unimas 11111111 iyii11iuinn11im 1000166054 of flame spread on plywood.pdfborang pengesahan status...

Pusat Khidmat N4aklumat AkaGemuc I ! ºvnfrRS 1Tt MALAYSIA SARAWAK.

EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD

P. KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UNIMAS

11111111 IYII11IUINN11IM 1000166054

ABDUL FARID BIN ABDUL RAIIMAN

This report is submitted to Faculty of Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak

(UNIMAS) as to fulfil the requirements of Bachelor Degree Program

Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing System

h'acult, v of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2OOG

UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

Judul: EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD

SESI PENGAJIAN : 2001/2006

II

, J. 4.

Sava. ABDUL FARID BIN ABDUL RANMAN (HUR(JF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tu. juan pengajian sahaja. Membuat pendigitan untuk membanguankan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. ** Sila tandakan ( , ý)

di kotak yang berkenaan.

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CATATAN * lcsi, dimak, udkan schagai tusis hagi Ijaiah Doktor Falsalhh. tiarjana dan tiarj, ina Muda ** Jika Icslti im SI1IJIdan 11 R1 (Al). sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak hcrhuasa nrgatti, a, i

hcrkcnaan dcngan mcnýatakan sckali , ýhah dan tcmpoh tcsis im pcrlu dikclask; ul , cha, ai S( 'III dun I1: RI1AI).

UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

Judul: EXPERIMENT OF FLAME SPREAD ON PLYWOOD

SESI PENGAJIAN : 2001/2006

Saya, ABDUL FARID BIN ABDUL RAHMAN (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

I. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidniat Maklurnat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat

salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membaný.: uankan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat

salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian ting"i. 5. ** Sila tandakan (ý) di kotak yang berkenaan.

SULIT fMengandungi makIumat ýand herdarlah kexlamatan atau kepentingan Mala_ý. in seperu vangternuiktuh di dalam nhIA RnIIS In RnSMI 19721

TERHAD IMcngandungi mal. lumat II; RIL11) N ang tclah dhcnuikan oIch raamsasiihadan di mana pcncchdikan dilalankanl

, rIDAK "I ERHAD

Disahkan olch

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fllamat tetap:, 9ý. -J- -ý, : c L, -ý 5, 1(_(L Nama Pcwelia

Tarikh: Farikh: 4 PI--

CATATAN * lcsis dimaksudkan schagai tc, i, hagi Ijazah Doktor Fal, at; th. Sarjana Jan Sar, jana %1uda ** Jika tc, is ini SH II dan II: RI IAI). ila lamhirkan surat d; riFada hihak hcrkua, a. i reani, a, i

hcrkcnaan den-gall mcmatakan sekali schah dan tcmhoh tesis ini ncrlu dikclaskan schaeai st 11,11dan IIFRI1,11).

APPROVAL SHEET

This project report attached here to, entitle "Experiment of Flame Spread on

Wood" prepared and submitted by ABDUL FARID BIN ABDUL RAHMAN-6211

as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering

with Honours in Mechanical and Manufacturing System is hereby read and approve

by:

Date:

Mdm. Shanti Faridah Salleh

(Project Supervisor)

DEDICATION

I could not have done this alone without your help and support. I would like to

express my greatest gratitude to my lecturers, colleagues, friends and my loving

family. Thanks a million.

APPRECIATION

First of all, I would like to express my sincere and greatest gratitude and thanks to

my supervisor, Madam Shanti Faridah Salleh, who put a lot of encouragement,

guidance and advice for me to complete this project.

I also would like to express thankfulness to all my family members especially my

parents for their unconditional love, moral and financial support. Not forgetting my

friends particularly, Mr. Perkins n Mohd. Firdaus Abdullah, Mr. Abdul Mutalib

Lampong and Mr. Abang Razali Mohd. Munir for their help and support.

I owe a considerable debt to the technicians especially Mr. Mohd. Rhyer of

Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing System department for their cooperation

and assistance.

Next, my sincere thanks to all the lecturers especially to Mr. Nazeri Abdul Rahman

and the entire staff of Faculty of Engineering for their help and advice.

Last but not least, to those who have spent their time and energy to help and support

me in completing this project. thank you very much.

ABSTRACT

Fire is generally an energy source which provides heat. Fire can be useful if

utilized under control conditions, but it can harmful and hazardous in certain

circumstances. Throughout the time, technology has evolved in various ways and fire

resistant techniques are no exceptions. Flame retardants are one example of the

technology that purpose is to slow the burning process of a substrate or building

materials such as wood. Flame retardant coatings are not a new technology. The

basic formulation originated decades ago. The main objective of this project is to

study the effects of flame retardant coatings in comparison with other types of

coatings. Studies on the variety of coatings are conducted in order to have a good

understanding of the technology. A simple experiment is conducted to test the

functionality of the various coatings and their advantages and disadvantages. At the

end of this project, recommendations for future improvements for this study are also

discussed at the end of this report.

ABSTRAK

Secara amnya, api adalah salah satu daripadajenis tenaga yang menghasilkan

haba. Api boleh menjadi satu tenaga yang berguna jika digunakan dalarn keadaan

yang terkawal, tapi ia boleh merebak menjadi kuasa yang mendatangkan masalah

dan berbahaya dalam keadaan yang tertentu. Dalam sepanjang masa ini, teknologi

telah berubah dalam bermacam-macam cara dan kaedah melawan api juga tidak

ketinggalan. Perlambatan nyalaan api atau "flame retardant" adalah salah satu contoh

teknologi yang secara khususnya berfungsi untuk memperlambatkan proses

pembakaran bahan binaan seperti kayu. "Flame retardant adalah bukan satu teknologi

yang baru. Perumusan asasnya bermula daripada beberapa dekad yang lalu. Objektif

utama projek im dilaksanakan adalah untuk mengkaji efek "flame retardant" ini jika

dibandingkan dengan jenis-jenis cat yang lain. Kajian mengenai jenis cat yang

berlainan ini telah dijalankan untuk memahami teknologi ini secara mendalam.

Eksperimen yang sederhana telah dijalankan untuk menguji keberkesanan cat yang

berlainan jenis ini dan mengetahui kelebihan serta kelemahan cat tersebut. Di akhir

perlaksanaan projek ini, cadangan-cangan untuk memperbaiki projek ini juga

dibincangkan di bahagian akhir laporan ini.

I'usai Khidmat Maklumat Akauemix UNI VERSITZ MALAYSIA SARAWAK,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

Dedication

Appreciation

Abstract

Abstrak

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Background

1.3 Objectives

1.4 Chapter Overview

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Ignition sources

2.1.2 Ignited material

2.1.3 Flaming and smoldering combustion

2.1.4 Fire spread and heat release rates for first ignited

PAGE

ii

III

IV

V

vi

x

tii

I

I

I

5

7

7

7

material 8

2.1.5 Building fires 9

2.1.6 Flame spread 10

2.1.7 Smoke developed 11

2.1.8 Laboratory tests 11

2.1.8.1 NFPA Standard No. 255 12

2.1.8.2 Standard ASTM E-84 12

2.1.8.3 No. 723 of Underwriters' Laboratories. Inc 13

2.2 Paint

2.2.1 Alkyd

2.2.2 Varnish

2.2.3 Flame retardant

2.3 Wood

2.3.1 Engineered wood

2.3.1.1 Types of engineered wood

2.3.1.2 Characteristics

2.3.2 Composite wood

2.3.2.1 Plywood

Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Specimen preparation

3.3 Support design

3.4 Experiment set-up and procedures

3.5 Experiment set-up done by Underwriters'

17

19

22

?;

27

27

27

28

29

29

32

32

� _�,

35

3.5 Evaluation of the experiment

Chapter 4: Data and Analysis

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Experiment description

4.3 Result of experiment using Interlac 665 paint

4.4 Result of experiment using Siscoseal paint

4.5 Result of experiment using Gardex paint

4.6 Data review

4.6.1 Interlac 665 paint

4.6.2 Siscoseal paint

4.6.3 Gardex paint

4.7 Discussion

4.7.1 Chemical composition of flame retardant

4.7.1.1 Asbestos

4.7.1.2 Polybrominated diphenyl ether

4.7.1.3 Polychlorinated biphenyl

4.7.1.4 Chlorendic acid

Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Recommendation

5.2.1 Experiment design

5.2.1.1 Smoke developed

5.2.1.2 Proposed design

37

42

42

44

49

54

59

59

61

63

65

65

66

67

67

68

71

72

73

74

78

References 80

Appendices 82

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE NUMBER

I Classification of different wood materials according to

Flame Spread Index (FSI). 11

2 The Flame Spread Index and Smoke Production Index

of different types of wood. 14

3 Reported Flame Spread Indices. 15

4 Reported Flame Spread Indices of Factory Finished

Products. 16

5 Veneer Grades (American Plywood Association). 30

6 Experiment results. 38

7 Experiment results using Interlac 665 paint. 44

8 Experiment results using Interlac 665 paint (Test no. 1). 45



11 Experiment results using Siscoseal paint. 49

12 Experiment results using Siscoseal paint (Test no. 1). 50



15 Experiment results using Gardex paint. 54

16 Experiment results using Gardex paint (Test no. 1). 55



19 Smoke developed results. 75

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE NUMBER

I Smoke from a wildfire. 2

2 Graph of growth of fire. 6

3 Diagram of the two different stages of fire scenario. 10

4 Diagram of chemical composition of melamine

phosphate. 25

5 Diagram shows the developing char on wood. 26

6 Fire tests for wooden facades. 26

7 Example of specimen. 33

8 Diagram of the design of the support. 34

9 Actual design of the support. 34

10 Experiment setup. 35

11 Location of hook to be inserted. 36

12 Flame travel results (Test no. 1). 39




16 Graph shows the flame spread of Interlac 665

paint (Test no. 1). 45





19 Sample before the experiment (Interlac 665 paint). 48

20 Sample after the experiment. 48

21 Graph shows the flame spread of Siscoseal






24 Sample before the experiment (Siscoseal paint). 53


26 Graph shows the flame spread of Gardex






29 Sample before the experiment (Gardex paint). 58


31 Graph shows the results obtained from test no. 1.

test no . 2 and test no. 3 of the experiment using

Interlac 665 paint. 60

32 Smoke developed during experiment (Interlac 665). 61

33 Graph shows the results obtained from test no. 1,

test no. 2 and test no. 3 of the experiment using

Siscoseal paint.

34 Smoke developed during experiment

(Siscoseal paint).

35 Graph shows the results obtained from test no. 1,

test no. 2 and test no. 3 of the experiment using

Gardex paint.

36 Smoke developed during experiment

(Gardex paint).

37 Smoke results (Test no. l ).

38 Smoke results (Test no. 2).

39 Smoke results (Test no. 3).

40 Smoke results (Test no. 4)

41 Basic components of a design of a sensor.

42 Proposed design of furnace.

62

63

64

65

76

76

77

77

78

79

NOMENCLATURE

English symbols

ft. Feet

in. Inch

mV Millivolt

m Meter

min. Minutes

sec. Seconds

°C Degrees Celsius


CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

As a result of awareness the importance of installing safer building materials to

our building especially our laboratory and lecture rooms, the author had been given the

title of this thesis which is to conduct an experiment which proves the purpose of a

flame retardant application. Commonly, buildings in Malaysia are not applied with

flame retardant applications, especially buildings such as schools and houses. Hence the

main purpose of this project is to prove the advantages and disadvantages of various

building paints available and compared the result with a flame retardant paint.

1.2 Background

Fire is known as a useful element in which it can provide energy in terms of heat

and many more. It is also known to be hazardous if it does not stabilize in a controlled

environment.

I


Figure 1.1: Smoke from a wildfire

Fire is a serious a problem for building and industrial applications. Every year, it

causes several thousand deaths, and damages are estimated at several billion U. S dollars

and at similar level in Europe. Buildings are most vulnerable to fire because of the

various activities inside the buildings. especially houses which are mostly made of wood

structural composites.

Everyday, in the United States, fires damage or destroy an average of 1,700

homes, 300 apartment buildings, 61 schools, 69 restaurants and 135 industrial plants [11.

Fires can cost a terrible toll in dreadful disfigurement or deaths, as well as the loss of

treasured possessions. The cost of repair, plus the loss of income in hotels, restaurants,

industrial plants, etc. is staggering. On an annual basis, fires will:

i. Claim over 12,000 lives in the United States

ii. Injure over 300,000 Americans, of which approximately 50,000 will be

confined in hospitals for 6 weeks to 2 years

2


iii. Destroy 12 billion dollars worth of property

1.3 Objectives

The overall objective of this thesis is to study different building paints including

flame retardant paint on plywood. Below are the objectives of my project.

The objectives of this project are:

i. Exploration of plywood and flame retardant paint

ii. Study the principle of a flame retardant testing

iii. To learn three types building paints and their advantages and

disadvantages

1.4 Chapter Overview

The content of this thesis is mainly to describe the roles of Flame Retardant in

wood application. The report is presented in few chapters which include introduction,

literature review, research methodology, result and discussion and finally conclusion.

In this chapter, the reader will know briefly about the objectives of the research,

which are flame retardant coating in wood application and the importance of flame

retardant coatings to building's safety.

In the second chapter which is Literature Review the reader will be bring into

more detail about the research. The flame retardant and its characteristic will he

discussed through the chapter and also its roles in reducing flame spread and building

safety and also the comparison of different types of coatings or paints.

3


The experiment and laboratory work done in the research is discussed in the third

chapter which is the research methodology. Briefly, the third chapter will explain on

how the objective of the research can be obtained through the experiment and laboratory

work.

Chapter four include the result of the experiments done. Every result from the

experiment is presented in tables and appropriate graphs. Each result will he discussed in

details. Conclusion is discussed in the last chapter. The objective whether flame

retardant could be used to reduce flame spread in wood application shall be included in

the chapter.

4


CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

The ease with which a material burns in air (or occasional gas such as oxygen) is

also known as flammability (Schultz, N. 1986). It does not matter whether it is in gas,

liquid or solid form.

Fuels, which can be described as flammability of gases, liquids and their vapors,

and of discrete dusts and liquid droplets, are the most concerned elements in the process

industries. Fire and explosion are examples of the result of ignition of fuels. Escape of

flammable materials often followed by unplanned fires and explosions of flammable air

mixtures, which possibly will result from an unrestrained reaction or an explosion within

the process or storage plant.

Products of the process industries such as plastics, textiles and building or

structure materials, most of their flammability has been a major concern in our homes.

offices, stores, schools, and hotels among others. Mostly the plant and structure supplies

used in the process industries require fire protection, even though the constructional

supplies used are mostly of low flammability.

5


All things in this world have a certain temperature at which it will burst into

flames. The temperature at which things will burst into flames is called a material's flash

point. The flash point of wood is 300°C or 572 degrees Fahrenheit. Fire is created when

wood is exposed to heat at this temperature; hence it releases hydrocarbon gases, mix

with oxygen, thus it combust [10]. The concept of fire triangle; fire will only be created

with the subsistence of three elements, which are:

i. Fuel

ii. Oxygen

iii. Heat or ignition source

Fire tends to grow in stages. The graph in Figure 2.1 shows that there are three

stages in fire growth; induction period, steady state and lastly, decay. The fire starts with

a deliberate initiation period, but once ignition is reached it develops very rapidly, until

the oxygen supplies are limited. The fire decays once the fuel is consumed.

Steady state

0

C) V

ýa, Q

E (1) ý

Growth

Ignition

InducOon-perW

Time

Figure 2. I : Graph of growth of fire

Decay

6

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