unit 2 - unequal spaces
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Unit 2 - Unequal spaces. Recognising inequalities. Inequality. Inequality between different groups of people can be measured and thought of in different ways It is about unevenness- the ‘haves’ and the ‘have-nots’ Often we think about quality of life and standard of living - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
UNIT 2 - UNEQUAL SPACES
Recognising inequalities
Inequality Inequality between different groups of
people can be measured and thought of in different ways
It is about unevenness- the ‘haves’ and the ‘have-nots’
Often we think about quality of life and standard of living
Also income distribution, health and access to opportunities.
What do we mean by an inequality?
Remember PEST! See pg 252 Philip Allan
INEQUALITY
ECONOMIC INEQUALITY
INSTITUTIONALISED INEQUALITY(Political)
TECHNOLOGICAL INEQUALITYSOCIAL INEQUALITY
Unpacking the idea of unequal spaces: different types of inequality
Inequality exists as the distribution of resources, wealth
and opportunities is not evenly spread. In other words, how easy or difficult it is
to get access to resources etc.
Different groups will find it easier or
harder to access certain resources .
Economic inequality• Uneven distribution of wealth• Access to financial resources
Social inequality• Access to housing, healthcare• Education, employment
Environmental inequality• Different types of environments
with varying qualities / appeal
Technological inequality• Access to technology, e.g. fast
broadband, computers etc
What are your experiences of inequality?
Mine! Copacabana beach front hotels v Rocinha
favela in Rio 20 minutes away on a bus! Teacher’s salary and cleaner in a school
in Bangkok My private school v local school in Bath University dissertation interviewing
disabled v ‘able’
To what extent do you agree with this quote:
‘The Richest Kids will play video games full of virtual violence whilst the poorest kids live in shanty-cities full of actual violence’
James Martin, The Meaning of the 21st Century
Should classifying inequality be done according to PEST factors, or to scale (personal, local, regional, national, global)?
10 Qs of inequality! Match with the correct answers
World poorest 40 % account for __% of global income There are __,00 billionnaires in the world Just under __ billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book / sign their names In Swaziland almost ___% of people have HIV, highest in the world Life expectancy in Kerala is 73 years compared to ___ in Bihar ___% of the world’s population live in India __% of Spain’s population would describe themselves as happy The Index of Segregation for AfricanAmericans is ___ There is a £___,000 difference in average salary between Surrey and Cornwall Brick Lane, London has a ___% Asian / Asian British population
16 5 17 1038 91 12 59 65 1
Answers! World poorest 40 % account for __% of global income5 There are __,00 billionnaires in the world12 Just under __ billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book / sign their names1 In Swaziland almost ___% of people have HIV, highest in the world38 Life expectancy in Kerala is 73 years compared to ___ in Bihar59 ___% of the world’s population live in India17 __% of Spain’s population would describe themselves as happy10 The Index of Segregation for AfricanAmericans is ___91 There is a £___,000 difference in average salary between Surrey and Cornwall16 Brick Lane has a ___% Asian / Asian British population 65
Match up the definitions below with these key words
Absolute poverty Deprivation Disparity AffluenceRelative poverty Standard of living Quality of life
The ability to obtain good and services through employment, income and wealth eg number of foreign holidays, quality and size of house, car ownership.
An abundant supply of money, goods and property. There is an inequality or difference in income, status or opportunity - usually with
spatial consequences. A condition characterised by the lack of the most basic human needs, including
food, safe drinking water, sanitation, education, housing etc. People are deprived of one or more of these basic human needs.
Lacking in relation to the standards that exist elsewhere in society. People are in the lowest income group and so may have inadequate housing, diet, amenities and services.
Lacking the resources to enjoy the living conditions and amenities usually experienced by those in the society they belong too. They may not have adequate housing, sufficient food or access to employment.
Cannot be measured just in terms of income and wealth. It is about access to services, personal satisfaction, the environment, peacefulness and sense of community.
Did you get them? Standard of living - The ability to obtain good and services through
employment, income and wealth eg number of foreign holidays, quality and size of house, car ownership.
Affluence – An abundant supply of money, goods and property. Disparity - There is an inequality or difference in income, status or
opportunity - usually with spatial consequences. Absolute poverty – A condition characterised by the lack of the most
basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation, education, housing etc. People are deprived of one or more of these basic human needs.
Relative poverty - Lacking in relation to the standards that exist elsewhere in society. People are in the lowest income group and so may have inadequate housing, diet, amenities and services.
Deprivation-Lacking the resources to enjoy the living conditions and amenities usually experienced by those in the society they belong too. They may not have adequate housing, sufficient food or access to employment.
Quality of life - Cannot be measured just in terms of income and wealth. It is about access to services, personal satisfaction, the environment, peacefulness and sense of community.
Inequality at a global scale
Billionaires According to Forbes magazine released 2012 there
are 1,226 Billionaires, and despite the financial turmoil witnessed last year, the tally was 1 percent higher than the previous year’s number.
The group’s total combined net worth is $4.6 trillion, almost the size of Russia and Germany’s GDP combined. The average worth of a listed billionaire is $3.7 billion.
Mexican telecom mogul Carlos Slim retained his status as the world’s richest person for the third year in a row, topping the list with a net worth of $69 billion.
Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates took second spot with $61 billion while Berkshire Hathaway’s Warren Buffett ranked third with $44 billion.
Others…. There are around 7 million millionaires BUT it is a world of extremes!!!! The poorest 40% of the world’s
population only has 5% of global income The richest 10% have 54% of the global
income 1.1 billion people live on less than a
dollar a day 2.7 billion live on less than 2 dollars a day
Animation – income across the world
http://www.worldmapper.org/animations/income_animation.html
Absolute poverty Living on the equivalent of US$2 a day or
less. In 2002, 43% of the world population lived on this little. In both Nigeria and Mali, 9 of every ten people survives on less than US$2 a day.
South America has a relatively small poor population, yet 39 million people have less than US$2 a day in Brazil.
Absolute poverty
If 1% of the world’s money spent on weapons by 2005 was used for education every child of primary school age could have attended school
The richest 50 million people in Europe and North America have the same income as 2.7 billion poor people
The 48 poorest countries only have 0.4% of world exports
12% of the world’s people (in MEDCs) use 85% of the water
More than 800 million suffer from malnutrition 1,1 billion do not have access to clean drinking
water 1200 children die every minute from preventable
diseases.
Distribution of income – p258 Philip Allan
HIV prevalence HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, attacks
the immune system. It eventually causes AIDS, which stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. With cases first recognised in the United States in 1981, AIDS increases the risk of many infections and tumours.
In 2003, the highest HIV prevalence was Swaziland, where 38%, or almost 4 in every 10 people aged 15 to 49 years, were HIV positive. All ten territories with the highest prevalence of HIV are in Central and Southeastern Africa.
Transmission of HIV is through sex, using infected needles and in the womb. Infected children are not shown here. HIV/AIDS often has an acquired social stigma.
HIV
Adult Literacy About a billion people cannot read a book
Worldwide, 3.6 billion adults are literate; 82% of the adult population are able to read and write simple statements. Here adults include people aged 15 years and over.
The percentage of literate adults is lower than that of literate youth in every region of the world.
The largest populations of literate adults live in China, India and the United States. India has a literacy rate of 61%, the other two territories have rates of 91%.
Adult Literacy
Animation - Internet users across the world
http://www.worldmapper.org/animations/internet_users_animation.html
Personal inequalitiesInternet speed!!! P254 Philip Allan
Also of interest….internet use in Greecehttp://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1901/PressReleases/A1901_SFA20_DT_AN_00_2012_01_F_EN.pdf
Processes leading to inequality?•Some social groups are disadvantaged due to lack of services in an area, e.g. Access to healthcare
Access to services
•Poverty, poor housing and social exclusion can create a downward spiral leading to a reduction in quality of life
Quality of life
•Economic opportunity and access to assets / resources may be controlled by local employment, education, crime, skills + social background
Economic opportunity
Many of the
processes leading to inequality
are interlinked
Inequality, social exclusion and polarisation (increasing differences between different parts of society) can be divisive and socially damaging
At the global scale there is much inequality with
Mexico at the top of the league.
Britain's inequality is well above the average for OECD
nations, far greater than Sweden,
Denmark, Holland, France or Germany
http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/markeaston/2010/01/is_inequality_iniquitous.html
Spatial inequality p 256 Philip Allan
India p 255 Philip Allan
The negative multiplier effect - p 204 Pearson
Myrdal same up with cumulative causation theory and this is the opposite:
Reading and notes… Read Pearson p 204-212 and write
notes!!!!
Have a look at living conditions in GREECE (published in Jan 2013)
http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/PAGE-livingcond/content/LivingConditionsInGreece_0113.pdf