Unit 4HS260 Anatomy, Physiology & ChemistryAmy Habeck, RD, MS, LDN

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Objectives

•Answer your questions•Review chapter 11: Blood•Chapter 12: Circulatory System•Chapter 13: Lymphatic System and

Immunity

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Blood•What is the primary function of the blood?

•What is the liquid part of the blood called?

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Blood•What is the primary function of the blood?

▫Transportation Nutrients and oxygen carried to all body cells Eliminates carbon dioxide and other waste

products•What is the liquid part of the blood

called?▫Plasma: consists of salts, small amounts of

O2, waste products, hormones, plasma proteins and antibodies

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Blood

•What are the formed elements of the blood?

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Blood•What are the formed elements of the

blood?▫RBC: erythrocytes, transport O2 to cells and

CO2 away, special shape to increase surface area

▫WBC: leukocytes, defend body from microorganisms, 5 types Lymphocytes Monocytes Basophils Neutrophils Eosinophils

▫Platelets: thrombocytes, initiate blood clots

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•Neutrophils : (granular)▫Most numerous▫Protect the body from invading micro-organisms

by engulfing them in phagocytosis•Monocytes: (nongranular)

▫The largest leukocytes▫Can engulf larger bacterial organisms and

cancerous cells in phagocytosis

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WBC (Leukocytes)

•Lymphocytes (nongranular)▫Help protect us against infections using immune

mechanism▫B lymphocytes secrete antibodies that destroy

particular bacteria, viruses, or chemical toxins▫T lymphocytes protect directly by attacking bacteria

or cancerous cells•Eosinophils: (granular)

▫Protection against infections caused by certain parasites

▫Also involved in allergic reactions

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WBC (Leukocytes)

•Basophils: (granular)▫Produce heparin▫Secrete histamine in peripheral blood, released

during inflammatory reactions

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WBC (Leukocytes)

Questions?

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What is the difference between serum and plasma?

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What is the difference between serum and plasma?•Serum is the blood plasma minus its

clotting factors. It still contains antibodies

•Plasma is the liquid part of blood. It contains digested food, metabolic waste products and proteins.

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Anemia

•What is anemia?

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Anemia

•What is anemia?▫Number of different disease conditions

caused by an inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the body cells

▫Anemia can be caused by a deficiency of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

▫Deficiency of hemoglobin

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Blood Type•A

▫A antigen in cell membrane▫Anti-B antibodies in plasma

•B▫B antigen in cell membrane▫Anti-A antibodies in plasma

•AB▫A & B antigens in cell membrane▫No antibodies in plasma

•O▫Neither A nor B antigens▫Anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma

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Blood Type - Let’s Practice

•I have anti-B antibodies in my plasma. What blood type am I?

•I have no antibodies in my plasma. What blood type am I?

• I have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in my plasma. What blood type am I?

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Circulation

•What are the blood vessels called that carry blood toward the heart?

•What are the blood vessels called that carry blood away from the heart?

•What are the small blood vessels called that carry blood from the arterioles to the venules?

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Circulation

•What are the blood vessels called that carry blood toward the heart?▫veins

•What are the blood vessels called that carry blood away from the heart?▫Arteries

•What are the small blood vessels called that carry blood from the arterioles to the venules? ▫capillaries

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From lungs (O2 rich) – pulmonary veins – L atrium – L ventricle – aorta – body

From body (O2 poor) – vena cava – R atrium – R ventricle – pulmonary artery - lungs

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Questions?

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Lymphatic System• Lymph—fluid in the tissue spaces that carries protein

molecules and other substances back to the blood• Lymphatic vessels—permit only one-way movement of

lymph▫ Lymphatic capillaries—tiny blind-ended tubes distributed in

tissue spaces Microscopic in size Sheets consisting of one cell layer of simple squamous

epithelium Poor “fit” between adjacent cells results in porous walls Called lacteals in the intestinal wall (fat transportation from

food to bloodstream)▫ Right lymphatic duct

Drains lymph from the right upper extremity and right side of head, neck, and upper torso

▫ Thoracic duct Largest lymphatic vessel Drains lymph from about three-fourths of the body

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Thymus

▫Lymphoid tissue organ located in mediastinum

▫Total weight of 35 to 40 g—a little more than an ounce

▫Plays a vital and central role in immunity▫Produces T-lymphocytes, or T cells▫Secretes hormones called thymosins

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Tonsils

▫Composed of three masses of lymphoid tissue around the openings of the mouth and throat Palatine tonsils (“the tonsils”) Pharyngeal tonsils (also known as adenoids) Lingual tonsils

▫Subject to chronic infection▫Enlargement of pharyngeal tonsils may

impair breathing

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Spleen

▫Largest lymphoid organ in body▫Located in upper left quadrant of abdomen▫Often injured by trauma to abdomen▫Surgical removal called splenectomy▫Functions include phagocytosis of bacteria

and old RBCs; acts as a blood reservoir

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Lymph nodes

▫Filter lymph▫Located in clusters along the pathway of

lymphatic vessels▫Functions include defense and WBC

formation Filter bacteria from lymph

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What is the largest lymph vessel in the body?

What does the thymus do?

What do lymph nodes do?

What does the spleen do?

Review

What is the largest lymph vessel in the body?

Thoracic ductWhat does the thymus do?

helps T lymphocytes mature

What do lymph nodes do?Filter bacteriaMay spread cancer or

bacteria to other nodesWhat does the spleen do?

Salvages iron from hemoglobin, destroys old RBCs, filter bacteria, reservoir for blood

Review

Antigens and Antibodies•Antigens:

▫Can be a toxin or a protein in the surface membrane of invading or diseased cells

▫cause the formation of antibodies ▫cause immature B cells to become activated B cells

•Antibodies: ▫Protein compounds normally present in the body▫Combines with an antigen to change the invading

cell into something that cannot harm the body▫produced by B lymphocytes (a type of WBC)

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Complement•A group of protein enzymes•Activated by antibodies•“Drill” doughnut-shaped complexes in the plasma membrane of a bacterium•These holes allow sodium and then water to diffuse into the bacterium•When enough water enters, the swollen bacterium bursts

Questions?

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Helpful Activities for Test

•#4 Different Kinds of WBC•#8 Blood Grouping Challenge•#12 White Blood Cells

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Slide 35

The liquid part of blood is called

A. SerumB. PlasmaC. Formed elementsD. Blood solidsE. Globulin

Slide 36Hematopoiesis is

A. Destruction of old red blood cellsB. A disorder caused by a lack of ironC. A disorder caused by an excess of ironD. Recycling of older plateletsE. Production of new blood cells

Slide 37

The protein in RBCs that carries CO2 is called

A. HemoglobinB. OxyhemoglobinC. CarbaminohemoglobinD. ImmunoglobulinE. Carbonic acid

Slide 38Neutrophils protect the body by

A. Swallowing bacteriaB. Poisoning our enemiesC. Releasing antibodiesD. Preventing AIDSE. Forming a mucous coat

Slide 39

In the blood clotting system, thrombin triggers the formation of

A. ProthrombinB. FibrinC. ThrombocytesD. A platelet plugE. Fibrinogen

Slide 40The heart is located

A. In the right half of the thoraxB. In the left half of the thoraxC. In the middle of the thoraxD. Just inferior to the diaphragmE. In the epigastric region

Slide 41

After leaving the pulmonary veins, blood enters the

A. Superior vena cavaB. Inferior vena cavaC. Right atriumD. Left atriumE. Lungs

Slide 42The primary pacemaker of the heart is

A. Located in the myocardiumB. The atrioventricular nodeC. At the top of the AV bundleD. Imbedded under the skin of the chestE. All of the above are correct

Slide 43

Which of these can stretch in diameter most easily?

A. CapillaryB. VeinC. Artery

Slide 44

Which of these is likely to carry well-oxygenated blood?

A. Umbilical arteryB. Umbilical vein

Slide 45

Blood flows from an arteriole into a capillary because

A. There is more room for the blood in the capillariesB. Arterioles have a higher BP than capillariesC. Arterioles have a lower BP than capillariesD. The heart pushes the blood in one directionE. Veins and venules are draining the capillaries

Slide 46A function of the lymphatic system is to

A. Protect the bodyB. Prevent swelling of arms and legsC. Produce white blood cellsD. Prevent and fight infectionsE. All of the above are true

Slide 47

Specific, or adaptive, immunity works best to

A. Act as the body’s immediate “first response” when a new injury or infection threatens the body

B. Vigorously attack infectious agents that our body has encountered before

Slide 48T cells develop in the

A. ThyroidB. ThymusC. TonsilsD. BloodstreamE. Lymph nodes

Review

•What causes the formation of antibodies?•How does complement function in the

immune system?•Which WBC or leukocytes produce

antibodies?•Where do T lymphocytes mature?•What is another name for leukocytes?•What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

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Farewell•Thank you for your kind attention and

participation!•Email any time -ahabeck@kaplan.edu•Call if your matter is urgent

▫630 323 3307•Follow me on Twitter

▫@ProfAmyH

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