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Unit 1 - Changes during the Industrial Revolution in Britain Powerpoint presentation created by: Mr L Taute ltaute@hsmontana.co.za Textbook page 44 - 59 Slide 2 Unit 1 - Changes during the Industrial Revolution in Britain Key terms Triangular trade route Route between three different countries / places. Industrial RevolutionStarted during 1750 in England, and means that fewer goods are made by hand, but rather by machines in large factories. Child labourWork performed by children under the age of 16 years, which could lead to abuse, dangerous and inappropriate situations for a child. Mass ProductionThe production of large quantities of one type of product. Enclosure systemTo demarcate (to set or draw a boundary) separate pieces land. Cottage industryProducts are hand made at home by families. Other important key terms that is spoken of in this unit: Empire, Luddites, Open field system, Swing Riots Slide 3 Unit 1 - Changes during the Industrial Revolution in Britain Key terms serfdomThe relationship peasant farmers had with landowners in which they could live on the land but had to pay the landowners with crops and labour. subsistenceProducing just enough for ones own use. merchantA sales man. Lodging housesA house with many rooms where people could rent a room for one or more nights. mechanisationWhen machines do the jobs that people used to do, making people unnecessary in factories. slumVery dirty, unhygienic and overcrowded living conditions. typhusA bacterial disease. scalperThe hair and skin removed from the head. draughtyFilled with draughts (cold air). prevalentHappened often. House of Commons British Parliament. Slide 4 Unit 1 - Changes during the Industrial Revolution in Britain Key terms redundantWhen a worker is no longer needed because of being replaced by a machine. predicamentSituation. vigilanteActing like law enforcers. Six ActsHarsh laws at that time to prevent the Luddites from destroying mechanical looms. Trade unionA group of workers who generally work in the same industry and come together to further a common goal to improve their working conditions. coalitionCollection of people. satellitesCountries that are dependant on or under the influence of other more powerful countries. Slide 5 1. Wealth from salve trade The triangular trade union between Europe, Africa and the Americas was at its height in the 18 th century. This contributed enormously to the economic growth of Europe and the Americas. The British Empire especially benefited economically from this: Played the biggest part in the slave trade and transported about 3 million Africans to slavery. Slide 6 1. Wealth from salve trade(continues) British economy had benefited with the following in this trade: Ports and cities became rich. (Bristol and London were the most important slave- trading cities. Later Liverpool became the largest slave-trading port in the Atlantic system.) In middle of 18th century (1700s) there were 175 slave ships in Liverpool. Main income came from taxes on imports and exports of ships through the ports. Slide 7 1. Wealth from salve trade(continues) British economy had benefited with the following in this trade: (continues): Britain exported textiles, manufactured goods and other commodities to Africa. Guns were also in great demand in Africa. Lloyds & Barclays (some of the earliest banks in Britain) gained their wealth from the slave trade. Some indviduals became rich and were influential in politics. Slide 8 2. Economy before the Industrial Revolution Before Industrial Revolution = Large part of the countrys population lived in the countryside. These people were completely isolated and formed small communities. The grey grain or raised sheep for wool, both of which required manual labour. Farming tools were common but machines were not. Good summers = Good crops Long winters = Hunger and discomfort Slide 9 2. Economy before the Industrial Revolution (continues) 2.1Farming economy Although serfdom in England had disappeared by the end of the 17 th century, most farms were established on common land. Peasant farmers leased the land. This common land was based on the open-field system. Slide 10 2. Economy before the Industrial Revolution (continues) 2.1 Farming economy (continues) Land on the open field system was divided into long narrow strips each household received a strip. This meant that crops could not be cultivated on a large scale and agricultural production never increased much above subsistence level, which kept the peasants poor. Early 1700s agriculture increased dramatically and resulted in an agricultural surplus. These included: Inventions New farming methods Enclosure system Slide 11 1. Inventions: Jethro Tull (English agricultural surplus) The Seed drill 2. Economy before the Industrial Revolution (continues) 2.1 Farming economy (continues) Slide 12 1. Inventions: Jethro Tull (English agricultural surplus) Horse hoe 2. Economy before the Industrial Revolution (continues) 2.1 Farming economy (continues) Slide 13 2. Inventions : Lord Townshend (English nobleman) Four-course rotation of crops. = Helped keep the ground good for farming almost all year. 2. Economy before the Industrial Revolution (continues) 2.1 Farming economy (continues) Slide 14 3. Inventions: Robert Bakewell (English agriculturalist) Improved livestock breeding = Increased Animal production 2. Economy before the Industrial Revolution (continues) 2.1 Farming economy (continues) Slide 15 3. Inventions:Enclosure system The common open fields on which peasants grew their crops were fenced off and full control was returned to the landowners. This started in die 1750s. Landowners = increased agriculture production & to specialise in growing specific crops. Peasant farmers were dispossessed of their land. Britain could now produce surplus food, which would be necessary to feed a population that would double in the 18 th century. 2. Economy before the Industrial Revolution (continues) 2.1 Farming economy (continues) Slide 16 2. Economy before the Industrial Revolution (continues) Other part of Britains pre-I.R. was based on its cottage industry. A popular form of economic activity in the 17 th -early 18 th centuries (1600s-1700s). Famers & their families were engaged in: Sewing Lace-making Household manufacturing. By the early 18 th century cottage industries became more specialised. 2.2Cottage industries Slide 17 Although cottage industries largely collapsed with the start of the I.R. they contributed to it in some important ways: Profitable for the urban merchants. Boosting the English economy through the increase of trade. Britain became well-known overseas for its high-quality and low- cost exports. Urban merchants gained experience in the import of raw materials and the export of manufactured products. Many people who worked in the cottage industries developed skills that were needed in the textile factories of the I.R. 2. Economy before the Industrial Revolution (continues) 2.2Cottage industries (continues) Slide 18 Slide 19 3. What was the Industrial Revolution? Was a change that began in Britain. Movement of people: Working on land to Working in manufacturing. Urbanization occurred! New methods of manufacturing = produced more cheaply and quicker. New inventions, ideas and methods were created for example the use of iron & coal lead to the invention of the steam engine. Slide 20 During 1800s (17 th century) it had spread through Britain. Plenty of factories were established, people moved from countryside to the towns for better paid jobs. 4. Social changes during the Industrial Revolution Slide 21 1000s of workers were needed to operate the machines in mills and foundries. Cities filled to overflowing with people. London (and other British cities) was not prepared for this great increase in people If their were no houses available people stayed in lodging houses, with whole families living in single rooms. 4. Social changes during the Industrial Revolution(continues) 4.1Urbanisation and changing living conditions Slide 22 Mass production and mechanisation resulted in unemployment, while some workers found job opportunities operating the new machines. Workers lived & worked under harsh conditions in the growing industrial cities. The close relationships that existed among the family members during the cottage industry became impossible in the large factory system. 4. Social changes during the Industrial Revolution(continues) 4.1 Urbanisation and changing living conditions (continues) 4.1.1The working class Slide 23 Working day in factory = 12-14 hours, 6 days a week. (same as in the cottage industry) BUT employees wanted to keep the machines running for as long as possible, so employees were forced to work faster and without rest. Jobs became more specialised, and the work boring. Women & children who also worked as unskilled labourers earned even lower wages. Child labour was very bad, with children as young as 9years working in factories and mines. 4. Social changes during the Industrial Revolution(continues) 4.1 Urbanisation and changing living conditions (continues) 4.1.1The working class (continues) Slide 24 Workers lived near factories so that they can walk to work. Houses were built quickly and cheaply. Most of them 2-4 floors with 1or2 rooms downstairs and 1or2 rooms on upper levels. Victorian families were big with 4or5 children. No running water and no indoor toilet. (whole street would have to share an outdoor pump and a couple of outside toilets). 4. Social changes during the Industrial Revolution(continues) 4.1 Urbanisation and changing living conditions (continues) 4.1.2Overcrowded housing Slide 25 Most houses in North England were Build back to back with no windows at the front No backyards A sewer down middle of the street. Built crammed close together, narrow streets between them. Houses crowded with 5+ people. Towns were dirty & unhealthy. Rubbish was thrown into the streets. Slum conditions provided breeding grounds for diseases. More than 31 000 people died in 1832 during an outbreak of cholera, and lots more were killed by typhus, smallpox and dysentery. 4. Social changes during the Industrial Revolution(continues) 4.1 Urbanisation and changing living conditions (continues) 4.1.2Overcrowded housing (continues) Slide 26 Poverty developed in most towns and cities: 1.Not enough work for all people who flocked towards the cities. 2.Because there was an oversupply of labour, factory owners were able to pay low wages that people could not survive on. 3.Increasing mechanism created unemployment. Many families therefore sent their children out to work! Children of 7 & 8 years could work from 04:00-19:00 as bird scarers out in the fields. Older ones worked as casual labourers. 4. Social changes during the Industrial Revolution(continues) 4.1 Urbanisation and changing living conditions (continues) 4.1.3Poverty Slide 27 Groups of dirty, ragged children roamed the streets of cities : No regular money & no home to go. Street children were often orphans. They stole or picked pockets to buy food. Slept in outhouses or doorways. Some did jobs to earn money. They could work as crossing-sweepers, sweeping a way through the mud & horse dung of main paths to make way for the ladies and gentlemen. Other sold lace, flowers, matched or muffins, etc. out in the streets. 4. Social changes during the Industrial Revolution(continues) 4.1 Urbanisation and changing living conditions (continues) 4.1.3Poverty (continues) Slide 28 A Building made to house the poor. Built all over the country as a result of the 1834 New Poor Laws' introduction. This act of Parliament said that people who were very poor, old, sick or unemployed should be looked after in these houses. 4. Social changes during the Industrial Revolution(continues) 4.1 Urbanisation and changing living conditions (continues) 4.1.4Workhouses These workhouses provide food, drink and work for its inmates. People who went to live here were expected take all their belongings with them when moving in, and to stay there until they died. Slide 29 Slide 30 Mines + Factories offered work to many people. Not always safe to work there. Many people and children were injured or killed in these mines and factories. Factory system features: Strict discipline Harsh punishment Unhealthy working conditions Low wages Inflexible work hours 4. Social changes during the Industrial Revolution(continues) 4.2The mines and factories Factories stripped workers from: * Freedom * Dignity *Creativity 30 Slide 31 Great demand for child labour because: o Children cheap source of labour. o Ideal factory workers: obedient & submissive. (Would have got punishment and unlikely to form unions) o Suited for new machines and work situations: nimble fingers, small stature and suppleness. o Advantage with small machines and built low to ground as well as in the narrow underground tunnels of coal and iron mines. 4. Social changes during the Industrial Revolution(continues) 4.2 The mines and factories (continues) 4.2.1Child labour = children at young age used as cheap labour, for little/no wages. 31 Slide 32 1000s worked in cotton mills. Mill owners often took in orphans and gave them a place to live BUT worked them as hard as possible without wages! Most of childrens time was spent at machines with few/no rest for fresh air/exercise. They even worked on Sundays to clean the machines! 4. Social changes during the Industrial Revolution(continues) 4.2 The mines and factories (continues) 4.2.2Child labour in mills Their were some serious accidents. Children were scalped when their hair was caught in the machines, hands were crushed and some children were killed when they went to sleep and fell into the machines. 32 Slide 33 Coal mines were dangerous places where roofs sometimes caved in, explosions happened and workers got all sorts of injuries (due to few safety rules). Cutting + moving of coal = by men, women and children. Children worked as: trappers (description p.52) Coal bearers (carry loads of coal on their backs in big baskets) 4. Social changes during the Industrial Revolution(continues) 4.2 The mines and factories (continues) 4.2.3Child labour in mines 33 Slide 34 The Mines Act passed by the Government in 1842 forbidding the employment of women and girls and all boys under the age of 10 down in the mines. Later it became illegal for a boy under the age of 12 to work down a mine. 4. Social changes during the Industrial Revolution(continues) 4.2 The mines and factories (continues) 4.2.3 Child labour in mines (continues) 34 Slide 35 5. Resistance to working conditions (militant actions and the organisation of trade unions) The Swing-Riots was a widespread uprising by agriculture workers who started in Aug 1830. (See Captain Swing on page.53) The Luddites were bands of English workers who destroyed machinery (especially in cotton and wood mills), what they believed was a threat to their jobs. Their activities started in 1811. 5.1Swing riots and Luddites 35 Slide 36 Because fencing system peasants became poor and lost ground on which they farmed. Some peasant farmers worked for the landowners and received very low wages. Land owners had to start laying off many workers and began to use threshing machines. 5. Resistance to working conditions (continues) 5.1Swing riots and Luddites (continues) 5.1.1Swing riots - Agriculture 36 Slide 37 On 28 Aug 1830 the Swing Riots began when they destroyed the 1 st threshing machine. By the 3 rd week of Aug 100s of threshing machines were destroyed. After this landowners decided to increase wages and to hire more peasant farmers, but many did not keep their promise. Britain's political reforms needed farm workers to be represented in parliament. 5. Resistance to working conditions (continues) 5.1Swing riots and Luddites (continues) 5.1.1 Swing riots - Agriculture (continues) 37 Slide 38 On 15 November 1830 Wellingtons government was defeated in a vote in the House of Commons. 2 days later a new more liberal government was formed: A Whig-government (The Wigs were a liberal party in Brittain, while the Tories were conservatives.) The Swing-riots added to the strong social, political and agricultural unrest throughout Britain in the 1830s. The Reform Act was introduced in 1832, which gave peasant farmers some representation in the House of Commons. The Whig government also introduced a chain of workhouses across the country. 5. Resistance to working conditions (continues) 5.1Swing riots and Luddites (continues) 5.1.1Swing riots - Agriculture (continues) 38 Slide 39 The Luddites protest was different! Croppers were men (cloth work) and were highly skilled. They were made redundant because of the new machines frames in the mills. Croppers were annoyed at their rapid loss of status and relative wealth. They then became Luddite protestors. They intended on wrecking the frames responsible for their predicament. 5. Resistance to working conditions (continues) 5.1Swing riots and Luddites (continues) 5.1.2Luddites - industry 39 Slide 40 The disruption caues by the Luddites was so bad that the Prime Minister, Stanley Perceval, introduced the Frame Breaking Act. This act of parliament outlawed the vigilante tactics of the Luddites and imposed the death penalty on any man found guilty of smashing a frame. The government went on to pass further legislation, known now as the Six Acts, to suppress the Luddite actions. The Luddites only began to stop their actions after 3 Luddites were hanged when they ambushed and killed a mill owner in 1813. 5. Resistance to working conditions (continues) 5.1Swing riots and Luddites (continues) 5.1.2 Luddites - industry (continues) 40 Slide 41 In 1816 there was a revival of violence and machine breaking following a bad harvest and a downturn in trade. In June 1816 the Luddites attacked a mill in Loughborough, smashing 53 frames. They were arrested and 6 men were executed and another three were imprisoned. After the trials, Luddism subsided. 5. Resistance to working conditions (continues) 5.1Swing riots and Luddites (continues) 5.1.2 Luddites - industry (continues) 41 Slide 42 42 Slide 43 From about 1800 work began to move from mainly agricultural to industrial production. Low wages, poor working conditions and rising food prices led to workers coming together in an early form of trade union. The response from successive governments was to restrict combination by making it illegal. The French Revolution (1789) which ended the monarchy, helped to develop and spread more radical ideas. 5. Resistance to working conditions (continues) 5.2Grand National Consolidated Trades Union 43 Slide 44 In 1834 Robert Owen, a social reformer, founded the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union (GNCTU). This was a broad-based coalition of working people aimed at protecting their rights. It had 500 000 members drawn from a number of trades including: Miners Tailors Bakers Gas workers 5. Resistance to working conditions (continues) 5.2 Grand National Consolidated Trades Union (continues) 44 Slide 45 In 1834 the government attempted to smash the union by arresting 6 agriculture labourers from the village Tolpuddle in Dorset. These 6 men having joined the GNCTU, were accused and found guilty. They were sentenced to transportation to Australia (a British penal colony) for 7 years. 5. Resistance to working conditions (continues) 5.2 Grand National Consolidated Trades Union (continues) 45 Slide 46 The GNCTU lasted only 1 year! There were too many disagreements about how to organise the union, and after the Tolpuddle case, workers were afraid to join. Nonetheless, the idea of a united workers union had been planted and gave rise to the establishment of the National Association of United Trades for the Protection of Labour in 1845. 5. Resistance to working conditions (continues) 5.2 Grand National Consolidated Trades Union (continues) 46 Slide 47 The Industrial Revolution had a huge increase in the production of many kinds of goods created. 6. Increased power and wealth of Britain and Western European economies 6.1Increased power and wealth of Britain Britain took the lead. Banks were founded to handle the increased flow of money. In 1750, London had 20 banks and by 1800 the city had 70. Banks = loans to factory owner to buy machines. = short-term loans to industrialists. = credit to farmers, wholesalers, etc.. 47 Slide 48 The Industrial Revolution gave West Europe the economic system and technology to dominate a large part of the world during the colonial period at the end of the 19th century. The countries that did NOT change towards an Industrial system, were quickly left behind, and often ended up as satellites to the major powers. 6. Increased power and wealth of Britain and Western European economies (continues) 6.2Increased power and wealth of Western European economies 48 Slide 49 Unit 1 : Changes during the Industrial Revolution in Britain Powerpoint presentation created by: Mr L Taute ltaute@hsmontana.co.za Textbook page 44 - 59 49