Unit 2 From Revolution to Republic

By: Doug Day, Matt Wilson,

Brian Jettinghoff, & James MickeyED 639

IntroductionThe United States of America became a

country through a long and arduous process. It was during the French and Indian War that the colonist first began realizing that they were different from the English.

Following the French and Indian War the English began taxing the colonies for to pay for the war. The rift between England and the colonies grew larger with every act/tax increase and influx of soldiers.

The colonies erupted in a Revolution. The American Revolution started with the shot heard round the world in Concord, the next big step was the signing of the Declaration of Independence. The battles continued and the colonies could no longer reconcile with England.

The colonies established the Articles of Confederation as the first government of the United States. Flaws in the Articles led to a grand convention, where the U.S. Constitution was written and after the Bill of Rights was added a more perfect Union was established that has lasted and has become the blueprint for many other countries.

ObjectivesStudents will be able toThe Road to Revolution…• Identify the causes that led to the French and Indian

War, the significant battles during the F/I War and Indian allegiances

• Identify the various English laws, acts, and taxes• Identify the Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party,

and colonial boycotts/protest• Identify the Founding Fathers and Paul Revere’s

ride to Concord

Objectives continued…The American Revolution…• Identify early battles and the difference between

English and colonist battle strategies• Understand the Declaration of Independence• Understand the plight of George Washington and his

men during the desperate days of the American Revolution

• Understand France’s involvement and Ben Franklin’s prominence

• Identify the end of the war, and the Treaty of Paris

Objectives continued…Creating a Republic…• Identify the Articles of the Confederation: it’s

positive, negatives and why it failed• Identify the Constitution: it’s compromises,

the government it established, and it’s importance

• Identify the ratification process and the necessity for a Bill of Rights

ContentThis will be a seven week lesson. Two weeks

will be used to cover the road to Revolution. Two weeks will be used to cover the American Revolution. One week will be used for covering the Articles of Confederation and two weeks will be used to cover the Constitution. Time given to each topic is subject to change.

Textbook: Davidson, W. James, Stoff, M. B. American Nation. Needham: Prentice Hall, 1998. Chapters 5, 6, 7.

Road to Revolution• French and Indian War

– This section covers the American aspect, conflict over the Ohio Valley, of the international war between England and France.

– Explains that the Algonquians were aligned with the French and the Iroquois with the English/Colonist.

– Explains how the Colonies started to think and act independently from England

Continued…• Rift between England and the colonies

– This section explains the fighting on the frontier between the settlers and the Indians and the Proclamation of 1763

– England's new policies and taxes – The Colonies protests and boycotts– Covers the important events of the Boston

Massacre, the Boston Tea Party and Paul Revere’s run

Concepts• English• French• Ohio Valley• New France• Algonquians• Hurons• Iroquois• Geography• French and Indian War• George Washington• Fort Necessity• Albany Congress

• Benjamin Franklin• Albany Plan of Union• Edward Braddock• James Wolfe• Louisbourg• Treaty of Paris (1763)• Pontiac’s War• Proclamation of 1763• Stamp Act• Townshend Acts• Writs of Assistance• Non-importation agreements

Concepts continued• King George III• Sons of Liberty• Daughters of Liberty• Boycott • Repeal• Committee of

Correspondence• Quartering Act• Sam Adams• Boston Massacre• Tea Act

• Boston Tea Party• John Adams• Militia• Minutemen• Intolerable Acts• First Continental Congress• General Thomas Gage• Paul Revere• Concord• Lexington

The American Revolution• Early Battles

– This section will cover the early parts of the American Revolution

– Explain how the colonies began organizing together to fight the British

– Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the colonist

Continued…• Declaration of Independence

– This section explains how Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense influenced the colonist and the writing of the Declaration of Independence

– Explains the parts of the declaration: basic rights, British wrongs, and an independent nation

– Examines reasons why some colonist would want independence and others would want to stay loyal to the crown

Continued…• Ending the war

– This section looks at the end of the war, the importance of the Battle of Saratoga and the French among other foreigners coming to the aid of the colonist

– Explains at the role of African Americans and women during the American Revolution

– Examines the Treaty of Paris (1782) and Britain's recognition of the United States independence

Concepts• Green Mountain Boys• Olive Branch Petition• Continental Army• Bunker Hill• Redcoats• Blockade• Benedict Arnold• Fort Ticonderoga• Second Continental

Congress• Thomas Paine• Common Sense

• Traitor• Declaration of

Independence• Thomas Jefferson• Patriots• Loyalist• Basic Rights• Richard Henry Lee• Mary Katherine Goddard• Battle of Long Island• Nathan Hale

Concepts continued…• The Crisis• Battle of Trenton• General John Burgoyne• Battle of Saratoga• Valley Forge• Louis XVI• Cavalry• Neutral• John Paul Jones• Bernardo de Galvez• Bonhomme Richard

• Serapis• Comrades in arms• Peter Salem• Betsy Ross• Mary Ludwig Hays• Battle of Moore’s Creek

Bridge• General Cornwallis• Yorktown• Treaty of Paris • Ratiry

Creating a Republic• Articles of Confederation

– This section will cover the individual state’s rights

– Explain the formation of a national government under the Articles of Confederation

– Explain how the new government would address the lands west of the Appalachians

– Address the positives of the Articles and ultimately the faults that lead to revision

Continued…• Writing and Ratifying the Constitution

– This section will look at the necessity of a new Constitution

– Explain how the states –big & little, and North & South- compromised to reach an agreement and the need for a Bill of Rights

– Explain the Federal System; separation of powers: legislative, executive, and judicial; and the ratification of the Constitution

Content• Constitution• Execute• Bill of rights• Economic depression• Articles of Confederation• Loose alliance• Right to vote• Land Ordinance of 1785• Northwest Ordinance• Shay’s Rebellion• Legislative branch

• Executive branch• Judicial branch• Compromise• Constitutional Convention• James Madison• Virginia Plan• New Jersey Plan• Great Compromise• Three-Fifths Compromise• Roger Sherman

Content continued…• Republic• League of the Iroquois• Separation of Powers• Federalism• Electoral college• Checks and balances• Bill• Veto• Override• Impeach

• John Locke• Two Treatises on

Government• Montesquieu• The Spirit of the Laws• Amend• Due Process• Federalists• Anti-federalists• Bill of Rights

Activities• LEWIS AND CLARK EXPLORATION CARD

GAME – Cards come in "suits" representing tribes of

Native Americans or types of animals and plants. Each card has a picture, an explanatory caption, a date, and a number that also appears on an 18"h x 24"w poster-style map so students can learn where the plant, animal, or tribe was encountered

Activities continued…• LEWIS AND CLARK: A Simulation of the Corps of

Discovery – Small groups of students cooperate as teams, retracing

Lewis and Clark’s route on a map as they "earn miles" by learning facts about the expedition and practicing cross-curricular skills. Sample activities include deciding what supplies to take, making a speech to Congress to request funds, learning sign language, building a model of Fort Mandan, mapping Native American tribes, making a rain stick, keeping an expedition journal, and drawing and describing plants and animals. While eight-page student booklets prepare students to take on rotating roles in the Corps of Discovery, the 131-page teacher’s guide provides daily objectives, procedures, reproducible handouts, and answer keys. Grades 4–8. Time required: 11 or more class periods. Interact. ©2000

Continued• A 1776 town meeting simulation to debate whether or not to

support colonial independence. • A "Constitutional Card Sort" in which pairs of students analyze

questions about the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of government.

• A journal writing activity based on primary source materials relating to the trek of Lewis and Clark.

• A comparison between the goals set forth in the 1848 Seneca Falls feminist convention and the state of women’s rights today.

• A "press conference" on the eve of the Civil War as students re-create the contradictory arguments of nine eminent figures of the era.

Continued…• Calculate the miles Coronado traveled seeking the

Seven Cities of Cibola. • Map the voyages of Captain Cook. • List resources used in the Triangular Trade. • Create a fire prevention poster for Colonial Philadelphia. • Compose a tribute from Washington to his soldiers at

Valley Forge• Student interpretations of ten transparencies depicting

aspects of immigrant experience at the turn of the century

Continued…• "A Soldier's Journal" Have students create a journal of a rebel

soldier basing their 20 entries on 5 battles of the American Revolution, including: Lexington & Concord, Long Island, Trenton, Monnmouth (N.J.) and Yorktown. Students should include not only facts about each battle and its outcome, but also their thoughts and feelings as soldiers going into battle, about George Washington as a leader and about war in general.

• "The Writing of the Declaration of Independence" Students research the writing of the Declaration of Independence and one of the committee members who took on the challenge, including: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman and, of course, Thomas Jefferson. What were their backgrounds? How did each feel about writing the Declaration? Were they afraid? Have each group present a role play of their subject to the class.

Continued…• "Lord Dunmore's Proclamation" Have students

research Lord Dunmore's Proclamation and the Battle of Great Bridge, fought in Virginia in December of 1775. Then, have students imagine they are slaves working hard for their masters night and day. After examining the pros and cons of Lord Dunmore's invitation, have students write a 5 paragraph essay on why they would or would not choose to fight in "Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment". Then, have students take sides in a classroom debate on the issue and debrief.

Continued…• "The Boston Gazette" In groups of 5 to 6, have

students research the Stamp Act (1765), the Boston Massacre (1770) and the Boston Tea Party (1773). Then, have each group prepare a front page news page entitled The Boston Gazette. They should include facts about the story, eyewitness accounts, political cartoons relating to the event, opinion statements and a poem or song, either published or original. The front page should be made from poster-board, and its design and implementation should be left to the group and its imagination. These can then be displayed in class and referred to during class discussions.

Continued…• "Seeds of Revolution" Using their textbooks, have students

research the following events and activities that inspired the American Revolution: Navigation Acts (1651) Enumerated Commodities Act (1660) Staple Act (1663) Writs of Assistance Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act (1764) Currency Act (1764) Stamp Act (1765) Townshend Acts (1767) Boston Massacre (1770) Committees of Correspondence (1772) Boston Tea Party (1773) Intolerable Acts (1774) Continental Congress (1774) Committees of Safety(1775) Then, placing students in pairs, have each create a storybook depicting one of the topics above. The storybook should be bound creatively and contain pictures and storyline. Each book should be no less that 10 pages.

Evaluation – Multiple Choice1. Where was the ‘shot heard round the

world’ heard, which ultimately became the first battle of the American Revolution?

1. Concord

2. Saratoga

3. Yorktown

4. Bunker Hill

Multiple Choice continued…2. Who allied with France during the French

and Indian War?1. England

2. The English colonies

3. Hurons and Algonquians

4. Iroqious

Multiple Choice continued…3. Which was not an Act England imposed

upon the colonies1. Tobacco Act

2. Tea Act

3. Stamp Act

4. Quartering Act

Multiple Choice continued…4. Who alerted the colonist that the ‘British

were coming?’1. Ben Franklin

2. George Washington

3. Paul Revere

4. Thomas Jefferson

Multiple Choice continued…5. Where was the treaty signed that ended

the American Revolution?1. Geneva

2. London

3. New York

4. Paris

Evaluation – Objective Questions1. Explain why the French and English went

to war in North America.

2. List and describe three taxes imposed on the colonies by the British.

Evaluation – Essay Questions1. Compare and contrast the Articles of

Confederation and the Constitution and explain why the Constitution succeeded where the Articles failed.

2. In your opinion, describe what America would be like had the British won the American Revolution.

Instructional Resources• The Revolutionary War: A Journey Towards Freedom  http://library.thinkquest.org/10966/

– This website provides many tools to teaching the American Revolution. The website provides games, and resources for teachers and students. All background information that will help the understanding of the American Revolution.

• American Revolutionary War Glossary of Terms http://www.steveandeileencole.com/glossary.htm

– This website provides a definition for common terms in regards to the American Revolution. This is an excellent glossary to understand the laws, terms, and taxes of the time period.

• Birth of a Nation:  Causes of the War http://www.multied.com/revolt/Causes.html – This website provides great background information about the revolutionary

movement. It sections off the most important events that shape Americans road to independence.

• The American Revolution http://americanhistory.about.com/od/revolutionarywar/

– This website provides great primary documents gathered from the Revolutionary time period. Rather than provided secondary information, this website gives actual documents from important people of the time period.

Instructional Resources• The History Place: The American Revolution

http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/revolution/revwar-75.htm – This is a great resource for teachers. It goes month by month discussing the

processes of the American Revolution. While focusing a lot on the major events of the time period

• The American Revolution http://www.kidskonnect.com/AmericanRevolution/RevHome.html

– A great reference that provides many sources to find information in regards to the revolution. Whether it is a persons, place or concept, this website provides information on the term. This is a great place to look up because of the multitude of resources available.

• Biographies of the Founding Fathers  http://www.colonialhall.com/biodoi.asp – A great source that focuses on the major players of the revolutionary

movement. Rather than focusing on concepts and terms, this website seeks to provides biographies of the major people involved.

• A Revolutionary War WebQuest  http://library.advanced.org/11683/High.html – This is a great sources that seeks to explain much of the time period.

It focuses on key events and heroes of the time period. As well, it discusses the lifestyle and major battles of the movement.

Student Resources• 1776

– Pulitzer prize-winning author David McCullough delivers a compulsively readable account of the Continental Army in the year of its greatest tests. Primary source quotations etch sharp portraits in the characters of soldiers at all levels, from teenage fifers through the cadre of Washington's seconds-in-command to a shrewdly nuanced assessment of His Excellency himself. The same attention is paid to British political and military figures, resulting in a narrative that demonstrates how people shape the history through which they live. Grades 10 and up. Index. Bibliography. Source notes. Illustrated. Simon and Schuster. 386 pages. ©2005

Student Resources Continued…• THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: Let Freedom

Ring – Loaded with images and supplementary sidebars, as

well as authentic sources and documents, this series brings new perspective on the people and events of the American Revolution. Stories are filled with human interest and packed with facts, offering exciting insight into this important historical time. Each book includes a timeline, glossary, and lists of suggested further reading, places of interest, and Web sites. Grades 3–6. Indexes. Capstone. 48 pages each. ©2002.

Continued…• THE BOSTON MASSACRE: New England

Remembers – Robert J. Allison. A history of the events on March 5,

1770, their background, what happened, and how they became legendary. 2006: 96 pages, illustrated. Softcover. (Commonwealth Editions)

• INVENTING A NATION: Washington, Adams, Jefferson– Gore Vidal. A uniquely irreverent, witty, and quite

accurate account of the realities of nation-making by the founding fathers, many cast here in a new, realistic, and occasionally comical light. 2004: 208 pages. Softcover. (Yale)

Continued…• A DEVIL OF A WHIPPING: The Battle of Cowpens

– Lawrence E. Babits. A new interpretation of the pivotal South Carolina Revolutionary battle, presenting a soldiers-eye view of the events, an accurate count of the participants, and a fresh interpretation of the role of the cavalry in Morgan's victory. "Simply one of the best - perhaps the very best - studies we have of a Revolutionary War battle. . . . One of the best examples I have seen of the 'new military history'." Don Higginbotham. 2001: 231 pages, illustrated. Softcover. (North Carolina)

Continued…• FOUNDING MYTHS: Stories That Hide Our

Patriotic Past– Ray Raphael - Identifies a range of cherished

stories from American history that are either myths or distorted, such as Paul Revere's ride, Patrick Henry's ""Give Me Liberty"" speech, the story of Molly Pitcher, and many others. Historically accurate versions of the stories are included. 2006: 368 pages. (New Press)

Continued…EYEWITNESS BOOKS: U.S. History

– Almost like a museum in a book, each of these beautifully designed volumes provides a fascinating close-up look at a high-interest topic. Clear, lively captions describe the large—sometimes life-size—full-color photographs and illustrations on every page. Eyewitness Books have won a number of awards, including ALA Best Book for Young Adults, New York Times Notable Book, and Outstanding Science Trade Book. Grades 4 and up. Indexes. 8½" x 11". Knopf. 64–72 pages each. ©2000–05

Continued…• Give Me Liberty! The Story of the Declaration of

Independence, Russell Freedman (Informational book)

• The Declaration of Independence: The Words that Made America, Sam Fink (humorous picture book)

• Shhh! We're Writing the Constitution, Jean Fritz (Informational book)

• ...If You Were There When They Signed the Constitution, Elizabeth Levy (Informational book)

Continued…• The History Place  The American Revolution 

http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/revolution/revwar-75.htm – This section of the website provides a

descriptive timeline of the American Revolution from beginning to end

Media References1-5. The American Revolution: One Nations

Rise to Independence (DVD)• This 5 DVD set revisits the birth of a nation

with five essential documentaries (The Conflict Ignites, Washington and Arnold, England’s Last Chance and The Birth of a Republic)

• This collection also includes biographies of George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Paul Revere and Benedict Arnold.

Media Continued6. Primary source collection, guide (CD-ROM)

– Photographs: the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, the drafting of Declaration of Independence, the Boston Massacre, portraits of Washington and Franklin, and John Paul Jones on his ship. Documents include: political cartoons from Boston, a newspaper article protesting the Stamp Act, a battle map of Bunker Hill, a drafting announcement for the Revolution, Patrick Henry's "Give Me Liberty" speech, the Declaration of Independence, Cornwallis' surrender papers, and a "Join or Die" snake

Continued…7. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: From

Colonies to Constitution (VHS)– Compelling archival images and accurate

historical reenactments bring the creation of the United States to life. A clear narrative, onscreen captions, and a brief and accurate relation of the facts form a clear introduction to the time period

Continued…8. COLONIAL AND REVOLUTION SONGS

– Music and history from Colonial America in the 17th and 18th centuries, the American Revolution, and the War of 1812. (The illustrated 71-page songbook includes the music, lyrics, and more detailed notes for each song.) Total time: 2 hours.

Continued…9. The Founding of the United Sates

Experience (Audio CD)– Sound recording and CD arrangement with

more than 70 minutes of readings of contemporary letters, diaries and documents

Continued…10. EYEWITNESS BOOKS: U.S. History (Book)

– Almost like a museum in a book, each of these beautifully designed volumes provides a fascinating close-up look at a high-interest topic. Clear, lively captions describe the large—sometimes life-size—full-color photographs and illustrations on every page. Eyewitness Books have won a number of awards, including ALA Best Book for Young Adults, New York Times Notable Book, and Outstanding Science Trade Book. Grades 4 and up. Indexes. 8½" x 11". Knopf. 64–72 pages each. ©2000–05.

Continued…11. HISTORICAL MAPS OF THE UNITED

STATES (Charts & Posters)– Printed on heavy stock, the seven displays

can be used for bulletin boards, interest centers, or as lesson aids. Five maps show U.S. territorial gains from 1789 to the present. The other two show early Native American tribes/cultures and the route of Lewis and Clark and other westward trails. Includes a six-page resource guide with reproducible activities. 17"h x 24"w. Mark Twain Media. ©2003.

Continued…12. Revolution (laserdisc)

- New York trapper Tom Dobb becomes an unwilling participant in the American Revolution after his son Ned is drafted into the Army by the villainous Sergeant Major Peasy. Tom attempts to find his son, and eventually becomes convinced that he must take a stand and fight for the freedom of the Colonies, alongside the aristocratic rebel Daisy McConnahay. As Tom undergoes his change of heart, the events of the war unfold in large-scale grandeur

Continued…13. 15 FUN-TO-READ AMERICAN HISTORY MINI-

BOOKS (Book)– Specially geared to struggling readers, these engaging

8-page nonfiction stories are told in comic strip form with descriptive text, dialog, and expressive drawings. Background information, discussion prompts, writing extensions, vocabulary, and book links are included. Among the 15 subjects: explorers, Jamestown, Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere, George Washington, Lewis and Clark, Oregon Trail, California Gold Rush, Civil War, and Ellis Island. Grades 3–5. 8½" x 10½". Scholastic. Approximately 80 pages. ©2000.

Continued14. COUNTDOWN TO INDEPENDENCE: Causes of the

American Revolution (Video)- Focusing on 1773–1776, this fast-moving program

helps students grasp the sweep of events from the Boston Tea Party to July 4th in Philadelphia. Live dramatizations, stills, and voiceovers detail the Intolerable Acts, Committees of Correspondence, the impact of Common Sense, flashpoint at Lexington, failed attempts at conciliation, bloodshed on Breed's Hill, and adoption of Jefferson's declaration by the Continental Congress. Program breaks review content with quiz questions and student discussion. A final segment recaps lead-up events and prominent figures of the Revolution. Grades 5–8. Color. 22 minutes. Rainbow. ©1993.

Continued…15. AMERICAN HISTORY PICTUREPACKS (CD-ROM &

Software)- Each of these unique pictorial collections on CD-ROM contains 130–290 images that spotlight events, people, places, and trends in United States history. Each collection covers the major highlights of a specific time period, and includes an engaging full-screen image to illustrate the article. Topics include political events, wars and conflict, immigration, inventions, exploration, social and cultural trends, farming and manufacturing changes, and more. Users can access drawings, paintings, chromolithographs, maps, photographs, and other images through their Web browser, allowing them to quickly flip through the images and explanatory text. The program also facilitates the transport of images to PowerPoint presentations, Microsoft Word documents, and other programs. Grades 6 and up. Instructional Resources Corporation. ©2001

Continued…16. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY

WAR (Power Point)– Discusses underlying and direct causes of

the American Revolution, including British policies toward the colonists. Explains major battles and campaigns, as well as the emergence of nationalism. Also: Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Constitutional Convention.

Continued…17. BATTLE OF LEXINGTON AND

CONCORD (GAME) – Each player commands a British force moving

into Concord on April 19, 1775. Along the way, commanders must make critical decisions in order to destroy Colonial supplies and seize Colonial leaders without having their own soldiers killed or wounded. Revised. ©2005.

Continued…18. AMERICAN GOVERNMENT SHARPCHARTS (Charts)

– Unmatched for room environment or teaching, these four-color charts convey essential facts on the history and operation of United States government. On the back of each display are four 8½" x 11" panels (positioned for copying) with activities, games, and learning extensions. Content: Constitution, Bill of Rights, branches of government, federal elections, how a bill becomes law. Plastic-coated on durable stock. Grades 4 and up. 28½"h x 22"w. Creative Teaching Press. ©1998.

Continued…19. EUROPEAN CLAIMS AND POSSESSIONS, 1754, 1763

(Maps & Globes)

– Two maps show European claims before and after the French and Indian War, including settlements, portages, roads, Indian tribes and trails. 40"h x 52"w. Cram. ©2004.

Continued…20. The Founding of The United States Experience

1776-1815 (Audio CD, Maps, Posters etc..)– Gerry and Janet Souter and Richard D, Brown, Editors

A full-color, slip-cased memorabilia collectible which includes dramatic readings of first-hand accounts taken from original manuscripts and recorded on an audio CD along with 30 facsimile items of the era's memorabilia, each with a separate printed piece inserted, allowing the reader to hold and examine hand-drawn maps, diaries, letters, orders, and broadsides, newspapers and posters. 2006: 64 pages, 10 1/2"" x 11 7/8"". (Presidio)