unit 04 police- history, structure and role4

8/2/2019 Unit 04 Police- History, Structure and Role4

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2002 Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Introduction to Criminal Justice 2002Unit 4 Police: History, Structure andRole

Slides Prepared by:Larry Bassi

SUNY College at BrockportModified by:

Hal NeesMetropolitan State College of Denver


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Unit 4 - 2

Early English Police:The Pledge System

Families banded together for protection. People raised the hue and cry to warn others of trouble

and to pursue criminals. Tithings were formed (10 families). Ten tithings banded together to form a hundred

supervised by a constable. Hundreds banded together to form shires supervised bythe shire reeve.


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The Watch System: 13th Century

More formalthan the pledge system. Employed watchmento protect propertyagainst fire and robbery. Justice of the peaceestablished and given

judicial duties. Constablesserved as assistants to justices ofthe peace.


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18th Century English Policing Industrial Revolution takes place and crime

dramatically increases. London experiments with different kinds of

policing. In 1829, the Metropolitan Police Act (MPA)is

passed in Parliament while Sir Robert Peel isHome Secretary.

The MPA creates the first organized policeforce of over 1,000 men.


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Mandates of the MetropolitanPolice Act

Prevent crime without using repressiveforce.

Maintain public order by nonviolent means. To reduce conflict between the public and

the police. To show efficiency through the absence ofcrime.


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American Colonial Experience County Sheriffwas the most important lawenforcement person.

Investigated complaints Ran the jail Collected taxes, supervised elections

Town marshal, aided by others, wasresponsible for urban areas.

Vigilante groupsused to eradicate somesocial problems.


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19th Century American Policing

Development of police agencies prompted bymob violence. Gentry feared restlessness of the underclass. Gin became a major substance abuseproblem. Fear of urban street crime produced demandsfor greater police protection.


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19th Century American Policing Police were incompetent, disliked and

corrupt.

Primary functions were to:

serve as enforcement powers for reigningpolitical powers

protect private property control the rising number of foreign

immigrants


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20th Century American Policing

Technological advancements telegraph boxes, motorcycles and police cars

Local, state and federal crime commissions Public concern about police corruption led toreform efforts

Major movements in policing:


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POLICE

PROFESSIONALISM

20th Century Reform

The first professional police organization,

International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)was formed in 1893. It was the leading voice in policereform during the first two decades of the twentieth

century.


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The Professional Era in AmericanPolicing

Expert officers Autonomous departments No external political influence Self-ruling departments Administrative efficiency Impartial, uniform enforcement of law


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Six Elements of ProfessionalPolicing

The force should stay out of politics. Members should be well-trained, disciplined and

tightly organized. Laws should be equally enforced. Forces should use new technology. Personnel procedures should be based on merit. The main task of policing is crime fighting.


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Policing the 1960s and Change

Civil unrest and Vietnam Growing crime rates Supreme Court decisions Desire for more educated officers


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Policing in the 1970s

Emphasis on good police-community

relationships. Federal assistance to local and state

agencies to fight the war on crime.

Recruitment and promotion of womenand minorities increased.


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Policing the 1980s

Concepts of community and problem orientedpolicing emerged. Police unions grew. Governments faced fiscal constraints andforced budget cutbacks in policing. Riots and brutality claims led to anexamination of traditional police practicesand role.


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17,000 Law Enforcement Agencies in theUnited States Today

3,088 sheriffs departments

13,578 municipal police agencies

1,316 special police forces

49 state police

50 federal law enforcement agencies

135 Native American tribal police agencies


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Municipal Police

Have majority of

personnel NYPD is largest

Large & small

departments havesame functions


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County Law Enforcement

Either the County Sheriffs Department(most common) or County PoliceDepartment Responsible for:

law enforcement local corrections (jail) civil law authority court-related duties


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State Police Agencies Texas Rangers was one of

the first state agenciesformed.

Responsible for: Highway safety Law enforcement in

various areas Technical support toother agencies


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Federal Law Enforcement Numerous agencies, found in a variety of

departments of federal government. No single agency has unlimited jurisdiction. Most agencies have primarily investigative

functions. Function of each agency is determined by specific

laws.


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U.S. Treasury Department

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Controls sale of untaxed liquor and cigarettes and

illegal sales, importation & criminal misuses of firearmsand explosives.

Internal Revenue Service Enforces violations of income, excise, stamp and other

tax laws. Often involved with a variety of types ofcrimes from a tax point of view.


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U.S. Treasury Department

U.S. Customs Service Guards points of entry into the U.S. and prevents

smuggling of contraband into and out of thecountry.

U. S. Secret Service Enforces laws against counterfeiting Protects the President, VP and others Maintains the White House Police Force


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Fundamental Questions AboutHow Police are Organized in the

U. S.Do all communities in

America deserve the

same kind and level ofpolice service?

Are there too many

police agenciesin America?

Would it be more

efficient to have fewersmall and more large

police departments?

Can all policedepartments achieve

professional competency?


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Municipal Police Agencies

Law Enforcement

Order Maintenance Community Service

The greatest number of police agencies in Americaare found at the municipal level and all share thesame basic goals.


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Watchman Style

Nonbureaucratic, informal style ofpolicing

Officers focus on caretaking andmaintaining order

Discretionary decision-making iscommon


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Legalistic Style

Emphasizes: Formal criminal law enforcementReduction of discretionary decision-making


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Service Style Takes requests for

service seriouslyregardless of what theystem from, e.g.providing informationor criminalactivity

Can IHelp You?


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How Much Trust Do You Have for thePolice?


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The Changing Role of Police

Increased need to

be fiscally responsible.

New kinds of law toenforce and crimes

to investigate.

Increased use

of civilians

in various positions.Decentralization of some police

services and

increased sensitivity to community

needs.


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Technological ChangesIncreased use of DNA profiling

Use of newscientific

applications in

all phases of investigation

Exploiting new

communication

technologies


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The Use of

ComputerizedMapping in Crime

Control. A section of aSan Diego PoliceDepartment Unit

DMAP shows narcoticarrests for December1991.


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Computer-generated Composites forIdentifying Suspects


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Private Policing and Security Hallcrest Report

By the year 2000, there will be 750,000 contract guardsand 410,000 proprietary security forces

Recommendations: upgrade employee quality create statewide regulatory bodies mandatory personnel training transferring some police functions


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Private

Security versusLawEnforcement

(Employmentand Spending)


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The End

unit 04 police- history, structure and role4

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