unit 3: cells - the living units. cells - basis of life ●highly organized ●made of four primary...
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Unit 3:Cells - The living
units
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Cells - Basis of Life
● Highly organized● Made of four primary elements –
N, O, C, H● About 60% water● Bathed in a dilute saltwater solution
(something like seawater) called interstitial fluid
● Vary in shape and function
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Structure of a Generalized Cell
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Anatomy of a Cell• Cells are not all the same
• All cells share general structures
• Cells are organized into three main regions:
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Plasma membrane
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The Nucleus• Control center of the cell
• Contains genetic material (DNA)
• Three regions:
• Nuclear membrane
• Nucleolus
• Chromatin
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Nuclear Membrane• Double-layered barrier of nucleus
• Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
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Nucleolus• Sites of ribosome production
• Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
• Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
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Chromatin• Genetic information
• Composed of DNA and protein
• Scattered throughout the nucleus
• Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
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Cytoplasm• Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
• Cytosol
• Fluid that suspends other structures
• Organelles
• Metabolic machinery of the cell
• Inclusions
• Non-functioning units; stored nutrients or cell products (i.e. fat droplets, pigments, glycogen, mucus)
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
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Ribosomes• Sites of protein synthesis
• Made of protein and RNA
• Found in two locations
• Free in the cytoplasm
• Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
• ‘Factory Worker’
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Endoplasmic Reticulum• Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
• Two types of ER
• Rough ER:
• Site where proteins are folded and transported
• Studded with ribosomes (makes it look ‘rough’)
• ‘Factory that houses the factory workers’
• Smooth ER:
• Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs
• No ribosomes
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Golgi Apparatus• Modifies and packages proteins
• Produces different types of packages
• Secretory vesicles
• Cell membrane components
• Lysosomes
• ‘Stack of flattened sacs’
• ‘FedEx Shipping Plant’
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Lysosomes and Peroxisomes• Lysosomes
• Contain enzymes that digest materials within the cell
• Used in programmed cell death
• Peroxisomes
• Detoxify harmful substances
• Break down free radicals (highly reactive, dangerous chemicals) to H2O2
• Membranous sacs of special enzymes (like catalase)
• Replicate by pinching in half
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Mitochondria• Mitochondria
• Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
• Provides ATP for cellular energy
• Change shape continuously
• ‘Mighty Mitochondria’
• ‘Powerhouse of the cell’
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Cytoskeleton• Cytoskeleton
• Provides the cell with an internal framework
• Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
• ‘Scaffold of the cell’
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Cytoskeleton• Cytoskeleton
• Three different types:
• Microfilaments-cell motility and change in shape- actin and myosin
• Intermediate filaments-form desmosomes and internal guy wires-fibrous subunits
• Microtubules-determine shape of cell-tubulin subunits
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Centrioles• Centrioles
• Site for formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
• Able to form cilia and flagella in special cells
• Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
• Arranged in a 9+3 formation
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Cell Diversity• 75 to 100 trillion cells in human body
• 200 different cell types
• 1. Connect body parts
• Fibroblast
• Erythrocyte (RBCs)
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Cell Diversity
•2. Cover and line body organs
•Epithelial Cell
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Cell Diversity
•3. Move organs and body parts
•Skeletal muscle
•Smooth muscle
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Cell Diversity
•4. Stores nutrients
•Fat cell
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Cell Diversity•5. Fight disease
•Macrophage cell
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Cell Diversity
•6. Gathers information and controls body functions
•Nerve cell
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Cell Diversity
•7. Reproduction
•Ovum (egg)
•Sperm