Unit 2Unit 2Reform and Reform and ExpansionExpansion

1830-18501830-1850

I. ReformI. Reform

A. Religion-A. Religion-Americans were very religious compared to Americans were very religious compared to some European countriessome European countries

Reformers: Unitarians, led by William ChanningReformers: Unitarians, led by William Channing

B. EducationB. Education

*People wanted public school systems, but states had to *People wanted public school systems, but states had to figure out how to pay for them.figure out how to pay for them.

North-some public schools with tuition North-some public schools with tuition requirementsrequirements

South-planters hired teachers for their childrenSouth-planters hired teachers for their children

I. ReformI. Reform

Noah Webster-wrote the Noah Webster-wrote the Blue-Backed Blue-Backed Speller Speller (textbook) and dictionary. He (textbook) and dictionary. He simplified the language of America, simplified the language of America, unifying us in the process.unifying us in the process.

Horace Mann-leader of the public Horace Mann-leader of the public education movement in Massachusetts.education movement in Massachusetts.

I. ReformI. ReformC. Social ReformC. Social Reform

Alexis Tocqueville-French writer who observed and Alexis Tocqueville-French writer who observed and reported prison conditions in the U.S. Prompted reported prison conditions in the U.S. Prompted

reformers to push for change in reformers to push for change in the system.the system.

Dorothea Dix-observed the treatment of the Dorothea Dix-observed the treatment of the mentally ill and persuaded many states to mentally ill and persuaded many states to

pass pass laws and set up public hospitals. Also laws and set up public hospitals. Also spurred spurred prison reform.prison reform.

I. ReformI. ReformC. Social ReformC. Social Reform

Temperance Societies-wanted to curb drunkenness & Temperance Societies-wanted to curb drunkenness & convinced many states to ban the sale of alcohol.convinced many states to ban the sale of alcohol.

Some people decided that the evils of society could not be Some people decided that the evils of society could not be changed, so they created their own communities.changed, so they created their own communities.

Examples: Brook Farm-MassachusettsExamples: Brook Farm-Massachusetts New Harmony-IndianaNew Harmony-Indiana Oneida-New YorkOneida-New York

II. SlaveryII. Slavery

By the 1820's, over 140 antislavery societies By the 1820's, over 140 antislavery societies existed. African colony of Liberia was existed. African colony of Liberia was founded for freed slaves.founded for freed slaves.

ReformersReformersWilliam Lloyd Garrison-Publisher and editor William Lloyd Garrison-Publisher and editor

of of The LiberatorThe Liberator. He called for immediate and . He called for immediate and unconditional abolition of slavery, but not unconditional abolition of slavery, but not violence, he was a pacifist.violence, he was a pacifist.

David Walker-free black man who wrote David Walker-free black man who wrote

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World,

advised blacks to fight for freedom, rather than wait on it.advised blacks to fight for freedom, rather than wait on it.

Charles Finney-fiery preacher who Charles Finney-fiery preacher who

called slavery “a great national sin.”called slavery “a great national sin.”

ReformersReformersNat Turner-1831-Led a slave revolt Nat Turner-1831-Led a slave revolt

in Southampton County, Virginia. in Southampton County, Virginia.

The revolt killed 55 whites and The revolt killed 55 whites and

eventually led to his execution.eventually led to his execution.

Frederick Douglass-Runaway slave who Frederick Douglass-Runaway slave who became a superb speaker for the became a superb speaker for the abolition of slavery without abolition of slavery without violence. Also began violence. Also began The North The North StarStar, a newspaper., a newspaper.

ReformersReformers Sojourner Truth-former slave who shared her Sojourner Truth-former slave who shared her experiences.experiences.

Harriet Tubman-became an important Harriet Tubman-became an important "conductor" "conductor" on the Underground Railroad that on the Underground Railroad that

aided runaway slaves.aided runaway slaves.

Opposition-Southern planters feared Opposition-Southern planters feared

the destruction of their way of life.the destruction of their way of life.

Northerners feared the destruction of the Union and also Northerners feared the destruction of the Union and also discriminated against free blacksdiscriminated against free blacks

III. WomenIII. Women Abolitionists-Lucretia Mott, Abolitionists-Lucretia Mott, Sarah Grimke, and Sarah Grimke, and

Angelina Grimke Angelina Grimke

became very outspoken.became very outspoken.

Laws and customs limited a women's role in society: they couldn't vote or Laws and customs limited a women's role in society: they couldn't vote or own propertyown property..

Women's RightsWomen's Rights-1848-Seneca Falls Convention-1848-Seneca Falls ConventionLucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized this meeting. Several resolutions organized this meeting. Several resolutions passed, basing them on the Declaration of passed, basing them on the Declaration of Independence. This was the beginning of a national women's rights Independence. This was the beginning of a national women's rights movement. movement.

IV. InventionsIV. InventionsA. FarmingA. Farming

John Deere-steel plow-John Deere-steel plow-worked better in prairie soilworked better in prairie soil

Cyrus McCormick-reaper-made harvesting quickerCyrus McCormick-reaper-made harvesting quicker

B. Daily LifeB. Daily LifeCharles Goodyear-Charles Goodyear- vulcanized rubber-made boots vulcanized rubber-made boots & shoes waterproof& shoes waterproofElias Howe/I.M. Singer-Elias Howe/I.M. Singer- sewing machine-textile production sewing machine-textile production increased and prices dropped increased and prices dropped

IV. InventionsIV. InventionsC. TransportationC. Transportation

Robert Fulton-steamboatRobert Fulton-steamboatCanals-Erie Canal, Canals-Erie Canal, completed in 1825, completed in 1825, helped bring the North together.helped bring the North together.Railroads-By 1850, almost 10,000 miles of track existed. Railroads-By 1850, almost 10,000 miles of track existed. More expensive, but faster.More expensive, but faster.

D. CommunicationD. CommunicationSamuel F.B. Morse-telegraph-Samuel F.B. Morse-telegraph- sped up communication, basically making it instant.sped up communication, basically making it instant.

Results: Results: These inventions led to growth in manufacturing & These inventions led to growth in manufacturing & agriculture, as well as less isolation.agriculture, as well as less isolation.

V. ExpansionV. Expansion*Manifest Destiny**Manifest Destiny*

The belief that The belief that

the United States the United States

would inevitably would inevitably

own all lands own all lands

west to the west to the

Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

V. ExpansionV. ExpansionA. 6 Reasons for ExpansionA. 6 Reasons for Expansion

1. Hunger for land1. Hunger for land

2. New markets for goods 2. New markets for goods

3. Immigration3. Immigration

4. Trade with China4. Trade with China

5. Fresh start for debtors 5. Fresh start for debtors

6. Spread democracy6. Spread democracy

V. ExpansionV. ExpansionB. MexicoB. Mexico

1. In 1823, Stephen Austin 1. In 1823, Stephen Austin

led 300 families into Texas, led 300 families into Texas,

receiving free land from the Mexican government.receiving free land from the Mexican government.

2. Problems: 2. Problems:

Slavery came into Texas, but it was illegal in Slavery came into Texas, but it was illegal in Mexico.Mexico.

Mexicans resented different language and religions Mexicans resented different language and religions of settlers.of settlers.

Mexican troops were sent to ensure that laws were Mexican troops were sent to ensure that laws were obeyed.obeyed.

V. ExpansionV. Expansion

3. The Alamo-18363. The Alamo-1836

President Santa Anna abolished state governments and President Santa Anna abolished state governments and took 6,000 troops to capture the fort/chapel called the took 6,000 troops to capture the fort/chapel called the Alamo. His forces killed all the Americans there and Alamo. His forces killed all the Americans there and burned their bodies.burned their bodies.

V. ExpansionV. ExpansionC. Texas Independent-1836C. Texas Independent-1836

1. Battle of San Jacinto-Sam Houston led Texans 1. Battle of San Jacinto-Sam Houston led Texans defeated defeated Santa Anna. Houston was later elected Santa Anna. Houston was later elected as the first president of as the first president of the Lone Star Republic.the Lone Star Republic.

2. Texas was annexed into 2. Texas was annexed into

the United States in the United States in

December 1845.December 1845.

3. Santa Fe Trail-This trail from Missouri to New 3. Santa Fe Trail-This trail from Missouri to New Mexico was Mexico was used by traders who traveled together used by traders who traveled together with their goods. It set a with their goods. It set a standard for how pioneers standard for how pioneers would travel into the west.would travel into the west.

V. ExpansionV. ExpansionD. Westward ExpansionD. Westward Expansion

1. Oregon-claimed by 5 nations (Britain, France, 1. Oregon-claimed by 5 nations (Britain, France, Russia, Russia, Spain, and U.S.) Others had lost Spain, and U.S.) Others had lost claims, claims, but the U.S. and but the U.S. and Britain were left to decide who Britain were left to decide who would control it. As pioneers would control it. As pioneers flooded into the flooded into the territory, they wanted the British to withdraw. territory, they wanted the British to withdraw.

"54 50' or fight"-President James K. Polk (Dem) "54 50' or fight"-President James K. Polk (Dem) negotiated negotiated this boundary for Oregon.this boundary for Oregon.

2. Utah-In 1847, Brigham Young led his Mormon 2. Utah-In 1847, Brigham Young led his Mormon followers to followers to settle at Salt Lake City.settle at Salt Lake City.

VI. The Mexican WarVI. The Mexican WarA. CausesA. Causes

-Mexicans were still angry about the annexation of Texas.-Mexicans were still angry about the annexation of Texas.

-Mexican and American cultures clashed.-Mexican and American cultures clashed.

B. ActionsB. Actions

-Leaders Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott became heroes -Leaders Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott became heroes because of because of their victories.their victories.

-California was captured by the United States.-California was captured by the United States.

C. ResultsC. Results

-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)-United States received -Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)-United States received large large amount of land known as the Mexican Cession, amount of land known as the Mexican Cession, agreeing to pay $15 agreeing to pay $15 million.million.

-In 1853, the United States also made the Gadsden purchase -In 1853, the United States also made the Gadsden purchase for $3 for $3 million.million.

Original U.S.Original U.S. Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase FloridaFloridaTexas AnnexationTexas Annexation Oregon TerritoryOregon Territory

Mexican CessionMexican Cession Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase