Unit 4 Review

Chapter 2 – ChemistryChapter 3 – Organic Chemistry

Chapter 49 – Nutrition

1. What is an atom? How is it different from a cell?- Atom – Smallest stable unit of matter, made up of protons, neutrons,

electrons- Cell – Smallest stable unit of life, made up of organelles (which are

made up of atoms)- Difference: Atoms make up everything on Earth (living and non-living);

Cells make up living organisms

2. Describe the three parts of an atom (charge, mass, location).- Proton - positive, large mass, in nucleus of atom, aka "atomic number- Neutron - neutral, large mass, in nucleus of atom- Electron - negative, tiny mass, in orbitals around the nucleus 3. What is the atomic number? Number of Protons What is the atomic mass? Protons + Neutrons

4. Why do atoms/elements form bonds? Which elements NEVER form bonds?- Some elements form bonds because they don't have a full outer

orbital/electron shell- The elements that NEVER form bonds are the elements that have a full

outer electron orbital- These elements are stable and unreactive- Found in the last column of the periodic table (noble gases)

5. What is the difference between a covalent, an ionic, and a hydrogen bond?- Covalent - sharing electrons between two different atoms, strong bond- Ionic - attraction between two oppositely charged ions (a + and a – ion),

easily broken in a water solution- Hydrogen - very weak bond between oppositely charged parts of

adjacent water molecules (negative oxygen with positive hydrogen)

6. What makes an ion positive? LOSING electron  What makes an ion negative? GAINING electron

7. What’s the difference between cohesion and adhesion?- Cohesion - water molecules attached/attracted together, makes surface

tension- Adhesion - water molecules attached/attracted to another

surface/substance

7. What’s the difference between cohesion and adhesion?- Cohesion - water molecules attached/attracted together, makes surface

tension- Adhesion - water molecules attached/attracted to another

surface/substance

8. Give examples of:a. Atom: Hydrogen (H), Helium (He), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Carbon

(C), Chlorine (Cl)b. Stable Atom (full outer orbital): Helium (He), Argon (Ar), Neon (Ne)c. Ion (atom or molecule with a charge): Sodium Ion (Na+), Chlorine Ion

(Cl-), Hydroxide (OH-), Hydronium (H+)d. Covalent molecule: Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Oxygen Gas

(O2), Glucose (C6H12O6)

e. Polar molecule : H2O

f. Ionic molecule: Table Salt (NaCl)

9. What is an aqueous solution? A solution where water is the solvent

10. Difference between solute and solvent?- Solute – dissolved particles (salt, sugar)- Solvent – Substance that is doing the dissolving (water)

11. What is a polar molecule/compound? Describe the polarity of water.- Neutral covalent molecule with one side positive and one side

negative- In water, oxygen atom has a stronger pull on electrons. As a result,

oxygen has a slight negative charge and the two hydrogens have a slight positive charge

12. What is the pH scale?- Scale to measure the concentration of Hydronium ions in a solution- Ranges from 0 - 14

13. What is a neutral solution?- Hydronium (H+) and Hydroxide (OH-) are equal, and has a pH of 7- Example: H2O (water)

14. What are all the properties of acids/acidic solutions? Give examples.• sour, corrosive, less than 7 on pH scale• Examples - Vinegar, lemon juice, stomach acid

15. What are all the properties of bases/alkaline solutions? Give examples.• slippery, bitter, greater than 7 on pH scale• Examples - Soap, baking soda

16. Label the parts of this chemical reaction (reactants, products, yields): • NaOH + HCl     NaCl + H2O• REACTANTS Yields  PRODCTS

17. What’s the difference between an exergonic and an endergonic reaction?• Exergonic - reaction produces/gives off energy• Endergonic - reaction absorbs/stores energy

18. What is ATP? Which organelle produces ATP?– ATP – energy for cell– Produced by mitochondria

19. Describe how ATP releases energy.• ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate• The three phosphates are held together by covalent bonds that store a

lot of energy. • When the last phosphate is broken off, the covalent bond is broken and

the stored free energy is released, • exergonic reaction• Products: ADP, Phosphate and free energy

21. What is an organic compound? • Compounds essential to life• Contain Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen (may contain other elements) • ***Inorganic compounds do not contain C, H and O

22. .What elements are in organic compound? Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

23. List the six nutrients found in food• ORGANIC - carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins• INORGANIC - minerals, water

24. Function of each nutrient.- Carbs = quick energy, can be converted into ATP very easily - Lipid = store energy, cell membrane, waterproofing - Proteins = structural material, skin, muscles, enzymes, etc. - Vitamins = coenzymes, help enzymes work more efficiently- Minerals = provide materials needed for cells to work properly- Water = regulate body temp, dissolve & digest food, transport materials

25. What is a monosaccharide? Disaccharide? Polysaccharide?• Simple Sugar - glucose, fructose, galactose• Double Sugar - lactose, sucrose, maltose• Complex Carb – glycogen, starch, cellulose

26. Where and how is glucose stored in animals? In plants?• Animal - glycogen in the liver and muscles; • Plants - starch in fruits, veggies, roots OR cellulose in cell wall

27. What are the various types of lipids?- Saturated - animal fat, shortening; - Unsaturated - plant seeds, fruit- phospholipid: Makes up cell membrane- wax: waterproof coating,- cholesterol,

28. difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?• Saturated – can increase bad cholesterol; solid at room temp, ex - butter• Unsaturated – can decrease bad cholesterol; liquid at room temp, ex – oil

29. Difference between polar and nonpolar• Polar – dissolve in water, have one positive side and one negative side• Nonpolar – don’t dissolve in water, no charges (+ or -) on molecule

30. Examples of proteins: Muscles, skin, hormones, insulin, antibodies, enzymes, hair, skin pigment, egg whites

31. What are amino acids? How many are there? How is each amino acid different?• Monomer of proteins (small units that link (bond) together to form a

long chain; long chain of amino acids is a protein)• 20 different amino acids needed, 8 essential (body can’t make, need to

get from diet)• Each amino acid has a different shaped “R” group

32. What is an enzyme? How do enzymes work?• Protein that acts as a catalyst in the body • lowering the amount of energy needed to start a reaction in the body• Enzymes unchanged after the reaction, can be used many times• only work in a specific reaction (lock and key)• Very sensitive to high temperature and pH, these may change enzymes'

shape

33. Give examples of vitamins.• Vitamin A (fat-soluble), Vitamin B, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E

34. Give examples of minerals. Iron, Potassium, Calcium

35. List what nutrient(s) are found in each. Give examples of foods - Grains – Carbohydrates; cereal, bread, rice- Veg – Carbohydrates; broccoli, green beans, corn, squash, spinach- Fruits – Carbohydrates; apple, tomato, banana, cherry, pear- Dairy – Protein, Lipids (some); Milk, Butter, Yogurt, Ice Cream- Protein – Protein; meat, fish, poultry, tofu, quinoa - Oils – Lipids; Butter, Lard, Olive Oil, Vegetable Oil

36. 1 pound of body fat = 3,500 calories. A slow and steady gain/loss of 1 pound per week is an efficient and safe form of weight control.

• Nutrition label information:– what percentage of calories come from fat? 25% – 35%– How many grams of Trans fats? 0 grams!!!– What health problems if too much sodium in their diet?

• High blood pressure, strokes, heart disease– Carbohydrates are neccesary, but which type should be limited?

• Limit Sugar! Try to eat foods that have “Other Carbohydrates”– What health problems if a person has too little fiber in their diet?

• Constipation! – What health if a person has too much sugar in their diet?

• Cavities Diabetes – Is it possible to have too much vitamins? Yes!

• Some vitamins are released in your urine (water-soluble, polar). These ones would not hurt you if you have too much in one day,

• Some vitamins are stored in your body (fat-soluble, nonpolar). These would be stored in your fat cells and can make you sick if you have too much stored