unit 1-ce 3610 ee.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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CE 361 Environmental
Engineering
Unit 1
Year 3 Semester 2
20157/31/2015
Shiromi Karunara
Email-shiromi.k@
Mobile- 0776368
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Fundamental concepts of public worksengineering
• introduction to water and wastewater treatment processes
• preliminary design
• solid waste management and air pollution
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Introduction to environmental engineering: waste water, solid waste andair pollution
• Water Quality: Physical, Chemical and Microbiological
• Water Quality and Health
• Raw water sources, water treatment and distribution
•Wastewater collection, wastewater treatment and disposal
• Sustainable Practices: Recycling, reuse and demand manage
• Introduction to solid waste management
• Introduction to air quality & health
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Environmental pollution & healthIntroduction to environmental engineering concepts:drinking water, waste water, solid waste, and air pollut
• Fundamentals of Water Quality (Physical, Chemical, and Biological parameters) apollution pathways
• Water Quality and human Health
• Water treatment principles: Raw water sources, Introduction to conventional watreatment concepts-Aeration, Plain Sedimentation, Coagulation and Flocculation, Disinfection, Stabilization, and distribution, introduction to point of use treatmenttechniques.
• Wastewater Treatment Principles: Introduction to biological treatment andphysiochemical treatment of wastewater
• Sustainable Practices in water and wastewater: Recycling, reuse, centralized vs.decentralized treatment and demand management
• Solid waste management principles
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Environmental Engineering:
An Introduction
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Role of an Environmental Enginee
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Environmental engineers use engineering and scientifi
principles for the improvement of the built and natural
environmentEnvironmental engineering is the practice of a variety of
applied sciences for environmental sustainability:
• Applied physics/physical sciences
• Applied chemistry
• Environmental microbiology
• Applied mathematics• Geology/geophysics
• Hydrology/hydraulics
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The goal of environmental engineering is to ach
desired standards of living in an environment
sustainable, socially responsible and cost effective w
i.e. TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE (TBP)
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• Provision of safe, palatable public water supplies insufficient quantity
• Disposal of (or recycling of) wastewater, solidwastes and hazardous wastes in a manner that
minimises adverse impact on the environment• Control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution
(including noise and nuisance odours asatmospheric pollutants)
The work of the Environmental Engineer has a
wide scope, including:
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Environmental Systems Overview
• Systems approach• Looking at all the interrelated parts and their effects on o
another.
• In Environmental systems it is hard to identify all the inteparts
• A practical approach is to simplify the system to a tractabthat behaves in a fashion similar to the real system.
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Single medium systems of focus
• Water resources (surface, ground) management syst
• Solid waste management system
• Air resources management system
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Water Resources Management System
• Water Supply Subsystem
• Wastewater Disposal Subsystem
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Water Supply Subsystem
• Components
Raw water source – Treatment – Distribution – Customer
• Objective
• Supply water in sufficient quantity and quality to meet the require
end users (customers)
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Ground Water
Water Treatment
A integrated water and wastewater system
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Ground Water
Water Treatment
A integrated water and wastewater system
Water s ources
•Groundwater (confined and unconfined aquifers)•Surface water (rivers, dams)
•Seawater
•Recycled wastewater
Wastewater co l lect ion system
Wastewater treatment system
Wastewater discharge-Effluent disposal
-Sludge disposal
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• Ground water North of R
• Dams South of River
• Transport over 175 km
(North to South)
• ~12,000 km of mains• Dams
• 10 major
• 3 pump ba
• 2 pipe hea
• 6 groundwater treatmen
12 independent artesian
• 202 bores
• Two desalination (SWRO)
• Kwinana
• Binningup
•Recycled water to suppleme
groundwater (Beenyup GWR
GROUNDWATER SOURCE
SURFACE WATER SOURCE
AREA SERVED
TRUNK MAINS
PERTH
GAWS
Mandurah
Stirling
Sth Dandalup
Serpentine
Nth Dandalup
Mundaring
Victoria
Canning
Wungong
Wanneroo
Lexia
Mirrabooka
Neerabup
Gwelup
Jandakot
Samson
Recycled water
recharge
Kwinana Wastewater
Recycling Plant (KWRP)
Kwinana Sea WaterReverse Osmosis (SWRO)
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Perth Integrated Water Supply System Unique in Australia
single dam systems in Melbourne and Sydney
Multiple sources provide robust system/security
Groundwater, surface water, desalinated, recycled water
Spread geographically but complex system
Role of groundwater in drought - enables the system to be driven harder - reasonwe have managed through worst years on record but groundwater alsodiminishing
• Water saving measures
• Sprinkler restrictions
• Permanent water saving measures (sprinkler bans)
• what is the social and economic cost of water saving measures vs socialand economic cost of secure water supplies (desalination)?
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Desalination45 GL+
CatchmentManagement
35 GL+
Water Recycling45 GL+
Smarter use of Water 45 GL
Surface Water 50 GLWater Trading 33 GL+
Groundwater 100 GL+
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End uses
• Public – drinking, washing clothes, bathing (showering),swimming pools, toilet flushing, gardening (outdoor use),car washing
• fire fighting (both residential and industry)
• Industry – varies for several uses (Primary target of a water
supply is to meet the public requirement and usuallyindustry further treats it if needed)
• Agriculture, horticulture (irrigation)
• Environmental release
DIFFERENT ENDUSES HAVE DIFFERING WATER QUALITYREQUIREMENTS
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Factors influencing water consumption
Climate (great influence on per capita consumption)
Industrial Activity
Meterage
System Management
Standard of living
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House Connection Stand post
Community %
Populatio
n
Rate
1 pcd
%
Population
Rate
1pcd
1.Medium rural
(population 1000 –
1500
people)
10-20 - 80-90 45
2.Larger rural (population
1500-5000 people)
20-40 140 60-80 45
3Small urban (population
5000-10,000 people)
30-50 185 50-70 45
4Medium urban
(population 10,000 –
20,000)
30-60 185 40-70 45
5Larger urban (population
over 20,000)
Assess values Individually
8/2/2015
Per day usa
Sri Lankan d
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The table below may be used as a guideDomestic Use• Litres / day
• Hospitals (per bed) 220-300
• Hotels (per bed) 180-700
• Boarding schools (per resident) 90-140
• Restaurant (per seat) 60-90
• Bus/railway stations (per user) 15-20
• Day schools (per pupil) 15-30• Offices (per person) 25-40
• Factories (per person) 20-30
• Cinemas (per seat) 10-15
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Per day usage in Perth residences
Single Residential Multi-Residentia
End use Usage(L/House)
Usage(L/person)
Usage(L/House)
Usag(L/pers
Shower andbath
171 51 121 55
WashingMachine
139 41 94 43
Toilet 112 33 62 28
Tap 83 25 77 35
Other 18 5 11 5
Total in-
house523 156 365 167
707Total outdoor
L/person/day depends on life style, climate, use of water saving-applian
cost of water, water conservation campaigns by utilities…
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Need for treatment to drinking water qualit
• Drinking – very small amount (2L per person per day (or 1.3%but requires very high quality
• Toilet flushing, garden watering etc – about 35% - there is noneed for high quality
• Other uses have medium requirements for treatment.
• Fire fighting needs high pressure continuous flow
• Because there is only one conduit (conduit is very expensive
scheme water is treated to the highest required drinking quastandard (as set out by Australian Drinking Water QualityGuidelines).
DO WE REALLY NEED WATER THAT IS TREATED TO SUCH A HIGHSTANDARD FOR ALL OUR WATER USES?
Policies
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• Cleaner Production Policy – 2004
• National Air Quality Management Policy – 2000
• National Biosafety Policy – 2005
• National Environment Policy - 2003
• The policy aims to promote the sound management of Sri Lanka's environment balancing thesocial and economic development and environment integrity. It also aims to manage the envlinking together the activities, interests and perspectives of stakeholders and to assure enviroaccountability.
• National Forestry Policy – 1995
• National Policy on Elephant Conservation – 2006
• National Policy on Sand as a Resource for the Construction Industry – 2006
• National Policy on Solid Waste Management
• National Policy on Wetlands – 2005
• The National Policy on Wild Life Conservation - 2000
• Last Updated on Friday, 17 February 2012 12:558/2/2015
Policies-SL
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Acts and Regulations – CentralEnvironmental Authority
--- National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980
---National Environmental (Amendment) Act, No. 56 of
1988
--- National Environmental (Amendment) Act, No. 53 of 2000
8/2/2015
Acts
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Regulations
• Environment Protection
• Order published under the Gazette Notification No. 1533/16 dated 25.01.2008
(Re: Environmental Protection License Prescribed Activities)
• Order published under the Gazette Notification No. 1534/18 dated 01.02.2008
(Re: National Environmental Protection & Quality Regulations)
• Regulations published under the Gazette Notification No. 850/4 dated 20.12.19
Re: Appeal procedure
8/2/2015
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Other regulations on
• Air
• Noise
• Waste management
• EIA Regulations
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Environmental Pollution Control Unit
• The Environmental Pollution Control Unit of the EnvironmenPollution Control Division is mainly responsible for preventiocontrol environmental pollution issues. The main instrumenwhich the Pollution Control Unit performs this function is thEnvironmental Protection License (EPL).
8/2/2015
The EPC unit performs following functions i
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The EPC unit performs following functions ito prevent minimize and control environmepollution• Implementation of Environmental Protection License Schem
• Implementation of Environmental Recommendation Procedsiting of New Industries(Site Clearance)
• Granting concurrence for the EPL and site recommendationregistered prescribed activities
• Technical Facilitation to control Environmental Pollution by • Introduction of New Strategies / Tools to control pollution.
• Resolving Public Complaints Related to Industries (BOI and N
8/2/2015
l l d
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Water Quality Management: Rules andRegulations in Australia
Drinking Water: Australian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines(2011)
• National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) &Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council (NRMMC)
• live document, continually updated
• http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines/publications/eh52
• Water Pollution Control in Australia:• ANZECC Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters (Australian and
New Zealand Environment Conservation Council)
• NHMRC recreational waters guidelines
• USEPA and WHO guidelines are the basis for most guidelines
Estimated reservoir areas in Sri La
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Estimated reservoir areas in Sri La
8/2/2015
Type of Reservoir Number Area (ha) Percentage
(%)
Major irrigation
reservoirs (ancient)73 70850 41.7
Medium scale
reservoirs (ancient)160 17001 10
Minor scale
reservoirs (ancient)>10,000 39271 23.1
Flood plain lakes Not available 4049 2.4
Upland
hydroelectric
reservoirs (recent)
7 8097 4.8
Mahaweli
multipurpose
system of reservoirs
13,650 8.0
Other 17,023 10
Total area 169,941 100
(Source: MENR and UNEP 2009)
S f W Q li (UNESCO d M
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State of Water Quality (UNESCO and Mo2006)
• It is difficult to comprehend the trend of water quality in pu
bodies due to lack of monitoring data.
• However, the Sri Lanka National Water Development Reportpointed out a variety of quality concerns in Sri Lanka, includcontamination by nitrate and bacteria in underground and swaters mainly due to poor sanitation and untreated wastewinsufficient wastewater treatment, toxic chemicals from indagricultural activities, and eutrophication in lakes/reservoirsand MoAIMD 2006).
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After using the water
• We dispose it to the sewer or other places depending on the
methods.
• Wastewater system starts from the users (customers)
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Wastewater disposal subsystem
• ComponentsCustomer – Wastewater Collection – Wastewater Treatment – Dieffluent and solids
• Objective
Safely collect, treat and dispose so that public health and aesthetienvironment are not adversely affected.
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Waste must be disposed such that:
1. No contamination of drinking water supply
2. It will not give rise to public health hazards by being accessible
to vectors (insects, rodents, etc) that may come in contact with
food or drinking water
3. It will not give rise to a public health hazard by being accessible
to children
4. It will not cause violation of laws or regulations governing water
pollution or sewage
5. It will not contaminate the waters of any water body used for
water supply purposes, or recreational purposes.
6. It will not cause any other nuisance
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Wastewater collection and disposal systemresource recovery, recycling is important part of modern design principles
Deep water Ocean Outfall
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Industry
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Centralised vs decentralised wastewater treatment
• Historically, much of the WW in Perth has been disposed of via old-stylesingle household septic systems
• WW flow to septic tank, solids settle• supernatant flows to leach drain
• water (effluent) flows to soil and groundwater
• Groundwater supplies 50-60% drinking water
• These decentralised “septic systems” led to
large scale contamination of groundwater, nitrate
• In-fill sewerage – centralised wastewater
treatment was introduced
• Allows collection and effective treatment of WW
• Re-use: unintentional vs intentional WW re-use
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Source of wastewater
On-site Processing
Wastewater Collection
Transmission and Pumping
Treatment
Disposal or Reuse
Wastewater Management Subsystem (Linsley and Fanzini, 1979
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Sources of Wastewater
• Characteristics are highly diverse for different originof wastewater• Residential - kitchen sink, toilet, shower, bath, washing
machine, storm water from roof • issue of stormwater to sewer system?!!
• Commercial establishments (offices, restaurants)
• Hospitals
• Industry
• Agriculture• Animal farming
• Aquaculture
• Horticulture
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Treatment of industry wastes
• Specific industries are often required to pre-treat waste prior to discharg
to the sewer system
• This protects the wastewater treatment system from overload and fromcontaminants which it is not designed to remove, e.g. hazardous wastes,persistent organic pollutants
• Water utilities issue permits for discharge of certain contaminants but thquality of discharge must fall within specified guidelines
• Water is sampled/monitored regularly from industry discharge pipes
• Penalties exist for breaching permits
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Flow of Wastewater
• Wastewater comprises about 90% of all scheme water
consumed (minus that used outside the house) plus water thinfiltrates the wastewater collection system from groundwateor rain
• Australian communities generate large volumes ofwastewater with domestic water use alone producing abo
70,000 litres per person per year• Perth + environs consumes 250-300 GL/a scheme water
• for a city of 2m pop this is 125-150 KL/a per person, so about 50% ofwater used is re-collected as wastewater
• good scope for recycling of water (110GL/a Perth)
Per Capita Wastewater FTABLE 1 - Per capita daily flows for different user categories.
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User Category
Per Capita Wastewater F
(litres/person/day)*
Allwaste Blackwater
Houses, Housing estates and Apartment
Complexes
Luxury - Residents
Non Luxury - ResidentsLow income - Residents
240
200160
60
5040
Shops, Offices, etc. - Daytime employees
- Overnight employees
- Customers / Visitors
50
200
10
30
50
5
Schools, Universities, etc - Residents
- Daytime
200
50
50
30
Restaurants (dine-in) - Overnight employees
- Day-time employees
- Meals served
200
50
25 l/meal
50
30
10 l/meal
Restaurants (take-away) - Overnight employees
- Day-time employees
- Meals served
200
50
15 l/meal
50
30
N/A
Hotels - Guest
- Staff (residential)
- Staff (non-residential)
- Kitchen
- Swimming pool
240
200
100
15 l/meal
10 l/user/d
60
50
50
N/A
N/A8/2/2015
p y g
* -
SLS 745 : 2004
Part 2
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Disposal of wastewater
• Effluent standards and treatment requirements diffe
depending on disposal site• Effluent (water) disposal sites include:
• water bodies e.g. inland waters - rivers, lakes; ocean or re
• Sludge disposal options include
• landfill, incineration, re-use as biosolids, i.e. fertilizer pro
for agricultural/horticulture, forestry (woodlots, treeplantations)
• novel reuse options e.g. oil from sludge (biodiesel),
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Indirect and environmental reuse options:
The options are:
irrigation (parks, gardens, golf courses, important for
inland locations) direct potable (DPR)
indirect potable (what’s the difference between IPR
and DPR?)
non-potable urban (third pipes, private grey water
systems, e.g. BIOMAX)
municipal (shires, councils, vehicle washdown, dustsuppression)
agricultural, horticultural, tree farms, aquaculture
industrial.
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Protection of Public Health and Environme
Water Quality Guidelines for discharge to th
environment
Aesthetics: Solids (suspended, dissolved and floatable), Colour, Odour, Oil a
Grease
Pathogens: Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoan and metazoan parasite
Nutrients: Nitrogen and Phosphorous
Toxicants: Heavy metals and chlorinated organics
Chemical oxygen demand
Biochemical oxygen demand
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Air Resource Management System
• Clean air is a fundamental requirement of life
• but, we cannot chose the quality unless we want to relocate• population is at the mercy of the emitters and relies on enforceme
effective air quality regulations
• Objective:
• Protect the health and welfare of the people
by understanding what quality is needed
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Quality that we need depends on
• What quality can we stand (tolerable limit)?
• The tolerable limit changes from person to person but is defgreater than zero
• (e.g. different people have varying perception of odour)
• How much is it going to cost?
• Air resource management is instituted based on:• Air quality is being adversely affected and there is a need for corre
• There is a strong potential for future problem
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Solid Waste Management System
• Considered as a problem to be solved as cheaply as possible
• Traditionally not considered problematic
• But..
• Lack of adequate landfill space
• Failure of existing landfills to protect the ground water
• The fear of atmospheric emissions of cancer causing compounds s
dioxins and furans from incinerators have driven the need for bettwaste management systems.
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The three simplified waste treatment scenarios
derived from the waste management system
What are the environmental implications of each scenario?
PET recycling:l f li t d li
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an example of recycling to reduce soliwaste load
Polarfleece, fabrics
Automotive plastics, car bumpers et
Carpets (stronger than nylon)
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L l d
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Lessons learned
• It is dangerous to develop models that are too simplistic.
• Environmental engineers must use a multimedia approach aparticular work with a multidisciplinary team to solve enviroproblems
• Modern solutions to environmental problems are invariablyaround waste minimization, energy conservation, resource r
P ti ti (W k 1)
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Practice questions (Weeks 1)
• What is infiltration?
• What is Environmental release?
• What makes air pollution a special case compared twater?
• What are the raw water sources in Sri Lanka? Andwhy is it called Integrated Water Supply System?
• What are the challenges in solving an environmentaproblem and why is an interdisciplinary approachalmost always needed?
History of Water Quality Management
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• Importance of safe water supply was realised long ago but propertreatment before drinking and before disposal didn’t start until recently
• Asian and Middle East archaeological excavations show highly developed
communities with piped water supplies, latrines, and sewers.
• Similarly Minoan civilizations which existed 4000 yrs ago even had flushingtoilets connected to the houses
• Romans were expert in public health engineering (aquaducts)
• Sewers were mainly for stormwater and no foul sewage was allowed to
discharge into the sewer until 1815 in Britain.
• In 1579, there were only 3 latrines in a street with sixty houses in London.
Aquaducts: Marvels of Civil Engineering
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Aquaducts: Marvels of Civil Engineering
• Extensively used by Romans
• Also in LA
History of Water Quality Management
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When the population is small it was not a problem, but whenpopulation increased diseases and death increased leading tocommission of Sir Edwin Chadwick in London to investigatethe situation in 1842.
He concluded that health depended on sanitation, sanitationwas an engineering issue requiring improved water supply tohouses with proper arterial drainage system, a single authorityshould administer all sanitary matters in an area and thus he iscalled the modern father of the disciplines of public health andpublic health engineering
History of Water Quality Management
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y y g(London)
• 1847 - A law was enacted making it mandatory todispose foul sewage into sewers
• Sewer drained into Thames river
• Poor construction of sewer (with leaks contaminatinshallow aquifer which was used as drinking watersupply) and Thames river which served as drinkingwater supply for part of the customers
• This led to much more serious problems resulting inCholera death of 10,000 people in 1854
History of Water Quality Management
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y y g
Although van Leeuwenhoek observed bacteria under a microscope in 1680their true nature was not known until Pasteur in 1860 showed their role in thcause of disease
In 1876 Koch developed culture techniques for the growth and identificationmicrobial species.
By 1870 modifications were made to the discharge points of sewers andintake points of drinking water, greatly reducing the incidence of waterbornedisease.
Similar developments took place in many European and North American cit
in parallel. Li fe expectancy in UK was do ubled in just 10 years andpopu lation increased in major cit ies.
In US it began after the “sanitary awakening” of the 1850s when waterborndiseases reached epidemic proportions.
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Source: U von Gunten, EAWAG
Waterborne diseases
Disease Microb ial agent Symptoms
Viruses
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Viruses
Hepatitis A Hepatitis A virus Fatigue, jaundice, nausea
diarrhea
Gastroenteritis Astrovirus, Calicivirus, Enteric
Adenovirus, Parvovirus
Diarrhea, nausea, malaise
Poliomyelitis Poliovirus 90-95% no symptoms; 4-8minor symptoms headach
fever; 1% non-paralytic
aseptic meningitis; <1% fa
Bacteria
Campylobacteriosis C. jejuni Gastroenteritis, dysentery
fever
E. Coli disease E. Coli Diarrhea, dehydration
Typhoid Salmonella typhi Severe fever, diarrhea(600,000 deaths worldwid
Cholera Vibrio cholerae Diarrhea, nausea, cramps
nosebleed, hypovolemic
shock (often fatal)
Protozoa
Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium Abdominal pain, diarrhea
Giardiasis Giardia Abdominal pain, diarrhea
History of Water Quality Management
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History of Water Quality Management
• These developments did not reach all the population
• In 1975 80% of rural populations and 23% of urban populations still didn’t havesanitation
• UN named 1981-1990 as International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade wproviding safe drinking water and adequate sanitation for all by 1990
• Although the program reached many, the people birth rate in developing countthat UN could not meet all the demand
• In 2000 it launched a programme called “Safe Water 2000”: More pragmatic ap
cost sharing, relevant technology and social aspects of water supply and sanitat
But
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But….• 780 million people in developing nations lack access to
sanitation and clean drinking water (1 in 9 people)
• 3.4 million people die each year from preventable waterrelated disease
• The water and sanitation crisis claims more lives throughdisease than any war claims through guns
• More people have a mobile phone than a toilet
http://water.org/water-crisis/water-facts/water/
Components of focus in this unit
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Components of focus in this unit
• Raw water source – Treatment – Distribution – Cu
• Customer – Wastewater Collection – WastewaterTreatment – Disposal
• Customer – Waste Collection – Disposal
• Customer - Air Pollutants – Treatment – Disposal
(Introduction)
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Ground Water
Water Treatment
A integrated water wastewater system
Deep water Ocean Outfall
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Industry