Unit 3Political Change

1919 to 2000

Unit Themes

■Great Depression■WWII■Civil Rights

Key Question

■How effectively did the federal government from 1933 to 2000 respond to the challenges it faced?

Specified Content■ The New Deal 1933-39 ■ Cash and Carry and Lend-Lease policies 1939-41 ■ Government in wartime 1941-45 ■ The policy of containment: the Truman Doctrine 1947 & the Marshall

Plan 1948 ■ Brown v. Board of Ed 1954 ■ The end of Jim Crow laws 1955-65, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting

Rights Act of 1965 ■ Vietnam 1954-73: reasons for involvement, military events, & their

consequences ■ Cuban Missile Crisis ■ Proliferation and arms control, ■ Equal Rights Amendment 1972

5

Politics and Prosperity Warren G. Harding was elected as the new President in

1921. World War I helped the economy. Factories expanded rapidly to meet the need for military supplies. When the war was over more than 2 million soldiers came home looking for jobs. At the same time factories slowed production. The result was a sharp recession, or economic slump.

Warren G. Harding

Dorothea Lange's Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California, centering on Florence Owens Thompson, a mother of seven children, age 32, in Nipomo, California, March 1936.

PRESIDENTS OF 1920S

■Calvin Coolidge◻Pro Business◻High Tariffs on Imports◻Causes Americans to buy American

■Herbert Hoover◻Low Taxes◻Business profit up which ◻creates expansion

POST WORLD WAR I

■Automobile◻Paved Roads◻Gasoline Stations◻Repair Shops◻Motels

ELECTRIC POWER AND APPLIANCES■Electricity wired in most of American homes by 1920■Appliances◻Refrigerators◻Cooking Ranges◻Toasters

DEBT■Installment Plan◻Buy goods over an extended period, without having to put down much money at the time of purchase.◻Ex. – Rent A Center

■Credit◻Times good◻People live beyond means◻Buy now and pay later.

SPECULATION

■Buying stocks and hoping for a quick profit■Form of Gambling

BUYING ON THE MARGIN

■Pay a small price for stock■Borrow to pay for rest of stock■Large amount of stock being bought

OVER-PRODUCTION

■Too many goods, too little demand■More products for sale then people wanting to buy product.■Company loses money.■Business start to fail.

BLACK THURSDAY

■September◻Stocks peak and fall◻People get scared start to sale

■October 24, 1929◻Stocks plunge◻Investors panic and start to sale

BLACK TUESDAY

■October 29, 1929◻Bottom Fell Out◻Stock tried to be sold◻No Buyers◻Borrows stuck with debt

GREAT DEPRESSION 1929-1940■Economy Plummeted and Unemployment Rose

BANKS■Invested in Stock■People pull money out of banks■Banks unable to pay people because they lost money on stocks■Gov’t did not insure savings■Banks went Bankrupt and people lost their money

BANKS AND BUSINESS CLOSE■Banks◻1929 – 600◻1933 - 11,000

■Business◻90,000 Bankrupt

EFFECTS OF DEPRESSION

■Hoovervilles◻Herbert Hoover believed things would fix themselves (did very little)◻People lost houses◻Towns constructed of shacks pop up.

MORE PROBLEMS

■Dust Bowl◻Drought in Central U.S.◻Plowing mixed soil up◻Wind Storms blew top soil away.◻Farmers unable to grow crops

ROOSEVELT ELECTED

■New Deal◻Relief for the needy◻Economic Recovery◻Financial Reform

FIRST HUNDRED DAYS

■15 major policies passed■Closed Banks to prevent further withdrawals.■Only sound banks could reopen■Those who could not were given loans

ALPHABET AGENCIES

■Federal Agencies that were created as part of the New Deal■Aim of these agencies was to give Americans jobs and economic relief.

SECOND NEW DEAL

■Continued to help farmers■Educate youth to create more jobs■Social Security◻Insurance for those over 65 in form of money◻Unemployment Compensation◻Aid for children and disabled.

LIMITATIONS OF NEW DEAL

■Women◻Jobs given to men◻Lower minimum wage then men

■African Americans◻FDR did not fully support Civil Rights◻Agencies discriminated against African Americans.

CRITICS OF NEW DEAL

■Many felt Government was too large.■Stopped free Enterprise■Many felt U.S. was becoming socialist.

ELP Cold War Era

Background

■The French had a colony called Indochina■During WWII, Japan took over Indochina (and much of Eastern Asia)

■Japan lost WWII and therefore they lost Indochina

■The French tried to retake Indochina◻However, Communists were causing trouble◻Truman gave military aid to the French

Geneva Conference

■Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam created out of Indochina

■Vietnam was split by the 17th parallel■Elections were going to be held to unite Vietnam under one government◻North Vietnam had a communist government◻South Vietnam had a democracy

■When the US realized they were going to lose the election, they cancelled them

Causes of the Vietnam War1. U.S. Participation

a. 1955-1961i. "Domino Theory"

1. if a country falls to communism, so will the other nations around it

b. Kennedyi. increased # of military advisorsii. trained South Vietnamese troops

c. Tonkin Gulf Resolutioni. North Vietnamese fired upon U.S. warship

according to President Johnsonii. Congress gave him authority to use all necessary

measures to protect U.S. interests in Vietnam

Vietnam1. Johnson escalates war by sending troops

in March 19652. An elusive enemy

a. jungle terrain and guerilla war tactics made it difficult to know and find enemy

b. Vietcong’s underground tunnel systemc. booby traps and land mines

3. War of attritiona. strategy used by Westmoreland to wear

down enemy by continual harassmenti. the more Vietcong dead, the quicker they will be

to surrender

Vietnam cont...1. Battle for “Hearts and Minds”

a. winning support from South Vietnam’s rural population

b. made difficult with napalmi. gasoline based bomb used to set fire to the

jungle to expose Vietcong tunnels and hideoutsc. Agent Orange

i. leaf-killing toxic chemicald. search-and-destroy missions

i. uprooting civilians with suspected ties to Vietcong, killing livestock, burning villages

2. Sinking Morale

Mass Media

■In the US, the Vietnam was not widely supported, due partly to the fact that the media showed the realities of the war to the average American

1968

1. Tet Offensivea. surprise attack by the North on South

Vietnam during Vietnamese New Year celebrations

b. lasted a monthc. U.S. forces do regain control of the citiesd. shook American public

i. had thought Vietcong were almost defeatede. changed American’s views on the war from

mostly positive to very negative

End of the War

1. Richard Nixon’s plan Vietnamizationa. gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops so South

Vietnamese could take more controlb. “Peace with Honor”

i. maintain U.S. dignity as troops continued to be pulled out

c. orders massive bombing campaign on North Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

d. invasion of Cambodiai. clear out communist supply centers

Negative effects of the War

a. My Lai Massacrei. 200 innocent South Vietnamese villagers

shot ii. When this became public knoweldge, it

caused an outrage in Americab. President Johnson did not run for re-

election due to the unpopularity of the war

Negative effects of the War

a. Credibility Gap a. The US government told the people the war

was almost over, but the Tet offensive showed that it was not. This caused the people to distrust the government

Berlin Wall, 1961

1. Soviets under Khrushcheva. demand U.S. troops to be pulled out of Berlin

which had been divided after WWIIb. Kennedy refusedc. East Germans build wall

i. purpose to stop East Germans from fleeing to West Germany

Cuban Missile Crisis, 19621. U.S. planes discover Russian underground

sites in Cuba for launching missiles a. These missiles could reach U.S. in minutes

2. Kennedy sets up naval blockade of Cuba until weapons are removed

3. Soviets sent ships to stop blockade4. Khrushchev agree to remove missiles from

Cubaa. in exchange for Kennedy's pledge not to

invade Cuba

Proliferation and Arms Control1. Proliferation- build up of nuclear weapons2. Arms Control

a. Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963i. important precedent for future arms control

b. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 1968

c. agreement signed by several of the major nuclear and non-nuclear powers that pledged cooperation in stopping the spread of nuclear technology

End of the Cold War

1. Under President Reagan, the US won the Cold War1. The USSR could not keep up with US

spening2. The Berlin Wall, a symbol of the separation of

the East (USSR) and West (US) came down in 1989

3. The USSR suffered several protests and riots by its own peoples

4. Gorbachev was the right leader at the right time and allowed the USSR to end peacefully

ELP Civil Rights Movement

A history of segregation

■After the Civil War, African Americans were freed from slaver, granted citizenship and the right to vote. However, the introduction of Jim Crow laws and Black Codes limited the rights of Aftican Americans for the next 100 years

Move toward equality

■Brown V Board of Education◻In 1896, the Plessy v Ferguson court case declared that segregation (separating people based on race) was legal as long as both races had access to equal accommodations, such as school◻In 1954, several families filed lawsuits arguing that segregation is illegal and should not be allowed. The decision delcared segregation was illegal

Move toward equality

■1955- Emmett Till was an African-American boy from the North who was visiting family in Mississippi. Emmett flirted with a white woman. As a result, White Supremists killed Emmett.

■This incident opened the nation’s eyes to the problems faced by minorities

Move toward equality

■1955 – Rosa Parks◻Ms Parks was an activist in her community who made the decision to stand up to racial inequality by sitting down on a bus when it was not allowed. Ms Parks set off the Montgomery Bus Boycott during which activists refused to use public transportation until they had been integrated (allowed everyone, regardless of race, to ride).

Freedom Summer* 3 groups for the Mississippi Freedom Party and more than 80,000 people join it

*They establish 30 Freedom Schools throughout Mississippi in order to address the racial inequalities in Mississippi’s education system

*The schools and volunteers became the target of white racists, and there were bombings and assaults on minorities.

* 3 Civil Rights workers were later found shot and buried in Mississippi by the KKK.

King1. Minister chosen to lead Montgomery Bus

Boycott because he was new2. inspired others with his energy and

enthusiasm and idea of nonviolence3. established Southern Christian

Leadership Conferencea. coordinate and assist local organizations to

work for equality of blacks4. led the March on Washington and Selma

campaign

March on Washington*August 28, 1963*250,00 demonstrators assemble in Washington DC to support the passage of

Kennedy’s Civil Rights Bill. *Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his famous “I Have A Dream Speech” on

the steps of the Lincoln Memorial* After the march, King and the other leaders met President Kennedy to

discuss civil rights legislation.

Malcolm X1. most famous member of the Nation of

Islama. promoted separatismb. felt violence was justified in self-defense and

to secure a separate black nationc. views changed after visit to Mecca

i. left and form own organization called the Organization of Afro-American Unity to promote closer ties between Africans and African-Americans

ii. pushed to end racial discriminationd. assassinated by Black Muslims in February

1965

Black Power1. Riots erupt to protest discrimination, poverty,

and unemployment of African Americans2. Black Power movement emerged

a. promote blacks taking responsibility for their own livesb. exhibit pride in black heritage “Black is beautiful”

3. Black Panther Partya. formed by Huey Newton and Bobby Sealeb. advocated for full employment, good housing,

adequate educationc. prepared to use violenced. died out by 1969 due to policy confrontations and

deaths of members

King’s Assassination1. April 4, 1965

a. Memphis, Tennesseeb. was supporting a black workers strike for

equal treatmentc. assassinated by James Earl Rayd. outburst of riot on this day across the country

Accomplishments

■Civil Rights Act of 1957◻Established federal commission on Civil Rights◻Enlarged federal power to protect voting rights

■Civil Rights Act of 1964◻Banned discrimination in public places, in federally assisted programs and in employment

Accomplishments

■24th Amendment◻Abolished the Poll Tax

■Voting Rights Act of 1965◻Ended literacy tests to vote

■Civil Rights Act of 1968◻Prohibited discrimination I the sale or rental of most housing◻Strengthened anti-lynching laws◻Made it a crime to harm civil workers