Unit 1 Part 3

Colonies Take ShapeUnit 1 Part 3Immigration90% of the migrants to the English colonies were from England, many indentured servants (see Part 1 Notes)After 1660 English immigration declined.Scottish and Scotch-Irish immigration increased.Germans were 2nd in numbers to Scotch-Irish in the 1700sImmigration brought changes to the colonies.

Triangular TradeThree part voyage connecting England, its colonies, and West Africa.Trade formed a triangular shape. (map on page 77)

The First Leg:British ships loaded with manufactured goods sailed to Africa and were swapped for enslaved Africans.

The Second Leg or:

The Middle PassageTraders carried enslaved Africans to the American colonies.Slaved were then sold for colonial produce.After this, traders would return to their mother country.There was much brutality.Voyage lasted 2 months or moreEnslaved Africans were separated from their families and homes.They were branded, placed in shackles, and put into crowded, dark, holds where they could hardly move.Foul air promoted disease.The ill might be thrown overboard to prevent spreading of disease.Some refused to eat, hoping for death.Traders had an interest that the slaves remained healthy, but even so, about 10% did not survive The Middle Passage.

Government In the ColoniesMagna Carta English document that limited the Kings power over his nobles.Limited Kings ability to tax them.Consent of the nobles needed to levy a tax.

Parliament law making body in England (equal to todays Congress); bicameral or 2 house legislature

Habeus Corpus no one would be held in jail without being charged with a specific crime.

Salutary NeglectColonies allowed self-rule in return for support in wars against France and Spain.

MercantilismThe purpose of the English Colonies was to build wealth and power of EnglandMercantilism is a nation building wealth and power by developing Its industries and exporting manufactured goods in exchange for gold or silver.Imports were minimized to drive merchants from rival empires out of the markets.Colonies fit well within this because they had differing economic strengths.Land was scarce in England/People were abundant so that meant cheap laborDevelopment of industry was favored in England, but agriculture in the colonies.90% of colonists worked on farmsThey exported their produce in ships to buy tropical goods from Africa or the Caribbean or manufactured goods from England.Navigation ActsEngland sought to control Colonial trade.Implemented more customs duties which are taxes on imported goods.This helped finance the defeat of the Dutch and later the French.Parliament enacted the Navigation Acts trade laws that said only British ships with British sailors could trade with the English Colonies; also said that tobacco and sugar could only be shipped to the mother country.Strictly regulated importing to the colonies, and increased customs duties on the colonies.They hurt Colonists economically, but meant dramatic growth for England.

New IdeasEnlightenment a movement headed by thinkers that believed all problems could be solved using human reason.One colonist inspired by the Enlightenment was Benjamin Franklin. He was a successful printer.His quest for knowledge embodied Enlightenment ideals.Franklin a symbol for upward mobility.New religious movement known as The Great Awakening preachers traveled from town to town giving emotion-packed sermons (beginning of revivals).Jonathan Edwards preached in way that persuaded people to return to church for the good of their souls.The Enlightenment and The Great Awakening led people to question church and state. (This set the tone for the American Revolution)

French & Indian War

Fought between Britain & France in 1754 in the colonies.British and colonist fight togetherFrench & Native Americans fight togetherNative Americans use ambush style of fightingGeorge Washington is crushed in his first battle.French fort taken over by British lead by William Pitt (Pittsburg)Proclamation of 1763 the proclaims that colonists cannot settle beyond the Appalachian Mnts.

Albany Plan of UnionBen Franklin came up with idea of all colonies joining together. Wanted to create a united voice for the colonies and some structureColonies turned the plan down because they were afraid of losing the freedoms they hadParts of our first unified government can be traced back to this plan.