Turkish WarRusso-Turkish War (1686-1700) (1686-1700)

Discovered the inferiority of his armyDiscovered the inferiority of his army Azov Azov Treaty of ConstantinopleTreaty of Constantinople

Great Northern WarGreat Northern War vs. Sweden (1700-1721) vs. Sweden (1700-1721) Charles XII/Battle of NarvaCharles XII/Battle of Narva He then rebuilt his army with western advisers and He then rebuilt his army with western advisers and

weaponry; weaponry; PoltavaPoltava Peace of NystadPeace of Nystad in 1721 gave Livonia, Estonia and part of in 1721 gave Livonia, Estonia and part of

Finland to Russia.Finland to Russia. Russia had won its Russia had won its Baltic coastBaltic coast, its window on the West. , its window on the West.

Peter now built his new capital city of St. PetersburgPeter now built his new capital city of St. Petersburg Moscow was left behind.Moscow was left behind.

Peter’s WarsPeter’s Wars

Green region in the east shows what Peter the Great won from Sweden in the Great Northern War.

St. Petersburg: The New CapitalSt. Petersburg: The New Capital Like Louis, Peter rebuilt a new capital – his Like Louis, Peter rebuilt a new capital – his

““window to the westwindow to the west” at ” at St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg Time and moneyTime and money Peasants exploitedPeasants exploited

Pete Takes Control of GovernmentPete Takes Control of Government Taming the Streltsy and BoyarsTaming the Streltsy and Boyars Pete embraced western culture – no Pete embraced western culture – no

spitting on floor, long beards, long coats spitting on floor, long beards, long coats or sleeves.or sleeves.

Required schooling and good manners! Required schooling and good manners! Created Created Table of Ranks Table of Ranks The streltsy rebelled while Pete was The streltsy rebelled while Pete was

away on military campaign. away on military campaign. Peter quells rebellionPeter quells rebellion Morbid response?Morbid response?

Pete Enforces “Beard Burning”Pete Enforces “Beard Burning”OMG! That long beard is a fashion faux pas!

It’s gotta go!

WT*-ski! I smack you in the headski,

little man!

AKA “Queer Western Eye for the Straight, Old Russian Guy”

Pete Takes Control of GovernmentPete Takes Control of Government

Bureaucracy Bureaucracy SwedishSwedish system system collegescolleges set up set up

The The DumaDuma and and national assemblynational assembly replaced by a “replaced by a “senatesenate” controlled by the ” controlled by the tsar.tsar.

Pete takes Control of ChurchPete takes Control of Church Before Pete’s interventions, there was Before Pete’s interventions, there was

stress stress Patriarch Nikon Patriarch Nikon Old Believers’ responseOld Believers’ response

Peter abolished the office of Peter abolished the office of PatriarchPatriarch and and created a created a Holy SynodHoly Synod (council) headed by (council) headed by layman ruler called layman ruler called Procurator GeneralProcurator General

Ended the Ended the rule of hereditary successionrule of hereditary succession

Pete takes Control of EconomyPete takes Control of Economy

Encouraged iron production in the Encouraged iron production in the UralsUrals Sent young Russians west to be educatedSent young Russians west to be educated Encouraged non-Russian artisans to live Encouraged non-Russian artisans to live

in Russiain Russia Increased taxes, mainly on peasants, Increased taxes, mainly on peasants, serfdomserfdom even more universal even more universal He encouraged He encouraged mercantilistmercantilist policies policies

An Assessment of PeterAn Assessment of PeterThe whole system of centralized absolutism, while in form The whole system of centralized absolutism, while in form resembling that of the West...was in fact significantly different, resembling that of the West...was in fact significantly different, for it lacked legal regularity, was handicapped by the for it lacked legal regularity, was handicapped by the insuperable ignorance of many officials, and was imposed on insuperable ignorance of many officials, and was imposed on a turbulent and largely unwilling population. The empire of the a turbulent and largely unwilling population. The empire of the Romanovs has been called a state without a people.Romanovs has been called a state without a people.

Many opposed the speed of changeMany opposed the speed of change Change probably would have come as Russia was Change probably would have come as Russia was

on the move before. on the move before. BUT by Peter’s impatient forcing of a new culture, he BUT by Peter’s impatient forcing of a new culture, he

fastened autocracy, serfdom, and bureaucracy more firmly fastened autocracy, serfdom, and bureaucracy more firmly upon his country....he was able to reach only the upper upon his country....he was able to reach only the upper classes...[They] became impatient of the stolid immovability classes...[They] became impatient of the stolid immovability of the peasants around them, sense themselves as of the peasants around them, sense themselves as strangers in their own country, or were troubled by a guilty strangers in their own country, or were troubled by a guilty feeling that their position rested on the degradation and feeling that their position rested on the degradation and enslavement of human beings.enslavement of human beings.

Flourishing of European Culture: Art Mannerism (Italian origin, 1520s)

Reflected this period of war and turmoil Broke with balance and harmony of

Renaissance In the manner of Michelangelo’s later style Twisted figures, anxious, emotional faces El Greco studies in Venice and moves to

Spain

Baroque (Italian origin, 1570s) Style of Catholic Counterreformation Mix of Renaissance classicism and intense

religious emotion and drama Gaudy, colorful, use of shadow/light Bernini, Rubens, Artemisia GentileschiEl Greco’s Laocoon (ley-OK-

oh-on ); Rubens’ Rape of the daughters of Leucippus

Flourishing of European Culture: Art French Classicism (1650)

Rejects Baroque showiness Emphasis on balance,

simplicity, order Portrayal of noble, CLASSICAL

subjects Poussin (1594-1665)

Dutch Realism Newly wealthy commercial

class commissioned portraits and portrayals of everyday secular life

Judith Leyster (1609-1660) Rembrandt (1606-1669)

Poussin; Rembrandt

Dude. This is the worst handwriting

I’ve ever seen.

Morons.

Dude…is that your

mom?

Cougartown!

MILF

Shut UP!

Flourishing of European Culture: Theater Both England and Spain achieved literary

greatness between 1580-1640 Literary works written in vernacular England: The Elizabethan Era

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Wrote, directed, and acted (Anonymous, 2011)

Popularity of theatre Globe; exclusive Blackfriars

Spain’s Golden Century New theaters were established Lope de Vega; Cervantes’ Don

Quixote French Drama (1630-1680)

Theater used by Louis XIV to gain notoriety

Jean-Baptiste Racine’s Phedre Jean-Baptiste Moliere’s Tartuffe

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions Was French absolutism truly absolute? Why or why Was French absolutism truly absolute? Why or why

not?not? What purposes did Versailles serve?What purposes did Versailles serve? How did Western ideas influence the reign of Peter How did Western ideas influence the reign of Peter

the Great in Russia?the Great in Russia? What gains did Parliament make at the expense of What gains did Parliament make at the expense of

the monarchy during the course of the seventeenth the monarchy during the course of the seventeenth century?century?

How did English political thinkers react to the English How did English political thinkers react to the English revolutions?revolutions?

How did the art and plays that emerged after the How did the art and plays that emerged after the Renaissance reflect the societies of their day?Renaissance reflect the societies of their day?

Web LinksWeb Links

The Museum of WitchcraftThe Museum of Witchcraft Chateau VersaillesChateau Versailles The Thirty Years War HomepageThe Thirty Years War Homepage The State Hermitage Museum – St. Petersburg, The State Hermitage Museum – St. Petersburg,

RussiaRussia The Glorious Revolution of 1688The Glorious Revolution of 1688 Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes Renaissance and Baroque ArchitectureRenaissance and Baroque Architecture Mr. William Shakespeare and the InternetMr. William Shakespeare and the Internet National Drama: Spain to 1700National Drama: Spain to 1700