Unit 1: What IS science? Name_______________________Date__________Period________

Science is the use of ______________ to put together ______________

explanations and ______________ of the ______________ world. Scientists also

can gather ______________ though this ______________.

What is or is NOT science?

Scientific research ______________ concerns ______________

events (ex. ghosts, telekinesis, and other forms of psychic powers or mystical

entities)

Scientists must ______________ and ______________ information looking for

patterns and connections then propose explanations based on data ______________,

______________ ______________.

A theory is a well-established, thoroughly tested, highly-reliable explanation that unifies a broad range of observations. NOT absolute truth.

Biology Tools 1. Microscopes

1. Light Microscopes – produce ______________ (zoom in) images by focusing visible

light rays. Magnify up to ______ (eyepiece X objective= magnification e.g.10 x 10 =100x)

Can observe ______ specimens

*OUR microscope is ____ strong enough to be used to see ______________ or ______

2. Electron Microscopes – produce magnified images by focusing on beams of

______________. ______________ observe live specimens (specimens are

______________).

Used to ____________ specimens ____________microscopes cannot see ex. viruses

3. Cell Cultures – a laboratory technique in which ___________ cell is able to

______________/______________ a group of cells Ex. Bacteria in a ______________ dish

4. Gel electrophoresis: is a method for separation and analysis of ______________

(________,_______ and _______________) and their fragments, based on their size.

Ex. Who’s your daddy?!

WHAT IS BIOLOGY? Biology is the _______ _ ____ _________.

The prefix bios means “_______” The suffix logy means “_________ _____”

Branches of Biology 1. Zoologists – study animals 2. Botanists – study plants 3. Paleontologist – study ancient life

What do you think microbiology means? Study of microorganisms (really tiny living things)

Biotic Factors:

Abiotic Factors:

_______ _ the _______ _

things that directly or indirectly

affect the _______ _

The prefix “a” means _______ _ or _______ _

All the _______ _ parts of the _______ _ Ex. fire, soil, rainfall,

sun

Abiotic factors _______ _ the ability of organisms to _______ _

and reproduce

8 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE U: Universal Genetic Code

a. All living things are based on a ______________ ______________ ______________

b. ______ (deoxyribonucleic acid) or ______ (ribonucleic acid) ; heredity information passed

from parent to offspring

O: Organized of Cells

a. Unicellular – one, ______________ cell

b. Multicellular – ______________ cells; can have ______________ of cells to perform a

different function.

R: Reproduction

a. Sexual reproduction - cells from ______________ ______________ unite to form a new cell

b. Asexual reproduction - __________ parent

H: Homeostasis

Living things maintain a __________ ______________ ______________

through homeostasis.

Example: keeping the body constant at temperature is 98.6 degrees

(sweating vs. shivering to maintain constant temp)

M: Metabolism (Energy Usage) a. Autotrophic – makes __________ energy to use *photosynthesis

b. Heterotrophic – must __________ energy from other organisms

c. Decomposers – obtains __________ from __________ remains of organisms

Sexual Asexual

A: Adapt (Change over time)

• Adaptations are __________ __________ by an organism (given by parents) that gives them

an advantage in a certain __________.

• change over time (__________) enabling species to __________.

G: Grow and Develop

a. Unicellular grows in __________/__________

b. Multicellular changes through __________, a change in __________ and size

R: Respond to Environment

a. Organisms detect __________ from the environment; a

stimulus is a __________ to which an organism __________

(temp, light, smell) ex: migration due to change in weather

***Remember GRUM-A-HOR!!!***

Virus – Is it Alive??? PROS CONS

1. Contain __________ info (DNA/RNA)

1. Are NOT __________

2. Have a __________ coat

2. Do NOT _______________ energy

3. Able to replicate WITH A __________ ONLY

3. Cannot grow or __________ without living host

(dormant)

Structure of a Bacteriophage

***What do you think? Are viruses alive? __________!!!!!

Stimulus= HEAT

Response= to move away

Growing…

Ecology Notes Day 2: Levels of Organization

What is Ecology? Organisms and Their Environment

• The study of ________________ that take place between organisms and their environment.

• It ________________ how living organisms ________________ each other and the world they

live in.

• Habitat is the

________________________________

• Niche is an organism’s ________________________________i.e. how it meets

its specific needs for food and shelter, how and where it survives, and where it

reproduces in its environment.

• Competition occurs when organisms ______________ the

_____________ ______________ and have to

______________ for ______________.

~Having a _____________ ______________ can ______________ competition.

~Competition helps determine the ______________ and ______________of species in a

______________and the niche each ______________ occupies.

Specific Adaptations

Organisms have ___________ that enable them to ________________ in their specific____________.

What adaptation does this organism have?

______________________________________________

Diversity of Life- How did life become so different?

• Adaptations: certain _______________ or characteristics that allow an organisms to live

_______________ in its habitat.

• Organisms living in different _______________need _______________adaptations or

_______________.

• Variations occur over _______________and involves small _______________between

_______________which may allow that organism to _______________ better for

_______________.

What causes all these adaptations?

All living populations MUST be able to _______________,

_______________ for resources, and _______________ __

_____________ (over generations) to their environment otherwise they

will become _______________!

DAY 3: Energy Flow through an Ecosystem- Food Chains, Food Webs, Energy Pyramids

Organisms that _______ ________ ________ _______through photosynthesis are called

_______________ __ or _______________ __.

_______________ __ – process using light, CO2 & H2O to form ___________ (__________)

Organisms that cannot make their own energy & ________ _______ __ from other sources

are called _______________ __ or _______________ __

Types of heterotrophs:

• Carnivore– _____________ ____ __

• Herbivore– _________________ __ _______________ __

• Omnivore– ________________ __

• _______________ __ _– breaks down & absorbs dead/decaying organisms; recycles

material back into earth

• Detritivores_ (_______________ __) - eats dead organisms (carcasses)

FOOD CHAIN: The _________ ____ ______ __ from the ______ ____ ______ __, to primary

consumer, then to higher order _______________ __

the ________________ __ represents the ________________ _of __________ _____ ___.

Each picture represents a ___________ _________ ___ (____________ ______ __). The

_________ trophic level is always the_______________ __.

Trophic Levels: Each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a food chain.

FOOD WEB: Are _______________ ___ food chains.

They show more realistic _______________ __

relationships in an _______________ ___

Arrow represents the _______________ __ of

_______________ __ ____. (“Eaten by”)

ENERGY PYRAMID: Can show the ________ ____

____ _________ flowing through an ecosystem. (It’s a

_______________ __ food chain!)

-The ________________ __ of the ecological ________________ __ represents the

________________ __, or first trophic level.

-________________ ___ trophic levels are ________________ ___ on top of one another.

-Movement up the levels will show a _________________ _ in energy

-Pyramid illustrates that the amount of available _____________ ______ __ at each

succeeding trophic level.

10% Rule: _____of the energy is transferred. 90% is lost as ________ as you move up the

energy pyramid.

BIOMASS PYRAMID- is the __________ __________ of living matter at each trophic level -As you move up the pyramid the _____________ (population sizes) _____________.

NUMBERS PYRAMID- model that shows the _________________ of _________________

_________________ at each trophic level

-As you move up the pyramid the ____________ ____ ______________ (population sizes)

____________.

BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION: when the concentration of a

______________ substance ______________ in organisms at higher

_____________ levels in a food _____________ or food web.

Ex. DDT was used to control pests. The _____________ moved up the

___________ ___________ and birds would ______________toxic levels of

DDT which would cause their eggs to become fragile & break.

DAY 4: Ecological Relationships

Symbiotic Relationships

Mutualism- relationship between two species in which _____________ ____________ ____________

Commensalism- relationship in which one species _______________ and the

other is not _________ _ __ ____________ “don’t care”.

Parasitism- relationship in which an organism lives ____ or _____ another

organism without immediately _________ ___ (_________ ____________and

the _________ ____ ________).

The one benefitting is called the ____________. The one being harmed is

called the host.

Predation_ –- one organism hunts and eats another

Predator (___________) VS. Prey (killed & ___________)

Q. Why is predation not considered a symbiotic relationship?

__________________________________________________________________.

PREDATOR VS. PREY CYCLES

Predators and prey can influence one another's

________________ over time. A predator will need

the ________________ and ________________ to

find and capture prey while the prey will need

________________ and ability to avoid being

eaten.

Predator drives the changes in the prey

________________ (by catching and ________________ its members) and the

________________ (as the predator’s food supply) drives the predator’s population

________________.

POPULATION SCENARIOS

Populations Four Factors determine Growth Rate

1. Birth rate 2. Immigration – people moving ___________area

3. Death rate 4. Emigration – people _____________ an area

Which increases & which decreases the population?

Increase- ______________________Decrease- ___________________________.

Carrying Capacity = the ____________ number of _____________ in populations that the

_____________ can ______________ over relatively long periods of time.

• a population will increases until it goes over the carrying capacity. • At this point, the environment can no longer provide for the species • The population, will begin to die out, allowing the environment to recover.

Q: What are some reasons that the environment can no longer support a species?

_____________________________________________________________________-

LIMITING FACTORS – Biotic or abiotic factor that decreases population growth and will affect

carrying capacity EXAMPLES: COMPETITION, PREDATION, PARASITISM, DISEASE

DAY 5: Ecological Succession

Ecological Succession- the __________________ (slow) process of _________________ of

an environmental community

Primary succession- when life ____________________ begins on __________ ________or

___________ ______ (1st to live there)

Secondary succession- when previous __________ is _________________ by a disaster

and life begins to __________ _______ (soil already exists)

Climax Community- _____________________________. It’s balanced and stable

(_______________) ; very diversified with various autotrophs and heterotrophs.

What is the carrying capacity? _______

How long did it take for the population to reach its

carrying capacity? ______________

What limiting factors may have caused the population

to decrease?

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

Cycles in Nature

______________in the form of ________________, _______________ through, or

is part of, all organisms at each _____________ _____________.

Matter is _____________ and is not replenished like the energy from sunlight. There

is a _____________ (_____________) amount of matter.

The Water Cycle

The Carbon- Oxygen Cycle

The Nitrogen Cycle

The Phosphorus Cycle

Evaporation-________ to ________.

____________- water evaporation from leaves of plants

“___________ _____________”

Precipitation- water ______________ to Earth’s surface

ex. rain, snow

Condensation- gas to liquid

Secondary Succession

_____________is the building block of the molecules of life.

Cycles in __________ __________and photosynthesis

Organisms use carbon molecules for_________and ________.

What biomolecule provides quick energy? ____________

Stored energy? ___________

Nitrogen is _______ from a gas to compounds important for life

(__________used by plants *___________ ___________= proteins)

______ ________= – ____________ that live in the soil and on roots

of plants will __________ atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia which

plants will intake to help them grow

*Type of symbiotic relationship? ________________

________________- different soil ___________ will __________

ammonia into nitrogen ______________ that is returned to the air

________________ will ____________ into the

______________. Found in rocks, soil, ocean sediments.

_________________ by producers.

Where is the climax community?

_________________________