unit 10 musculoskeletal systems pathological conditions · 2010-10-29 · rheumatoid arthritis (ra)...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
UNIT 10
Musculoskeletal Systems
Pathological Conditions
![Page 2: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Group of hereditary diseases characterized by
gradual atrophy and weakness of muscle tissue.
There is no cure for muscular dystrophy. Duchenne
dystrophy is the most common form with an average
lifespan of 20 yrs.
![Page 3: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (MG)
Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized
by severe muscular weakness and progressive
fatigue.
![Page 4: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ROTATOR CUFF INJURIES
Injuries to the capsule of the shoulder joint, which is reinforced by muscles and tendons; also called musculotendinous rotator cuff injuries.
Rotator cuff injuries occur in sports I which there is a complete abduction of the shoulder, followed by a rapid and forceful rotation and flexion of the shoulder. This type of injury occurs most commonly in baseball injuries when the player throws a baseball.
![Page 5: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
SPRAIN
Trauma to a joint that causes injury to the
surrounding ligament, accompanied by pain and
disability.
![Page 6: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
TALIPES EQUINOVARUS
Congenital deformity of the foot; also called clubfoot.
In talipes, the heel never rests on the ground. Treatment consists of applying casts to progressively straighten the foot and surgical correction for severe cases.
![Page 7: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
TENDINITIS
Inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury
or overuse; also called tendonitis.
![Page 8: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
TORTICOLLIS
Spasmodic contraction
of the neck muscles,
causing stiffness and
twisting of the neck;
also called wryneck.
Torticollis may be
congenital or acquired.
![Page 9: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
Pain or numbness resulting from compression of the
median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal
through which the flexor tendons and median nerve
pass).
![Page 10: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
CONTRACTURE
Fibrosis of connective tissue
in the skin, fascia, muscle, or
joint capsule that prevents
normal mobility of the
related tissue or joint.
![Page 11: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
CREPITATION
Grating sound made by movement of bone ends
rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint
destruction.
![Page 12: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
EWING SARCOMA
Malignant tumor that develops from bone marrow,
usually in long bones or the pelvis.
Ewing sarcoma occurs most commonly in adolescent boys.
![Page 13: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
GOUT
Hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of
acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid
in the blood and around the joints.
Uric Acid Crystals
![Page 14: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
HERNIATED DISK
Herniation or rupture of the nucleus pulposus (center gelatinous material within an intervertebral disk) between two vertebrae; also called prolapsed disk.
A herniated disk places pressure on a spinal root nerve or the spinal cord. Displacement of the disk irritates the spinal nerves, causing muscle spasms and pain. It occurs most commonly in the lower spine.
![Page 15: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
OSTEOPOROSIS
Decrease in bone density with an increase in
porosity, causing bones to become brittle and
increasing the risk of fractures.
![Page 16: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
PAGET DISEASE
Skeletal disease affecting elderly
people that causes chronic inflammation
of bones, resulting in thickening and
softening of bones and bowing of long
bones; also called osteitis deformans.
![Page 17: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)
Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple joints, eventually resulting in crippling deformities.
As RA develops, there is congestion and edema of the synovial membrane and joint, causing formation of a thick layer of granulation tissue. This tissue invades cartilage, destroying the joint and bone. Eventually, a fibrous immobility of joints (ankylosis) occurs, causing visible deformities and total immobility.
![Page 18: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
SUBLUXATION
Partial or complete dislocation.
![Page 19: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
SEQUESTRUM
Fragment of a necrosed bone that has become
separated from surrounding tissue.
![Page 20: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
Chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin that first affects the spine and is characterized by fusion and loss of mobility of two or more vertebrae; also called rheumatoid spondylitis.
Treatment includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and, in advanced cases of a badly deformed spine, surgery.
![Page 21: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
KYPHOSIS
Increased curvature of
the thoracic region of
the vertebral column,
leading to a humpback
posture; also called
hunchback.
Kyphosis may be caused
by poor posture, arthritis,
or osteomalacia.
![Page 22: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
LORDOSIS
Forward curvature of
lumbar region of the
vertebral column,
leading to a swayback
posture.
Lordosis may be caused
by increased weight in
the abdomen, such as
during pregnancy.
![Page 23: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SCOLIOSIS
Abnormal sideward
curvature of the spine to the
left or right.
Scoliosis eventually causes
back pain, disk disease, or
arthritis. It is commonly a
congenital disease, but may
result from poor posture.
![Page 24: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
Partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the
one below it, most commonly the fifth lumbar
vertebra over the first sacral vertebra; also called
spinal cord compression.
![Page 25: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ARTHROCENTESIS
Puncture of a joint space with a needle to remove
fluid.
Arthrocentesis is performed to obtain samples of synovial
fluid for diagnostic purposes. It may also be used to
instill medications and remove accumulated fluid from
joints to relieve pain.
![Page 26: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
RHEUMATOID FACTOR
Blood test to detect the presence of rheumatoid
factor, a substance present in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis.
![Page 27: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ARTHROPLASTY
Surgical reconstruction or replacement of a painful,
degenerated joint to restore mobility in rheumatoid or
osteoarthritis or to correct a congenital deformity.
ShoulderArthroplasty
![Page 28: UNIT 10 Musculoskeletal Systems Pathological Conditions · 2010-10-29 · RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) Chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062602/5ed07be6c637cc231f089615/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
SEQUESTRECTOMY
Excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed
bone).