unit 2: covering, support, and movement of the body chapters 6, 7, and 8: the skeletal system part b...
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Unit 2: Covering, Support, Unit 2: Covering, Support, and Movement of the Bodyand Movement of the Body
Chapters 6, 7, and 8: The Skeletal Chapters 6, 7, and 8: The Skeletal SystemSystemPart BPart B
DLT’s 3 - 4DLT’s 3 - 4
The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton
126 bones126 bones The appendicular skeleton is made up of The appendicular skeleton is made up of
the bones of the limbs and their girdlesthe bones of the limbs and their girdles Pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to Pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to
the body trunkthe body trunk Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbsPelvic girdle secures the lower limbs
Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles)Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles)
The pectoral girdles The pectoral girdles consist of the anterior consist of the anterior clavicles and the clavicles and the posterior scapulaeposterior scapulae
They attach the upper They attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows in a manner that allows for maximum movementfor maximum movement
They provide attachment They provide attachment points for muscles that points for muscles that move the upper limbsmove the upper limbs
The Upper LimbsThe Upper Limbs
The upper limb consists of the arm The upper limb consists of the arm (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), and (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), and hand (manus)hand (manus)
Thirty-seven bones form the skeletal Thirty-seven bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limbframework of each upper limb
ArmArm
The humerus is the The humerus is the sole bone of the armsole bone of the arm
It articulates with the It articulates with the scapula at the scapula at the shoulder, and the shoulder, and the radius and ulna at the radius and ulna at the elbowelbow
ForearmForearm The bones of the forearm The bones of the forearm
are the radius and ulna are the radius and ulna They articulate proximally They articulate proximally
with the humerus and with the humerus and distally with the wrist distally with the wrist bonesbones
They also articulate with They also articulate with each other proximally and each other proximally and distally at small radioulnar distally at small radioulnar jointsjoints
Interosseous membrane Interosseous membrane connects the two bones connects the two bones along their entire lengthalong their entire length
Ulna and RadiusUlna and Radius The ulna lies medially in the The ulna lies medially in the
forearm and is slightly longer forearm and is slightly longer than the radiusthan the radius
Forms the major portion of Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the the elbow joint with the humerushumerus
Its major markings include Its major markings include the olecranon process, the olecranon process, coronoid process, and the coronoid process, and the styloid processstyloid process
The radius lies opposite The radius lies opposite (lateral to) the ulna and is (lateral to) the ulna and is thin at its proximal end, thin at its proximal end, widened distallywidened distally
The superior surface of the The superior surface of the head articulates with the head articulates with the capitulum of the humeruscapitulum of the humerus
Medially, the head articulates Medially, the head articulates with the radial notch of the with the radial notch of the ulnaulna
Major markings include the Major markings include the head, radial tuberosity, and head, radial tuberosity, and styloid processstyloid process
HandHand
Skeleton of the hand Skeleton of the hand contains wrist bones contains wrist bones (carpals), bones of the (carpals), bones of the palm (metacarpals), palm (metacarpals), and bones of the and bones of the fingers (phalanges)fingers (phalanges)
Pelvic Girdle (Hip)Pelvic Girdle (Hip)
The hip is formed by a pair of hip bones The hip is formed by a pair of hip bones (os coxae, or coxal)(os coxae, or coxal)
Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvisthese bones form the bony pelvis Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
with the strongest ligaments of the bodywith the strongest ligaments of the body Transmits weight of the upper body to the Transmits weight of the upper body to the
lower limbslower limbs Supports the visceral organs of the pelvisSupports the visceral organs of the pelvis
The Lower LimbThe Lower Limb
The three segments of the lower limb are The three segments of the lower limb are the thigh, leg, and footthe thigh, leg, and foot
They carry the weight of the erect body, They carry the weight of the erect body, and are subjected to exceptional forces and are subjected to exceptional forces when one jumps or runswhen one jumps or runs
FemurFemur The sole bone of the The sole bone of the
thigh is the femur, the thigh is the femur, the largest and strongest largest and strongest bone in the bodybone in the body
It articulates proximally It articulates proximally with the hip and distally with the hip and distally with the tibia and fibulawith the tibia and fibula
Major markings include Major markings include the head, fovea capitis, the head, fovea capitis, neck, greater and lesser neck, greater and lesser trochanters, medial and trochanters, medial and lateral condyles, medial lateral condyles, medial and later epicondylesand later epicondyles
LegLeg The tibia and fibula The tibia and fibula
form the skeleton of the form the skeleton of the legleg
They are connected to They are connected to each other by the each other by the interosseous interosseous membranemembrane
They articulate with the They articulate with the femur proximally and femur proximally and with the ankle bones with the ankle bones distallydistally
They also articulate They also articulate with each other via the with each other via the immovable tibiofibular immovable tibiofibular jointsjoints
Tibia and FibulaTibia and Fibula
TibiaTibia Receives the weight of Receives the weight of
the body from the femur the body from the femur and transmits it to the footand transmits it to the foot
Major markings include Major markings include medial and lateral medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar condyles, intercondylar eminence, the tibial eminence, the tibial tuberosity, anterior crest, tuberosity, anterior crest, medial malleolus, and medial malleolus, and fibular notchfibular notch
FibulaFibula Sticklike bone with slightly Sticklike bone with slightly
expanded ends located expanded ends located laterally to the tibialaterally to the tibia
Major markings include Major markings include the head and lateral the head and lateral malleolusmalleolus
The FootThe Foot
The skeleton of the foot The skeleton of the foot includes the tarsus, includes the tarsus, metatarsus, and the metatarsus, and the phalanges (toes)phalanges (toes)
The foot supports body The foot supports body weight and acts as a weight and acts as a lever to propel the body lever to propel the body forward in walking and forward in walking and runningrunning
DLT 4: I can list several different types of DLT 4: I can list several different types of joints, and describe how they produce joints, and describe how they produce
movements.movements. Joints (Articulations)Joints (Articulations)
Weakest parts of the skeletonWeakest parts of the skeleton Articulation – site where two or more bones Articulation – site where two or more bones
meetmeet Functions of jointsFunctions of joints
Give the skeleton mobilityGive the skeleton mobility Hold the skeleton togetherHold the skeleton together
Classification of Joints: Structural Classification of Joints: Structural and Functionaland Functional
Structural classification Structural classification focuses on the material focuses on the material binding bones together binding bones together and whether or not a and whether or not a joint cavity is presentjoint cavity is present
The three structural The three structural classifications are:classifications are: FibrousFibrous Cartilaginous Cartilaginous Synovial Synovial
Functional classification Functional classification is based on the amount is based on the amount of movement allowed by of movement allowed by the jointthe joint
The three functional The three functional classes of joints are:classes of joints are: Synarthroses – Synarthroses –
immovable immovable Amphiarthroses – slightly Amphiarthroses – slightly
movable movable Diarthroses – freely Diarthroses – freely
movablemovable
SynarthrosesSynarthroses A bony junction A bony junction
that is immovable that is immovable and is connected and is connected by solid by solid connective tissueconnective tissue
SuturesSutures
AmphiarthrosesAmphiarthroses
A joint permitting A joint permitting little motion, the little motion, the opposed opposed surfaces being surfaces being connected by connected by fibrocartilage, as fibrocartilage, as between between vertebrae,vertebrae, the the Symphysis Symphysis pubis, or pubis, or Sacroiliac jointsSacroiliac joints