THE COLONIZATION

OF AMERICAUnit 2

BRITISH COLONIZATION

Unit 2, Notes 1(Along with Ch. 1, Lesson 4)

THE BRITISH: “WHY THEY CAME”

Religious Refuge Protestant Reformation led to the creation of the Anglican

Church (Church of England) Puritans: people desiring to purify the Church of England

by removing all Catholic elements Influenced by John Calvin Believed every congregation should run itself with elders and

ministers without answering to bishops or the state Puritan vs. Anglican conflict led to persecution and

religious turmoil…New World offered religious haven Economic Opportunity

Enclosure movement: process in which English landowners converted their estates into sheep farms by enclosing their lands and evicting their tenants American colonies offered an economic refuge for the poor,

landless tenant farmers Joint-stock companies: business venture designed to give

wealthy investors the opportunity to pool their money together in amounts large enough to fund big money making projects and find new markets Allowed investors to trade and colonize globally without

government financing

GEOGRAPHY OF THE BRITISH COLONIES Geographic Regions

Eastern (Atlantic) seaboard of North America

West Indies Early Settlements/Villages

Roanoke (1585): Lost colony

Jamestown (1607): first permanent English colony of North America; first capital of Virginia Colony

Plymouth (1620): success led to the creation of Massachusetts Bay Colony

GEOGRAPHY OF THE BRITISH COLONIES, CONTINUED… Boston,

Philadelphia, New York, CharlestonValuable

trading/sea ports Maryland, Virginia,

and the CarolinasValuable farming

plantations Cash Crops: Tobacco,

cotton, indigo, rice, wheat, corn

BRITISH COLONIZATION BEGINS:“THE LOST COLONY”

Sir Walter Raleigh received a royal charter from Queen Elizabeth I granting him permission to create a colony in North America (1578)

Raleigh chose island of Roanoke off the coast of North Carolina as the site

Raleigh named land Virginia in honor of Elizabeth

First attempt to colonize in 1585 failed after colonists return home (harsh winter)

Second attempt in 1587 sends 117 men, women, and children to colonize Roanoke

Governor John White left colony and headed back to England for more supplies

White returned in 1590 and discovered that all inhabitants had disappeared

Empty homes, no bodies, and only the letters “CRO” were carved on a post as a possible clue

JAMESTOWN: THE FOUNDING Chartered (sponsored) by the

Virginia Company Susan Constant, Godspeed,

and the Discovery sailed 144 to Virginia but only 105 reached the Chesapeake Bay

Founded the settlement of Jamestown on the banks of the James River in 1607

Captain John Smith took leadership roles, encouraged people to work, and made contact with the local natives; policy… “you don’t work, you don’t eat!”

According to Smith, Chief Powhatan had ordered his execution but the Indian princess Pocahontas begged for his life to be spared

Pocahontas and John Smith were not romantically involved

JAMESTOWN: THE SUFFERING COLONY

Suffered from food shortages; wealthy “gentlemen” were pitiful farmers; only 38 people remained by January of 1608

Virginia Company offered free land to new settlers

About 2,000 settlers reached Jamestown over the next decade but only 400 lived

Winter of 1609-1610 became known as the “starving time”

Settlers forced to farm for the colony but also given private land to grow their own food

Indentured servants: people from Europe who agreed to become working servants for 7 years in exchange for a free passage across the Atlantic

Colonist John Rolfe experimented with crops and learned to cultivate profitable tobacco

Tobacco became very popular in Europe Rolfe’s tobacco saved Jamestown and he

went on to marry Pocahontas Pocahontas died in England of

pneumonia or small pox after visiting the Old World with her husband Rolfe

COLONIAL GOVERNMENT In order to attract more settlers, Virginia Company

allowed the colony to elect its own members House of Burgesses: Virginia assembly of

government representatives (burgesses); first democratic body in North America

Headrights: settlers buying shares in the Virginia company or who paid for their passage received 50 acres of land and additional land for every person they transported to Virginia

In the year 1619, 90 women and 20 African slaves arrived at the colony

4,500 settlers arrived in Virginia by 1622 Local Native Americans feared the growth and

launched an uprising, killing 350 settlers and burning several homes

King James I then revoked the charter and made Virginia a royal colony under the leadership of a crown appointed governor

CW/HW UNIT 2, NOTES 2 – PAGE 64

3) Use a graphic organizer similar to the one below to list three ways the Virginia Company tried to attract settlers to the Jamestown colony(#5 pg. 64)

Ways to Attract Settlers1) Granting the colony the right to elect its own general assembly to propose laws

2) Introducing the systems of headrights

3) Providing opportunities for marriage

THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIESUnit 2, Notes 2

MASSACHUSETTS Separatists: group of

Puritans that broke away from the Anglican Church

Pilgrims: separatists that fled religious persecution in England and traveled to Holland

Pilgrims and other separatist congregations decided to leave Europe and seek a religious utopia in America

In 1620, 102 Pilgrims/Separatists set sail aboard the Mayflower and landed at Plymouth Rock (Massachusetts Bay) after a 2 month voyage

ORDER, SURVIVAL, AND THANKS

William Bradford and other leaders drafted the Mayflower Compact: first self-government plan ever put into effect in the American colonies

Plague and cold winter took the lives of many settlers and only 50 remained

Squanto (Native American) taught the Pilgrims how to set corn and the best way to fish; he also negotiated a peace between them and the local Wampanoag tribe

Thanksgiving: Pilgrim survivors and the Wampanoag joined a three day festival the following autumn (1621) to celebrate the harvest and give thanks to God for their good fortune

“A CITY ON A HILL”

John Winthrop: Puritan that owned stock in the Massachusetts Bay Company: company of Puritan stockholders that received a royal charter to colonize in New England; first governor of the New England colony

Winthrop led 900 settlers to New England in 1630 hoping to find religious refuge

Winthrop predicted the colony would be a “city on a hill” for all the world to look up to and model their civilizations after

Great Migration: large immigration of 20,000 British settlers to New England between 1620 and 1646

NEW ENGLAND TOWN LIFE

Life centered around the town and social events of which church was the main focal point

New towns were granted to new church congregations

Local government decisions were decided at town meetings in which all townspeople were allowed to express their opinion

Selectmen: men chosen to manage the town’s affairs

Significance: set the stage for early democratic government and the American Revolution

A PURITANICAL SOCIETY Church congregations dominated community life Puritans had to live close to the meetinghouse (Puritan

church) because church attendance was required Theocracy: government based on religious principles General Court: assembly of freemen (those owning shares in

the MB Company) made the laws and selected the colony’s governor

Laws included: Church attendance required Only Church members can vote No gambling No adultery No dancing No blasphemy No drunkenness

Punishment: prison, flogging, and/or public humiliation Salem Witch Trials: panic-stricken witch hunts that occurred

in 1692 and 1693 resulting in the public execution of 19 people, 5 related deaths, and 200 arrests Unjust murder/persecution of the innocent because of the

paranoia of the fearful

IQ’S Have you ever been told that you could

not do something by someone, and then that person does what they told you not to do?

Examples? How did that make you feel?

RELIGIOUS DISSENT:ROGER WILLIAMS

Heretics: people whose religious beliefs differ from those accepted by the majority

Roger Williams: minister in Salem that condemned Puritans for not breaking from the Anglican Church and claimed that Plymouth rightly belonged to the Native Americans and not the King of England

Williams was banished from the colony for being a heretic

Williams bought land from local Indians and established the town of Providence: a religious haven where different beliefs were tolerated

RELIGIOUS DISSENT:ANNE HUTCHINSON

Anne Hutchinson was a very devout and charismatic Puritan that held meetings in her home to discuss sermons

Claimed to receive revelation from God as to which ministers were saved and which were not

Banished for being a heretic Founded the town of Portsmouth Providence, Portsmouth, and other local

communities for religious dissenters united to create colony of Rhode Island

Rhode Island: blueprint for religious tolerance and the separation of church and state

OTHER NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

ConnecticutFounded by the Reverend Thomas Hooker in 1636Wanted a colony that supported universal suffrage

(right to vote) not limited to the criteria of church membership

Adopted a constitution called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: first written constitution of the American colonies

Significance: laid the Revolutionary principle that “authority is laid in the consent of the governed”

New Hampshire and MaineTerritory shared by Sir Fernando Gorges and

Captain John MasonMason took southern territory and named it New

Hampshire, Gorges took northern territory and named it Maine

New Hampshire became a royal colony but Maine was purchased by Massachusetts from Gorges’ heirs and remained part of Mass. until 1820

CLASS WORK 9/14/15 P. 33 Answer questions 1, 2, and 6 –

question and answer.

THE MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN

COLONIESUnit 2, Notes 3

MIDDLE COLONIES New York and New Jersey

Began as New NetherlandFew settlers (1,500 people) so Dutch

encouraged people from all countries to settle

In 1664, the British seized New Netherland from the Dutch with four warships and renamed it New York

Some of the land taken was separated and given to royal advisers; this land was called New Jersey

MIDDLE COLONIES Pennsylvania and Delaware

British crown owed much money to the Penn family

William Penn petitioned King Charles II (1680) for a grant of land between New York and Maryland to settle the debt

Pennsylvania became the new colony named after Penn’s father Admiral William Penn

William Penn was a Quaker: Christian denomination believing that Christians are guided by an “inner light” and had little need for churches, ministers, or even the Bible; rejected authority of the government to tax or force people to serve in the military; advocated pacifism (opposition to war or violence)

MIDDLE COLONIES CONT. Treaty of Shackamaxon: treaty

signed by Penn and the Lenni Lenape Indian tribe that ceded territory to the colonists and established a long lasting peace between them and the Indians

Built Pennsylvania capital Philadelphia (“City of Brotherly Love”) on the land ceded

Pennsylvania became center of religious refuge or “Holy Experiment” for minority religious groups such as the Quakers

Penn later bought three additional counties that would unite to form the colony of Delaware

SOUTHERN COLONIES Maryland

Founded by Lord Baltimore (George Calvert) as a proprietary colony: colony owned by a proprietor or owner and could be managed and sold as the owner wished

Baltimore was a Catholic so Maryland became a religious haven for Catholics

North CarolinaCarolinas derived from Latin word for

King Charles IIColony grew slowly and primarily

consisted of tobacco farmsLater exported tar and turpentine

SOUTHERN COLONIES CONT. South Carolina

First settlement named Charles Town (Charleston) after King Charles II

Attempted to grow sugar cane but failed Deerskin became chief export

Georgia Founded by James Oglethorpe for the

purpose of starting a colony strictly for the imprisoned poor of England that couldn’t pay off their debts

Provided a buffer zone between British colonies and Spanish colonies in Florida

Named Georgia after King George II Became a prison colony to harbor the

overflow criminal population from the British prisons

SEEDS OF REBELLION

• By 1775, England’s colonies had a population of 2.5 million

• England’s success proved to be its own undoing

• Inadvertently, the English gov’t had permitted• New patterns of land ownership• New types of worship• New kinds of government within the colonies

They became used to self-government and gradually came to think of it as their right

NOTEBOOK CHECK1) CW/HW – Unit 1, Notes 4 – Pg. 57…#5 (2) 2) CW/HW – Guided Reading 2.2 - #2 3) CW/HW – Guided Reading 2.3 - #14 4) CW/HW – Guided Reading 2.4 – III C5) CW/HW – Guided Reading 3.1 - #146) CW/HW – Unit 2, Notes 2 – Pg. 64…#3 (1)7) CW/HW – Unit 2, Notes 3 – Pg. 71…#4 (2)8) BR #4 – 8/17/10 – Answer9) BR #10 – 8/27/10 – Question and Answer10) BR #17 – 9/13/10 – Answer11) BR #18 – 9/14/10 – Question12) BR #24 – 9/23/10 – Question and Answer

NOTEBOOK CHECK ANSWERS1) For slaves and/or gold or other wealth, or to spread Christianity

2) John Calvin

3) The first written constitution of the American colonies.

4) William Penn; “holy experiment”

5) between 10 and 12 million

6) The colony was able to trade tobacco with England, ensuring the colony’s value

7) Hooker thought that everyone should be allowed to vote, not just church members

8) from Europe to the Americas

9) Europeans’ interest in exploring beyond their boundaries was a direct result of the – Crusades

10) they created a highly structured society based on class.

11) Why did the Spanish found the town of St. Augustine?

12) As an incentive for settlers to come to America, the Virginia Company offered – Headrights

IQ’S1. Should a nation concern itself or get

involved with another nation’s business? Why or why not?

2. Why do you think nations like America gets involved with problems, events, or situations in other countries?

3. How is America linked to other nations like Iraq, Taiwan, and Mexico?