unit 1. greeks began studying human behavior by the 17 th century, the idea of dualism emerged mind...
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History of Psychology
•Greeks began studying human behavior•By the 17th century, the idea of dualism emerged•Mind and body are separate and distinct
Structuralism
• Interested in the basic elements of human experiences•Wilhelm Wundt•Use self-observation/introspection
Functionalism
• Study how people and animals adapt to their environment•William James- father of psychology•focused on the actions of the conscious mind and the purposes of behavior
Inheritable Traits
• Study how heredity influences abilities, character, and behavior• Sir Francis Galton• Is behavior determined by heredity or
environment?
Gestalt Traits
• Study how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences• Perception is more than the sum of its
parts• Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka
Psychoanalytic Psychology
• Sigmund Freud• Interested in unconscious mind• Conscious experiences are tip of iceberg,
beneath surface are primitive biological urges that are in conflict with the requirements of society and morality
• Free Association- say what comes to mind• Reveals the operation of unconscious processes
• Dreams= expressions of primitive, unconscious urges
Behavioral Psychology
• Ivan Pavlov• Dogs and Bells• Investigate observable behavior• Behavior is the result of conditioning and
appears because an appropriate stimulus is present
• John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner
Humanistic Psychology
• Human nature is evolving and self-directed• Humans are not controlled by events
in the environment or unseen forces- background to internal growth• Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo
May
Cognitive Psychology
• Focus on how people process, store, and use information and how this information influences our thinking, language, problem solving, and creativity• Behavior is more than a response to a
stimulus• Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, and
Leon Festings
Biological Psychology
• Impact of biology on behavior• Study how brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics influence behavior• Genetic factors influence behavior
Different ways to collect data:• Sample- small group out of the total
pop. being studied (desire to go to college among Jrs. and Srs.)• Samples must be representative (if
studying how tall the avg. man is, don’t include a lot of professional basketball players= non-representative)• To avoid non-representative sample,
either have a random sample, or deliberately pick people
Data Collection
• Naturalistic Observations- natural setting• Case Study- long term, intensive study• Survey- questions• Longitudinal Study- study the same group over time• Cross- Sectional Study- age groups
Methods of Research
• Correlation- descriptive study• Positive- IQ scores and academic
success• Negative- hrs spent working on serve &
double faults• None
•Shows relation between 2 things, one does not cause the other
Research Methods cont.
• Experiments- provide control over the situation•Hypothesis•Variables- what changes• Independent- changed by experimenter
to observe effects (hours studying)• Dependent- changes in relation to
independent variable (grade on exam)•Experimental group- exposed to independent variable•Control group- not exposed to iv, but treated the same
• Ethical Issues must be considered when conducting experiments
Research Methods cont.
Crash Course
• Self-fulfilling prophecy• Having expectations and acting in a way, unknowingly, to carry out that behavior
• Researchers can influence a subject’s behavior
• How to fix this?• Single Blind Experiments- participants are unaware• Double Blind Experiment- experimenter and participants are unaware
Research Problems
•Milgram Experiment•Experiment on obedience to authority figures • series of social psychology experiments which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience.
Research Problems cont.
• Change in a patient’s illness or physical state that results from the patient’s knowledge and perceptions of treatment
• Treatment that resembles medical therapy, but had no effect• Sugar water
Placebo Effect
• Does the amount of time you study for a quiz affect the grade you get??
• Kate asks 15 students how many hours of TV they watch the night before and after the quiz, their quiz grade, to check off a list of products advertised on TV the night before the quiz, and their height.
Descriptive Statistics
• Listing and summarizing of data in a practical, efficient way• Create frequency tables and graphs•Frequency distribution- arranging data to know who often a score or observation occurs•Histograms- show frequency distributions with rectangles whose widths represent intervals•Bell-curve
Frequency Distribution• Kate wants to know how many hours of TV were
watched before and after the quiz.• She makes a chart of the number of hours and
counts the participants in each category.
Central Tendency• Central tendency- number that describes something
about the average score• Mean- average, used to measure central tendency• Median- middle score• Mode- most frequent score
Variance• Variance- how spread out are
the scores• Range- subtract the lowest score from
highest score• Standard Deviation• scores above the mean have a
positive deviation• scores below the mean have a
negative deviation• Correlation Coefficient• direction and strength of the
relationship between 2 sets of observations
• Positive correlation- as one variable increases, the second increases
• Negative correlation- as one variable increases, the second decreases