unit 17 review, part iv lewis, imf, bonding, acid-base, solutions
DESCRIPTION
Molecular Geometry Geometry = shapes VSEPR Theory Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion AKA: electrons hate each other LPChem: Wz Unit 12: Molecular StructureTRANSCRIPT
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UNIT 17Review, Part IVLewis, IMF, Bonding, Acid-Base, Solutions
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Molecular Compounds:Are made of nonmetals
Nonmetals have high electronegativity, so they do NOT release their electrons.
Two nonmetals share some of their valence electrons (in bonds) to achieve full octets.
The atoms are CO-valent-ly bonded!
LPChem:W
z (after Johannesson)
Shared Valence
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Molecular GeometryGeometry = shapesVSEPR Theory
ValenceShellElectronPairRepulsion
AKA: electrons hate each other
LPChem: W
z Unit 12: M
olecular Structure
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VSEPR TheoryThe electrons interacting in molecules
(valence shell electron pairs) Are REPULSED by each other.
The electron pairs around the central atom orient themselves as far apart as possible– in order to minimize their mutual repulsion.
Unit 12: M
olecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
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I. Lewis Dot Structures
NH3
LPChem:W
z (after Johannesson)
NH
HH C OOO HH
H2O
CH
HHH
CH4 CO2
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LPChem after JohannessonA. Polar Bonds
• A bond between atoms of two different elements tends to be polar.
• One end is slightly positive, the other is slightly negative.
H Cl+ -
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LPChem after JohannessonA. Polar Bonds
H Cl+ -
Assume ALL bonds are polar unless the same element is on both ends!
N2, O2, & F2 are made of nonpolar bonds.
So are N3 & O3
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I. Lewis Dot Structures
NH3
LPChem:W
z (after Johannesson)
NH
HH C OOO HH
H2O
CH
HHH
CH4 CO2
All of these bonds are polar.
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I. Lewis Dot Structures
N3
LPChem:W
z (after Johannesson)
N NN OOHH
H2
ClCl
Cl2 O2
All of these bonds are nonpolar.
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The bonds are all polar. Is the MOLECULE Polar?
NH3
LPChem:W
z (after Johannesson)
NH
HH C OOO HH
H2O
CH
HHH
CH4 CO2
POLAR
POLAR NONPO
LARNONPOLAR
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Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)Intermolecular Forces = (Attraction) Forces between moleculesIMFs are much weaker than bonds
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
This ATTRACTI
ON between
the molecules is the IMF.
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Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)Intermolecular Forces = (Attraction) Forces between moleculesIMFs are much weaker than bonds
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
The three IMFS:oLondon
DispersionoDipole-DipoleoHydrogen
Bonding STRONG
weak
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London Dispersion:What is it?
Who has it?
How strong is it?
And?Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z between temporary dipoles due to uneven e- dispersion
All atoms & molecules
Weakest strengthStronger for molecules with greater masses.
Instantaneous attraction
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Dipole-Dipole Interaction:What is it?
Who has it?
How strong is it?
And?Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
Charge attraction between permanent dipoles
All polar molecules
Medium strength
It is stronger when the molecules are closer.
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I. Lewis Dot Structures
NH3
LPChem:W
z (after Johannesson)
NH
HH C OOO HH
H2O
CH
HHH
CH4 CO2
POLAR
POLAR NONPO
LARNONPOLAR
HIGHER melting points
and boiling points
(dipole-dipole)
LOWER melting points
and boiling points
(no dipole-dipole)
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Hydrogen Bonding:What is it?
Who has it?
How strong is it?
And?Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
Extreme attraction between molecules with N-H, O-H, or F-H bonds.
Molecules with H bound directly to N, O, F
Greatest strengthSometimes called a “pseudo bond”, but it is NOT chemical bonding.
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Which ones exhibit hydrogen bonding?
NH3
LPChem:W
z (after Johannesson)
NH
HH C OOO HH
H2O
CH
HHH
CH4 CO2
H-Bonding!
H-Bonding!
Nope
Nope
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Why are IMFs important?More IMFs make a substance “stick together” more. This increases:Melting & Boiling pointsCohesion
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
Surface Tension: the attractive force between particles in a liquid that minimizes surface area.
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Why are IMFs important?
Capillary action: attractive force between the surface of a liquid and the surface of a solid
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z Polar substances also stick to other polar substances, leading to:
Mutual Solubility & Miscibility (dissolving & mixing together)
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Why are IMFs important?Dissolving & mixing:Polar molecules (like water) are attracted to other polar molecules. They dissolve/mix together easily.
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
Nonpolar molecules (like oil) do not dissolve/mix with polar substances.
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Chemical BondingWhy did the atom cross the road?
Remember: atoms make bonds in order to achieve a stable (full octet!) electron configuration.
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
To get to the valence electron on the other side!
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Chemical Bonding:The three bond types are based on the different ways
atoms achieve a full octet:
IONIC
Transfer
Electrons
COVALENT
ShareElectron
s
METALLIC
Delocalize & PoolElectrons(electron sea)
Unit 12: Molecular Structure LPChem: Wz
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Ionic Bonds: A transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another. (Creating IONS.)Ionic formulas are always given empirically. (Smallest whole number ratio.)
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
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Ionic Bonds: Structure:An ionic CRYSTAL Made of cations and anions(Opposites attract = ionic bonding)Arranged in a rigid checkerboard (lattice) structure
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
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Ionic Bonds: The rigid checkerboard pattern gives ionic compounds their unique properties:BrittlenessNon-conductive solidsUsually water solubleConductive in (aq)Extremely high mp
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
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Covalent Bonds: SHARING one or more pair of electrons between two atoms. (Creating molecules.)Molecule formulas are usually NOT given empirically.E.g., glucose is written C6H12O6 instead of C1H2O1
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
Nonmetals share because their electronegativities are too high to let any electrons go.
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Covalent Bonds: Structure:Individual MOLECULESHeld together in solid or liquid form by IMFs. (IMFs are weak compared to bonds, so these melt/boil easily.)
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
Nonmetals share because their electronegativities are too high to let any electrons go.
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Covalent Bonds: The fact that they form molecules why covalent compounds have these properties:Non-electrolytes (no conductivity in (s) or (aq))
Low melting/boiling points
Tendency to burn (decompose)
Aqueous solubility varies:
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
• POLAR molecules are soluble in (polar) water.
• NON-polar molecules are insoluble.
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Metallic Bonds: Delocalizing and pooling electrons in the electron sea.The electrons are loose and can flow freely throughout the entire chunk of metal.
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
Metals release their valence electrons because their electronegativities are too low to hold on.
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Metallic Bonds: Structure:A “crystal” made of metal CATIONSIn a sea of valence electronsWhich flow freely everywhere.
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
Metals release their valence electrons because their electronegativities are too low to hold on.
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Metallic Bonds: The electron sea is what gives metals their characteristic properties:Malleability & ductilitySolid conductivityInsoluble in aqueousLusterRelatively high melting points
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
Metals release their valence electrons because their electronegativities are too low to hold on to them.
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Relative bond strength: NP Covalent: equal electron SHARING (between similar nonmetals)Polar Covalent: unequal electron SHARING (between dissimilar nonmetals)Ionic: TRANSFER of electrons (from metal to nonmetal, creating ions)Metallic: ELECTRON SEA of delocalized electrons (between metals)
Unit 12: Molecular Structure
LPChem: W
z
STRONGEST
WEAKEST
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C. Johannesson
ACID-BASE
electrolytes electrolytes
turn litmus red
sour taste
react with metals to form H2 gas
slippery to touch
turn litmus blue
bitter taste
ChemASAP
vinegar, milk, soda, apples, citrus fruits
ammonia, lye, antacid, baking soda
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C. Johannesson
ACID-BASE
High H+ (H3O+) conc. High OH- conc.
turn litmus red
Low pH (<7)
Formula:• begins with H• ends with a NM
Formula (usually):• begins with a M• Ends with OH
turn litmus blue
High pH (>7)
ChemASAP
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C. Johannesson
B. Definitions
• Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) • Acids create hydronium ions (H3O+)
H
HH H H
H
Cl ClO O–+
acid hydronium
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C. Johannesson
B. Definitions• Bases form hydroxide ions (OH-)
H
H
HH H
H
N NO O–+
HH
H H
base hydroxide
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LPChem:Wz
B. pH Calculations
pH
pOH
[H+](H3O+)
[OH-]
-log[H3O+]
-log[OH-]
10^(–pH)
10^(–pOH)
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] 14 = pH + pOH
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_ 2 sig figs
C. Johannesson
B. pH Scale
What is the pH of 0.010 M HNO3?
pH = -log[H3O+]
pH = -log[0.010]
pH = 2.00
Acidic or basic?Acidic
__ 2 sig figs after the decimal
strong acid [HNO3] = [H3O+]
pH < 7
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LPChem:Wz
B. pH Scale
What is the [H3O+] of a solution with pH = 7.45?
pH = -log[H3O+]
Therefore 10^ -pH = [H3O+]
10^ -7.45 = [H3O+]
= 3.6 x 10-8 M
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LPChem:Wz
A. NeutralizationChemical reaction between an acid
and a base.
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LPChem:Wz
A. NeutralizationChemical reaction between an acid
and a base.Products are a salt (ionic compound)
and water.
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A. Neutralization
ACID + BASE SALT + WATERHCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
• Acid + Base = Salt + Water is a neutralization reaction.
• Titration is used to solve for an unknown concentration in acid-base neutralizations.
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C. Johannesson
B. Titration
moles H3O+ = moles OH-
MV n = MV nM: MolarityV: volumen: # of H+ ions in the acid
or OH- ions in the base
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LPChem:Wz
B. Titration10.0 mL of 2.3M LiOH are required to
neutralize 20.0 mL of HNO2. Find the molarity of HNO2.
H3O+
M = ?V = 20.0 mLn = 1
OH-
M = 2.3MV = 10.0 mLn = 1
MV# = MV#(2.3M)(10.0mL)(1) =
M(20.0mL)(1)
M = 1.15M HNO2
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C. Johannesson
A. Definitions
Solution - homogeneous mixture
Solvent – the dissolver (present in greater amount)
Solute - substance being dissolved
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LPChem:Wz
B. Solvation
StrongElectrolyte
Non-Electrolyte
Ionic compounds, Strong acids, Strong bases
Molecular substances
WeakElectrolyte
Weak acids & Weak bases
i = 1 i = 1 < i < 2i = 2 or more
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C. Johannesson
B. Solvation
NONPOLAR
NONPOLARPOLARPOLAR
“Like Dissolves Like”
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C. Johannesson
C. Solubility
SATURATED SOLUTION
no more solute can dissolve
UNSATURATED SOLUTION
more solute can dissolve
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONUnstable.
crystals form if solute is added
concentration
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C. Johannesson
A. Definition
Colligative Property• property that depends on the concentration of solute
particles, not their identity
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B. Types
Freezing Point Depression (Tf)• f.p. of a solution is lower than f.p. of the pure solvent
Boiling Point Elevation (Tb)• b.p. of a solution is higher than b.p. of the pure
solventTb(normal) + Tb = Tb(elevated)
Tf(normal) - Tf = Tf(depressed)
LPChem:Wz
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C. Johannesson
C. Calculations
T: change in temperature (°C)K: constant based on the solvent
(°C·kg/mol)
m: molality (m)i: ion number (# of particles)
T = K · m · i