unece statistical commission gender statistics meeting september 11-13, 2006

Bureau of Labor Statistics

UNECE Statistical Commission

Gender Statistics meetingSeptember 11-13, 2006

American Time Use Survey:Overview & Gender Analyses

Diane HerzBureau of Labor Statistics

United States Department of Labor


ATUS Background • New survey on time use in U.S.• First federally administered, continuous U.S. time use survey• Produces nationally representative data by demographic characteristics

• Why BLS conducts the survey– non-market activities– quality of life beyond income and earnings– trends in work, including changes in location and timing– additional source of work hours– international comparisons

• Gender analyses– Not specifically designed for gender analyses, but rich in data– Possible analyses reflect survey design


ATUS Sample• People in households that recently completed the national labor

force survey, the Current Population Survey (CPS)

• Nationally representative data by demographic characteristics

• Stratified by household characteristics

• Survey of individuals 15 and over

• Each person is pre-selected for a specific day

• Half are interviewed about a weekday, and half about a weekend day

Households (stratified)

Individuals (randomly selected)

Day of week (assigned)


ATUS Interview• Explanatory letter, brochure sent in advance• Computer-assisted telephone interviews

– (2,000/mo in 2003; 1,100/mo in 2004-05)

• One-time only interview• No proxy responses • Contents:

– Core: 24-hour time diary about yesterday– Updates of demographic and labor force information – Module information


Survey StructureIntroduction

Core Time diary

Labor Force Updates

Household Roster &Employment Status

Paid WorkChild Care

VolunteeringMissed Days

Summary Questions

Modules


Household RosterHow is [NAME] related to you?


ATUS

Diary


ATUS diary dataActivity Start Stop Location

Worked 8:10 am 11:45 pm Workplace

Ate lunch 11:45 am 1:20 pm Workplace

Worked 1:20 pm 4:45 pm Workplace

Drove to grocery store 4:45 pm 5:52 pm Car (Driver)

Shopped for groceries 5:52 pm 6:15 pm Grocery store

• How many hours per day do people work?• On which days? • At what times?• Where? • How do workers spend their non-work time?


Post-diary Summary Questions• To clearly and consistently identify work activities (which

activities were done as part of job)

• To measure childcare as a secondary activity (during which activities were children <13 “in your care”)

• To enable coders to distinguish volunteering for organizations from care activities for individuals (which activities were done for or through an organization)

• To identify types of activities the survey may be missing because of the 24-hour design


ATUS Coding• Each activities is assigned a 6-digit code• Each code represents 3 levels of detail (17, 105, 438)• Design enables analytical flexibility• Interviewers also perform activity coding• 100% verification

Sample from ATUS lexicon


ATUS Data Files• Annual files are posted each summer with release of data

• Documentation provided

• Files are organized to avoid duplication. Files include:– Activity file

– Individual file: demographics and CPS updates

– CPS data for matching (not updated in ATUS)

– Who was with you file

– Survey methods file


ATUS Analyses• Population estimates (e.g. time use of mothers)

• Participants (e.g. time spent working among those who worked on the diary day)

• Time of Day (e.g when women employed part time work)

• Where activities were done (e.g. work at home)

• Who was in the room with or accompanied respondent during activities (e.g. time with children)

• Start and stop times of activities

• International comparisons

• Time series


Sample of existing gender analyses• Intra-household allocation of time (husbands v. wives)• Trends in housework time by gender & task• Child care time—active care versus secondary• Input to national accounts (output, income, productivity)• Adult care giving time • Contribution of volunteer labor to nonprofit output• Injury and death valuation• Tradeoff analyses (e.g. work & leisure by presence of children)• Activities of non-working men and women


ATUS Modules• Questions on special topics, up to 5 minutes

• Currently food & eating module by USDA– January 2006 - December 2007

– 9 questions on secondary eating, school meal programs, height and weight, and income

• Other possibilities– Eldercare

– Purchased child care services

– Well-being

– Tool use and appliance ownership


A few descriptive statistics

From ATUS


Analyzing ATUS: The “average day” does not look like anyone’s typical day

Sleeping8.6 hours

Household activities1.8 hours

Working3.3 hours

Leisure and sports

5.2 hours

Eating anddrinking1.2 hours

Caring for others0.8 hour

Other3.1 hours

Total= 24.0 hours

Universe: All persons 15 and over; all days of the week combined.Annual averages, 2004


Household activities

1.1 hour

Leisure and sports

2.6 hours

Eating anddrinking1.0 hour

Caring for others1.3 hours

Other2.5 hours

Total= 24.0 hours

Universe: Employed persons ages 25 to 54 who worked on the diary day & lived in households with children under 18; weekdays only

Working8.0 hours

Sleeping7.5 hours

Time use on an average work day for employed persons ages 25 to 54 with children

Annual averages, 2004


Average sleep times per day, by age and sex

Annual averages, 2003Universe: All persons 15 and over; all days of the week combined.

9.58

8.66

8.38.18

8.02

8.23

8.84

9.27

9.03

8.74

8.47

8.248.33

8.77

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

10.0

15-19 years 20-24 years 25-34 years 35-44 years 45-54 years 55-64 years 65+ years

Men Women

Hours

Average for population ages 15 and older: 8.54 hours


Adult women with children under age 6 spent the most time providing primary childcare

1.21

0.52

2.73

1.00

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

In households with youngest child under 6 In households with children 6 to 17 years, noneyounger

Adult men Adult womenHours providing primary

childcare per day

Universe: Adults 18 and over living in households with children under 18; all days of the week combined. Annual averages, 2004


Both men and women spent many more hours providing secondary care than primary care

4.343.94

6.53

5.55

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

In households with youngest child under 6 In households with children 6 to 12 years, noneyounger

Adult men Adult women

Universe: Adults 18 and over living in households with children under 13; all days of the week combined.

Hours providing secondarychildcare per day


HERZ_D

Check numbers


Women spend more time per day than men doing housework, care activities, and purchasing activities

1.32

0.35

0.65

2.25

0.760.96

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Household activities Caring for and helping householdmembers

Purchasing goods and services

Men Women

Universe: All persons 15 and over; all days of the week combined. Annual averages, 2004

Average hours per day


Two-thirds of women report preparing food and half report doing housework on an average day

Proportion doing activity on average day

19.2

35

11.4 13.6

54.3

66.3

8.6

19.5

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

Housework Food preparation andcleanup

Lawn and garden care Household management

Men Women



7.39

8.54

0.87 0.77

2.76

7.398.01

1.31 1.42

2.28

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

Sleeping Working Caring for andhelping household

members

Householdactivities

Leisure and sports

Men Women

Weekday activity profiles of married full-time workers ages 25 to 54 who lived in households with children under 18 and worked on the diary day: Men and Women




7.576.85

2.271.49

2.35

8.38

0.00

3.96 3.84 3.82

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

Sleeping Working Caring for andhelping household

members

Householdactivities

Leisure and sports

Employed full time Not employed

Weekday activity profiles of married women ages 25 to 54 in households with children under 6: Employed full time vs. Not employed




About half of leisure time is spent watching TV

.

Watching TV(2.6 hours)

Socializing andCommunicating

(37 minutes)

Relaxing and thinking(17 minutes)

Sports, exercise, recreation

(20 minutes)

Reading(23 minutes)

Total=5.1 hours

Playing games;using computer for leisure

(20 minutes)

Other leisure activities

(22 minutes)



Percent of employed persons doing selected activities on workdays by hour of the day

Universe: Employed persons 15 and over who worked on the diary day


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

4-5 am 7-8 am 10-11 am 1-2 pm 4-5 pm 7-8 pm 10-11 pm 1-2 am

Sleeping Household activitiesPurchasing goods and services Working and work-related activities

Leisure and sports

Percent


Percent of “available time” that older Americans spent with others, 2003 and 2004

Note: For the social contact data, “available time” excludes time spent working, sleeping, grooming, and doing personal activities.

Men Women

55-59

60-64

65-69 70+

55-59

60-64

65-69 70+

Alone 49 49 48 50 47 48 51 59

With Spouse 36 37 42 39 29 31 31 22

With Family 42 42 46 43 44 44 41 33

With Children 8 6 5 3 11 10 7 4

With Friends 4 5 4 5 5 6 6 5


ATUS Contact Information• Program Manager: Tina Shelley• Website: www.bls.gov/tus/

– Data files & Documentation– Publications– Links to harmonized data set for US, MTUS database

• Program voice line: (01) 202-691-6339• E-Mail: [email protected]


Other slides that may be of interest


Research using ATUS data on work:

• What Do Male Nonworkers Do? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey* (Frazis & Stewart)

• Shift Work and Participation in Social, Recreational, or Exercise Activities* (Polivka)

• What Can Time-Use Data Tell Us About Hours of Work? (Frazis & Stewart) Dec 2004 Monthly Labor Review

• The Time and Timing Costs of Market Work, and their Implications for Retirement (Hamermesh) http://www.iza.org/

*Available at: http://www.atususers.umd.edu/papers/atusconference/authors/


Research on nonmarket activities using ATUS data:

• The Chore Wars: Household Bargaining and Leisure Time* (Friedberg & Webb)

• Accounting for Nonmarket Production: A Prototype Satellite Account Using the American Time Use Survey* (Landefeld, Fraumeni, & Vojtech)

• Time to Eat: Household Production Under Increasing Income Inequality* (Hamermesh)

• How Does Household Production Affect Earnings Inequality? Evidence from the ATUS (Frazis & Stewart) BLS working paper #393



Research using ATUS data on care activities includes:• The Effects of Schooling on Parental Time in Education

Production* (DeSimone)

• Fathers’ Time Investments in Children: Do Sons Get More?* (Mammen)

• Maternal Employment and Family Caregiving: Rethinking Time With Children in the ATUS* (Bianchi)

• The Gender Gap in Caregiving to Adults* (Mathiowetz & Oliker)



Other research Non-BLS:• Nonresponse in the American Time Use Survey: Who is Missing

From the Data and How Much Does it Matter?* (Abraham, Maitland, & Bianchi)

• Measurement of Travel Behavior in a Trip-based Survey Versus a Time Use Survey* (Bose & Sharp)

• Time Use for Sleeping in Relation to Waking Activities* (Dinges)

BLS:• How Does Employment Affect the Timing of Time with Children?

(Allard, Bianchi, & Stewart)• What Do Older Americans Do? (Krantz-Kent & Stewart)• Time Use as a Way of Examining Contexts of Adolescent

Development in the United States (Vernon)



Research using ATUS data on leisure activities includes:

• Here Comes the Rain Again: Weather and the Intertemporal Substitution of Leisure* (Connolly)

• Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades (Aguiar & Hurst)



Summary questions: WorkSome activities were work but weren’t identified as such in the diary:

Others were income-generating activities other than for one’s job


Summary questions: Secondary child care•Calculate duration of time respondent had child(ren) under 13 in his or her care while doing other things.

Consistency rules:•Respondent cannot be sleeping and providing care.•Respondent cannot be providing primary and secondary care at the same time (no double-counting).•Care must be done in the window between when first child under 13 got up and last child under 13 went to bed.


Summary questions: Volunteering

• Added to enable coders to distinguish volunteering for organizations from care activities for individuals

• Used CPS definition of volunteering


Summary questions: Missed DaysConcern: 24-hour protocol means ATUS misses activities done on trips of 2 or more nights.

Knowing how many trips and what type provides a general idea what we are missing.


ATUS Basics: Response ratesFinal Response Rates by Sample Month

46.0%

48.0%

50.0%

52.0%

54.0%

56.0%

58.0%

60.0%

62.0%

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Fina

l Res

pons

e R

ates

2003

2004

2005

unece statistical commission gender statistics meeting september 11-13, 2006

Documents