Unit 2—Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies c 600 BCE to 600 CE

Terms to Know:

1. Stratification

2. Codification

3. Monotheism

4. Diaspora

5. Vedic

6. Filial piety

7. Gender roles

8. Ancestor veneration

9. Shamanism

10. Animism

11. State

12. Empire

13. Conrad-Demorest

Model of Empires

14. Corvee

15. Patriarchy

16. Transregional trade

Religions/Philosophies to know:

1. Hebrew monotheism

2. Zoroastrianism

3. Hinduism

4. Buddhism

5. Confucianism and

promotion of social

harmony

6. Daoism and Chinese

culture

7. Christianity

8. Greco-Roman

philosophy

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Greek Drama

Greek drama in the form of plays took a

central role in Greek culture. They wrote both

tragedies and comedies with an emphasis on

tragedies. Tragedy depicts the downfall of a noble

hero or heroine, usually through some combination

of hubris [excessive pride or self-confidence], fate,

and the will of the gods. The tragic hero's powerful

wish to achieve some goal inevitably encounters

limits, usually those of human frailty (flaws in

reason, hubris, society), the gods (through oracles,

prophets, fate), or nature.

Indian Epics

Mahabharata is the epic tale of a quarrel between the Pandavas and the Kauravas that culminated in a fight. Ramayana Sanskrit epic by Valmiki, based on the story of Rama, son of King Dasharatha of Ayodhya. The main message from these two great epics lie broadly on righteousness, good conduct, dharma, fearlessness, dedication and duty i.e. the good qualities one should base their life upon

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Architectural styles

Greek

Roman

Indian Mesoamerican

Sculptural developments Greco-Roman and Buddhist beliefs

Greco-Buddhist art is a cultural syncretism [combination of different forms of beliefs] between the Classical Greek culture and Buddhism, which developed over a period of close to 1000 years in Central Asia, between the conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE, and the Islamic conquests of the 7th century CE. Greco-Buddhist art is characterized by the strong idealistic realism and sensuous description and of Hellenistic art and the first representations of the Buddha in human form, which have helped define the artistic (and particularly, sculptural) canon for Buddhist art throughout the Asian continent up to the present. It is also a strong example of cultural syncretism between eastern and western traditions.

Know the location, region of the world and the dates for the following:

Persian Empire

[Achaemenid 550 BCE-330 BCE]

Qin [221 BCE-206 BCE] and Han [206 BCE-220 CE] Dynasties

Mauryan [323 BCE-185 BCE] and Gupta [280 CE-550 CE] Phoenicia and its colonies [3000 BCE-586 BCE]

Greek city-states and its colonies

Minoans 2800 BCE

Adopt Phoenician Alphabet 800 BCE

First Olympic Games 776 BCE

Athens and Sparta 600’s BCE—

Philip II of Macedonia 338 BCE

Hellenistic empire [334 BCE-323 BCE] Roman Empire [31 BCE-476 CE]

Teotihuacan [150 BCE-750 BCE then takeover by Aztecs] and Mayan city-states [declining by 900’s-1517 Pizzaro]

Andean South America –Inca [400 CE-1531 CE] Moche [100 CE-800 CE]

I. Administrative Institutions—centralized governments

elaborate legal systems and bureaucracies In China, Persia, Rome, South Asia

II. Military Power

derived from diplomacy

developing supply lines

fortifications and/or defensive walls

roads

drawing new groups of military officers and soldiers from local populations and conquered peoples

III. Promotion of trade and economic integration

building and maintaining roads

issuing currencies

Long-distance trade increased because of the demand for raw materials and luxury goods

Use of land and water routes

IV. Role and function of cities

trade

religious centers

political administration

V. Methods to maintain the production of food and reward for loyalty of the elites

corvee

slavery

VI. Fall of

Conrad Demorest Model of Empires

Rome, Han, Persia, Mauryan, and Gupta

External problems—Xiongnu Confederation and China and Germanic tribes and Rome

VII. Environmental damage

desertification

deforestation

soil erosion

silted rivers

VIII. Americas and Oceania localized networks developed

The last phase of human migration took place in Oceania

approximately 3500 years ago. In contrast with all of the other

migrations, these Pacific voyages were undertaken by people with

an agricultural technology, who carried both domesticated plants

and animals in their canoes. Both men and women made these

journeys, suggesting a deliberate intention to colonize new lands.

Virtually everywhere they went, two developments followed. One

was the creation of highly stratified societies or chiefdoms, of

which ancient Hawaiian society is a prime example In Hawaii, an

elite class of chiefs with political and military power ruled over a

mass of commoners. The other development was the dramatic

impact that these migrations had on the environment of previously

uninhabited islands.

IX. New technologies

use of domesticated pack animals

yokes

saddles

Stirrups

horses, oxen, camels, and llamas

XI. Maritime innovation

lateen sail

dhow ships

XII. Exchanges

goods

people

technology

religious and cultural beliefs

crops

domesticated animals

disease pathogens

XIII. Changes in farming and irrigation techniques

EX. Qanat system

XIV. Effects of Disease—on Roman Empire and

Chinese empire

XV. Religions transformed as they spread

Christianity

Hinduism

Buddhism