unit 1: the world a living planet. the earth inside and out
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 1: The World
A Living Planet
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The Earth Inside and Out
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Earth’s Structure
• Inside Earth:– Core: center, iron and nickel• Inside = solid; outside = liquid
– Mantle: outside of the core, has multiple layers and contains most of the earth’s mass • Magma: molten rock
– Crust: thin layer of rock at earth’s surface
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Earth’s Structure
• On and Above Earth:– Atmosphere: layer of gases surrounding the earth– Lithosphere: solid rock portion of the earth’s
surface • uppermost mantle and crust• Seafloor
– Hydrosphere: all the oceans, seas, rivers, lake, and water in the atmosphere
– Biosphere: part of earth where plants and animals live.
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Earth’s Continents
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How Has the Earth Changed?
• Continental Drift– Alfred Wegener
(1912)– Earth was once
a supercontinent that divided and drifted apart over millions of years
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Bodies of Water and Landforms
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Bodies of Water
• Hydrologic cycle- continuous circulation of water between atmosphere, oceans, and earth.
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Bodies of Water
• Lakes, rivers, streams– Drainage basin-area drained by
a major river and its tributaries– Ground water-water held in
pores of rock– Water table- level at which the
rock is saturated • Rise or fall depending on amount
of precipitation in the region
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Landforms
• Naturally formed features on the surface of the earth– Examples???
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Landforms• Oceanic– Continental shelf- edge of a continent to the deep
part of the ocean• Ridges, valleys, canyons, plains, mountain ranges
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Forces Shaping the Earth
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Plate Tectonics
• Enormous moving pieces of the earth’s lithosphere
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Plate Tectonics
• Divergent boundary-plates move apart, spreading horizontally
• Convergent boundary- plates collide, causing either one to dive under the other or the edges of both to crumple
• Transform boundary- plates slide past one another
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Earthquakes• As plates grind past at a fault, earthquakes
happen. – Measure using seismograph– Richter Scale: determines strength
• The point directly above the focus of the earthquake is the epicenter
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Tsunami• Caused by
earthquakes, giant wave in the ocean
• 50-100 feet tall
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Volcanoes
• Magma, gasses, water from lower part of the crust collect in underground chambers
• Magma pours out of a crack in the earth’s surface– Lava
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Weathering
• Physical and chemical processes that change the characteristics of rock– Breaks down rocks into smaller pieces: sediment
• Mud, silt, sand
• Mechanical Weathering– Physical, does not change the composition of the rock,
just the size• Chemical Weathering– Rock is changed into a new substance due to reactions
w/ elements in air or water
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Erosion
• Weathered material is moved by wind, water, ice, gravity
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Building Soil
• Loose mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, air, and water that supports plant growth
• Soil factors:– Parent material– Relief– Organisms– Climate– Time