unit 3: anatomy & physiology
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Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology. Veterinary Medical Applications I. Directional Terminology. Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology. Introduction. It is very important for the veterinary assistant to be familiar with basic anatomical terminology. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology
Veterinary Medical Applications I
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Directional Terminology
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Introduction
• It is very important for the veterinary assistant to be familiar with basic anatomical terminology.
• This knowledge helps to better understand medical conditions and treatments, follow instructions from the veterinarian, perform basic veterinary medical procedures
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Anatomical Terminology
• Being familiar with anatomical terminology is important, and the terms used here will be repeated throughout this and other units.
• These terms will be used in the description of bones, the names of muscles, as well as in the description of clinical cases.
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Anatomical Terms
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ANTERIOR
• The front of the animal
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POSTERIOR
• The rear of the animal
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CRANIAL
• Towards the head
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CAUDAL
• Towards the tail
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DORSAL
• Along the back or uppermost surface
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VENTRAL
• Along the belly or undermost surface
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PROXIMAL
• Part of the limb closest to the body
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DISTAL
• Part of the limb furthest from the body
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Three-Dimension Planes
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FRONTAL PLANE
• Body plane that divides the animal into dorsal and ventral parts
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MEDIAN PLANE
• Body plane that divides the animal into equal, symmetrical right and left halves.
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SAGITTAL PLANE
• Any body plane that is parallel to the median plane.
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TRANSVERSE PLANE
• Body plane that divides the animal into cranial and caudal parts.
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SUPERFICIAL
• Closer to the surface
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DEEP
• Further from the surface– Example: superficial and deep flexor tendons
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Skeletal System
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Skeletal System
• The skeleton is a framework of structures, made of bones and cartilage that support and protect the body.
• Axial Skeleton: includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.
• Appendicular Skeleton – the fore and hind limbs
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Appendicular: ForelimbScapula – “shoulder blade” attached with muscleClavicle – the cat is the only domestic animal with a clavicle!Humerus – forms the upper armUlna – forms the elbow joint, fused with the radius in herbivoresRadius – forms the forearmCarpus – commonly called the “knee” in horses, the “wrist” in dogs and humansMetacarpals – commonly called the cannon region of the forelimb.Number depends on species:
a) Humans: 5b) Horses: 1 plus 2 accessory metacarpals, called “splint bones”c) Dogs and cats: 4 plus the dewclawd) Cattle: 1 that splits at bottom into a cloven hoof and two dewclawse) Pigs: 4 (2 toes and 2 dewclaws)
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Appendicular: Forelimb Continued
Proximal phalanx (P1) – bones of the finger,hoof, and clawIntermediate phalanx (P2)Distal phalanx (P3) – the coffin bone inhorsesProximal sesamoids – tucked in behind P1Distal sesamoid – tucked in underneath P3
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Appendicular: HindlimbPelvis
a) Tuber coxae – part of pelvis that forms the “point of hip”b) Ischiatic tuberosity- part of pelvis that forms the “seat bones”
FemurPatella – forms the “stifle” joint in horses, sometimes called the “knee” indogs, equivalent to the human kneeTibia – main bone of the gaskin of the horseFibula – fused with the tibia & consideredvestigial in herbivoresTarsus – commonly called the “hock”, equivalent to the human “ankle”. Metatarsal – cannon region in the hind limb.
Number depends on species.
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Classification of Bones
• Short bone – cube shaped, i.e. carpus and tarsus• Flat bone – plate of bone, i.e. scapula, rib, skull• Irregular bone – complex shaped, i.e. vertebrae• Sesamoid – small, seed-shaped bone, i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, patella• Long bone – bone is longer that it is wide,i.e.femur, tibia, humerus, etc.
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Periosteum
Epiphysis
Bone marrow
Medullary cavity
Metaphysis
Endosteum
Diaphysis
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Bone Anatomy
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Fissured ComminutedTransverseGreenstick
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Classifications of Fractures
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Muscular System
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Types of Muscle
• Skeletal muscle – allows for all voluntary movement, appears to be striated when looked at under a microscope.
• Cardiac muscle – controls the involuntary beatingof the heart, appears striated under a microscope.• Smooth muscle – responsible for all other
involuntary movement, such as breathing, digestion, peristalsis, blinking, etc.
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Muscle Movement
• Ambulation: moving from one place to another• Abduction: moving away from the median plane• Adduction: moving towards the median plane• Flexion: moving the distal part of the limb
towards the body• Extension: moving the distal part of the limb
away from the body
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Muscle Function
• All muscles can do is CONTRACT or RELAX, sothey generally work in pairs. For any particularaction, the muscles involved can be classified as:• Agonist – prime mover of a joint• Antagonist – opposes movement of the agonist• Ex: for elbow flexion, the agonist is the bicep, and
the antagonist is the tricep. For elbow extension, the agonist is the tricep, and the antagonist is the bicep.
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MasseterBrachiocephalicus
Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius
Semitendinous
Intercostal
Triceps brachii
Deltoid
Gluteals
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
External abdominal oblique
Pectorals
Major Muscles
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Description/Function of Muscles• Masseter – superficial muscle of the cheek• Trapezius – superficial triangular muscle of the shoulder• Latissimus dorsi – long, superficial, dorsal muscle that attaches the
humerus to the lumbar region of the back• Abdominal obliques – large flat muscles that support digestive and
reproductive organs• Gluteals – large muscle of the upper hindquarters• Biceps femoris – lateral superficial muscle, one of three which forms the
“hamstrings”• Biceps brachii – primary flexor of the elbow joint• Triceps brachii – primary extensor of the elbow joint• Pectorals – primary adductors of the forelimbs• Serratus ventralis – attaches forelimb to trunk (no collarbone!)
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Nervous System
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Axon – sends impulses away from cellBrain – major organ of nervous system; contained within the skullBrainstem – connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; contains the Medulla oblongataCentral nervous system – contains brain and spinal cordCerebellum – coordinates movement and muscle activity, balanceCerebrum – largest portion of brain; responsible for receiving and storing information and signaling for voluntary movement
Vocabulary
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Connecting neuron – carries impulses from one neuron to anotherDendrites – branch-like; receive impulsesHomeostasis – state of balance of the physiologic systems within the bodyImpulse – electrical signal that is transmitted through nervous tissueMedulla oblongata – part of the brain responsible for all life functions including: heart rate, breathing, and reflex actions (coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting)Meninges – protective layer covering the brain; has three layersMotor neuron – carries impulses from the brain towards the muscles and glands
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Nerve – term for one or more bundles of nerve cellsNeuron – nerve cellsNeurotransmitter – chemical substance that allows impulses to travelParasympathetic nervous system – maintains and restores normal body functionPeripheral nervous system – consists of all nerves that lead to and from the spinal cord and brain, known as cranial and spinal nervesSensory neuron – carries impulses towards the brain and spinal cordSoma – cell body that contains the nucleusSpinal cord – pathway for all impulses going to and from the brain,Sympathetic nervous system – responsible for stress and emergency responses; “fight or flight”Synapse – space between neurons that contains a neurotransmitter
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Functions of the Nervous System
• Detects and processes information and formulates responses; coordinates and controls all bodily activity.
• The nervous system sends and receives impulses –electrical signals that travel though the nervous system and provide information to the brain.
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Types of Neurons
Sensory neurons – carry impulses towards the brain and spinal cord.
Connecting neurons – carry impulses from one neuron to another.
Motor neurons – carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to the body.
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Parts of a Neuron
Cell body (soma)
Synapse
Myelin sheath
Dendrite
Axon
http://safari.pisd.edu/?a=175072&s=00:00:00:00&e=00:00:49:00&d=25344AA
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Parts of a Neuron
1. Cell Body – often called the soma. Contains the cell nucleus2. Dendrite – branch-like, receives impulses3. Axon – sends impulses away from the cell4. Synapse – space in between neurons; contains a chemical substance called a neurotransmitter that helps impulses travel5. Myelin – protective sheath around the neuron
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Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System – consists of brain and spinal cord.1. Brain – major organ of the nervous system.a. Meninges – three-layered protective covering of the brain.b. Cerebrum – largest part of the brain. It has four lobes that receive and store
information And are responsible for giving signals for voluntary movementc. Cerebellum – coordinates all movement, muscle activity, and balance.d. Brainstem – connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains the medulla oblongata.e. Medulla oblongata - dictates all life functions including: heart rate, breathing, and reflex actions.f. Thalamus – a central relay system for all nerve impulses except smell. It receives the impulses and then directs them to the proper part of the brain.g. Hypothalamus – serves as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system.h. Pituitary gland – secretes hormones important for reproduction and growth.
2. Spinal cord – pathway for all impulses going to and from the brain. Connects to the medulla oblongata.
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Parts of the Brain
Meninges
Medulla oblongataBrain stem
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Spinal cord
Pituitary gland
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• Peripheral Nervous System – consists of nerves that relay information to and from the spinal cord.
• Sympathetic Nervous System – Responsible for emergency and stress responses: “fight or flight”.
• Parasympathetic Nervous System – Seeks to maintain and restore normal body function, often called Homeostasis: a state of balance of the physiologic systems within the body
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Respiratory System
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Alveoli – grape-like clusters at ends of bronchioles; where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases occurApnea – not breathingAsphyxiation – suffocation; blockage of airflow that results in a lack of oxygenBradypnea – abnormally slow respiratory rate Bronchi – paired terminal branches of the trachea contained within the lungs; singular: bronchus
Vocabulary
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Bronchial tree – term that describes how bronchi get continually smaller, like a tree branchBronchioles – smallest branches of the bronchial treeCilia – tiny hairs inside nostrils that help to filter airDiaphragm – Muscle located below the lungs; contraction causes the lungs to draw in a breath
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Dyspnea – difficult breathingEpiglottis – flap that covers the larynx during swallowingExhalation – release of a breathInhalation – drawing in of a breathLarynx – ‘voice box’ that contains vocal cords
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Lungs – paired major organs of respiration that contain bronchi and are divided into clearly defined lobesMucous membrane – lining of respiratory tract that secretes mucusMucus – slimy secretion that warms, moistens, and filters air
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Pharynx – common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systemsRespiration – exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases with cellsTachypnea – abnormally fast respiratory rateTrachea – windpipe; has distinct rings of cartilage