UNDP/GEF workshop…. 9 October 2004,Almaty

-

Overview of CDM and JI mechanisms

Lyubov Inyutina

Climate Change Coordination Centre

Kazakhstan

OutlineObjectives and legal framework;

Rules defining countries’ eligibility to participate in CDM and JI;

CDM/JI project cycle: parties involved, key stages and documentation;

National institutional framework for implementation of KP mechanisms(examples);

Methodological approaches to assess baseline, define project boundaries and net emissions reduction calculation.

Kyoto Entrance-into- force & Flexible

Mechanisms• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

– Projects in developing countries– Sustainable development objective

• Joint Implementation (JI)– Projects between countries with GHG reduction targets

• International Emissions Trading(IET)– Between countries with GHG reduction targets

Entry into-force requires ratification by 55 Parties representing 55% of industrialized countries 1990 emissions– 122 Parties have ratified representing 44.2 % of emissions.– Russian ratification is critical to meet the 55% trigger

Art. 12 – Clean Development Mechanism(CDM)- is based on GHG emissions reduction projects or absorption by

absorbents permitting private and public entities of the developed countries to acquire carbon credits as the certified emissions

reduction (CER) from non-Annex I countries.

Art. 6 – Joint Implementation (JI)- is based on GHG emissions reduction projects or absorption by

absorbents between Annex I countries permitting Annex I Parties to transfer or acquire from any other such Party reduction emission

units (REU) resulting from projects either for adherence of its identified quantified commitments on GHG emissions reduction or

assigned amounts (AA) as well for selling on the open market.

CDM Requirements for participation

• Only Party of KP can participate in CDM (ratification without commitments)

• Voluntary participation in CDM, but projects shall be implemented on the area of non-Annex 1 Parties;

• Each Party has to establish a DNA

Partnership basis: - Investor: Annex I Party supports to non-Annex I Party in ensuring

of its sustainable development; - Host Country: Non-Annex I Party receives benefit from activities

on projects leading to CER and has no quantified commitments on emissions reduction.

CDM Management (Art.12)• Conference of Parties ( CP /CC)• CDM Executive Board(EB) certifies CE on the basis

of:• a)written approval of a project by each Party-participant;• в) real, measurable and long-term benefits related to the mitigation

of climate change;• с) CE that are additional to any that would occur in the absence of

the certified project activity.

• Operational Entities designated(OE)

Challenges for JI Countries

• The Party of KP (ratification with commitments- Annex-1 to UNFCCC)

• Setting up Registries• Submitting Inventories• Accounting for AAUs• Comply up the relevant Institutions• Creating efficient processes(national

system identifying all sources of GHG emissions and absorption of GHG absorbents in operation)

• Managing AAUs

CDM/JI Benefits• For business :

– Reduce overall cost of compliance: credits have monetary value

– Provides opportunities to sell and showcase technologies

– Demonstrates environmental leadership

• For the host country:

– Attracts investment in priority sectors

– Provides infrastructure and employment gains

– Provides access to clean technologies

– Improves air quality, energy efficiency & reduced dependence on imported fuel

– Provides potential source of revenue from carbon credits

CDM/JI – Kyoto Criteria:• CDM Executive Board(EB)

established: registration and certification CERS, IE accreditation

• Contributes to the sustainable development of the host country

• Results in emission reductions that would not have happened otherwise

• Generates real, measurable and long-term climate change mitigation benefits

• Approved by Parties involved• Credits earned from 2000 onward• Public funding of CDM not to divert

ODA• Afforestation and reforestation

projects in CDM: but subject to a cap(1% of base year emissions)

• Special procedures for small-scale CDM projects

• JI Supervisory Committee – similar to the CDM EB - to be established at COP/MOP 1 to Verify

• Projects hosted by another Annex I country

• Setting up the relevant Institutions• Two tracks: depends on level of

Party’s compliance with the Protocol’s participation requirements

• Results in emission reductions that would not have happened otherwise

• Generates real, measurable and long-term climate change mitigation benefits

• Approved by Parties involved

• Credits earned from 2008 onward• An independent verification system

also for JI though JISC(track2)

Art. 6 – Verification of ERUs: two possibilities

• Two possibilities to verify ERUs, either:

– By the host Party if it meets AIP participation requirements

(Track 1)

– Through a verification procedure

(Track 2)

• A Party eligible to follow Track 1 may elect to use the verification procedure under of Track 2.

ET like

CDM like

JI key features: Track 1 Track 2

Project design (baseline/ monitoring plan)

National guidelines Supervisory Committee(take into account work by CDM/EB)

Check project design against requirements

National guidelines (option to use Track 2)

Verification by AIE

Check performance of project

National guidelines (option to use track 2)

Verification by accredited AIE

Transfer • A Host Country may issue ERUs if meets requirements(registry, inventories, AAU accounting)• Choose to verify ERs generated by JI projects in its territory• In addition if track 2 option used: ERUs exempted from CPR limitations

• Only if the Party is in compliance with eligibility requirements (para 21, a, b & d)• These ERUs are exempt from CPR limitations

Verification to be operated through accredited independent entities;

Accreditation standards for A6SC (Appendix A);Criteria for baseline setting and monitoring plan (Appendix B).

First Track JI• Upon the fulfillment of an

additional set of requirements (registry, inventories, AAU accounting):

• A Host Country may issue ERUs• Choose to verify Ers generated

by JI projects in its territory First Track JI

Track 1: issues agreed in Marrakech:• Additional requirements:

– Methodology and reporting requirements under Articles 5.1, 5.2, 7.1 and 7.4 of KP;

– Eligibility after 16 months elapsed since the submission of report to facilitate the calculation of its assigned amount (in accordance with Article 3. 7 and 8), and to demonstrate its capacity to account for its emissions and assigned amount (in accordance with Article 7.4);

– Enforcement branch of the compliance committee to decide whether Party meets and continue to meet eligibility requirements.

Track 2 issues agreed in Marrakech:• Art 6 supervisory committee to be established by COP/MOP1;

• Issuance & transfers only possible once Party complies with requirements for national system and national registry and is a Party to the Protocol (§ 21 (a), (b) and (d));

• Exemption from CPR;

• Verification to be operated through accredited independent entities;

• Accreditation standards for A6SC (Appendix A);

• Criteria for baseline setting and monitoring plan (Appendix B).

JI(Track 2) Verification

PPSubmits project design doc.

Rejects if not conform with criteria

AIEx

AIEx= Accredited independent entity PP=Project participantsURF= Unified reporting formatA6SC= Article 6 Supervisory CommitteeSource: UNFCCC, …

Criteria for baselines, monitoring and crediting lifetime (Appendix B)

Project implementation

PP

DataURF

AIEx

Determination made public through UNFCCC secr.

PDD made public - comments within 30 days by Parties, stakeholders or UNFCCC accredited NGOs

Automatic within 45 days

Unless review by A6SC is requested by a Party involved or 3 of A6SC

members

Determination on verified ERUs made public

through UNFCCC secr. Unless review by

A6SC is requested by a Party involved or 3

of A6SC members Automatic within 15 days

Art. 12 – agreed in Marrakech• Crediting period

       - 7 years with the subsequent prolongation to the doubled term (i.e. 14 years) after baseline review or otherwise 10 years without prolongation.

• Criteria for baseline setting and monitoring plan (Appendix B).

•  “Prompt start” of CDM project since January 1, 2000(registered

before December 31, 2005)

• In (2008-2012) CDM projects only on afforestation and reafforestation from LULUCF category (land use, land use change and forestry, art.3.4), including restriction of carbon credits volumes: volume shall not exceed 1% from the baseline emissions

• CERs bankable to a max 2.5% of assigned amount pursuant to art. 3.7 & 3.8 of that Party (art.7.4 );

Art. 6 – Issues agreed in Marrakech:• Art. 6 LULUCF projects = Art. 3.3 and 3.4;• ERUs bankable to a max of 2.5% of assigned amount

pursuant to art. 3.7 & 3.8 of that Party (art.7.4);• Projects starting as of year 2000 are eligible as Article 6

projects if they meet requirements of guidelines. ERUs shall only be issued for crediting period after the beginning of year 2008.

Who guarantees the environmental

credibility ?

CDM/ JI(Track2)Track 1 JI

Host Country Operational Entity(AIE)

Host Country KP Compliance Operational Entity

Internal procedures for projects (Accredited Independent Entity)

(Eligible host Parties may verify ER) ER Verification

Marrakesh Accords

D. Participation requirements [Decision CP16]20. A Party involved in an Art.6 project shall

inform the Secretariat of:(a) Its designated focal point for approving projects

pursuant to Art.6,paragraph 1(a);(b) Its national guidelines and procedures for

approving Art.6 projects, including the consideration of stackeholders’ comments, as well as monitoring and verification.

Determination requirements for JI project:

• AIE to check whether project design:– Has been approved by Parties involved;– Emission additionality: would not have occurred in

the absence of the project;– Baseline and monitoring plan in accordance with Art.

6 guidelines (Appendix B);– Analysis of environmental impacts.

CDM & JI Project Cycle JI project Cycle CDM project Cycle

Check eligibility and potential (PIN)

Project Design Document (PDD)

Approval at national level(host country, investor country)

Project implementation based onER Purchase Agreement or MoU

Monitoring and verification

Transfer of ERUs

Validation

Check eligibility and potential (PIN)

Project Design Document (PDD)

Approval at national level(host country, investor country)

Registration with CDM EB

Project implementation based on Party’s Agreement or MoU

Monitoring and verification, and certification

CERs issued and transferred

Validation

National Approval:critical issue

DNA- official organization ( ministry,committee, agency,etc.) for CDM/JI projects national approvalNational approval process is not regulated on international levelNational approval and registration takes place before validation based on PDD or PINRecently, DNA for CDM are arranged in Germany, Netherlands, some countries of Latin America

Validation –

confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence by an

independent and qualified organization before registration that the project design

documents, the baseline study and the monitoring plan meet prescribed

requirements and that the emission reductions as claimed by the project are

considered realistic.

Verification -

confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence by an independent and

qualified organization that the project emission reductions are achieved and that

other JI/CDM requirements are met.

Registration –

formal acceptance by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan

of a validated project as a JI/CDM activity. Registration is a prerequisite for the

verification, certification and issuance of CERs related to that project activity.

Certification -

written assurance by the authorized executive JI/CDM body that the project has achieved the

verified reductions during a specified time period.

Decision to join Annex 1, COP-5 – 2000.Voluntary obligation on Art. 4.2gUNFCCC. Government Decree on IACCC, Climate Change Coordination Center-working body of IACCC.GHG Inventory for 1992 and Identification of 1992 as a base year

2000-2001

Active consultations, meetings on preparation to KP ratification on the highest level( Special working group under Vice-Premyer in June 2004)

Researches in energy and economic sector development strategies up to 2030 ;2015 including KP Starting NC-2 under UNDPGEF; launch 3 pilot CDM projects under CIDA. Uralsk project under shedule:technology transferred, construction starting.

2004

IAC:Launched the model of national procedures for approval of JI/CDM projects ;

approved 2 GHG reduction pilot projects. Strenthening international cooperation, MoUs

Situation scenarios of macroeconomic modeling and GHG emissions, developing regulation of KP mechanisms in Kazakhstan. Analysis of benefits/disadvantages in KP participation for the decision makers.GHG Inventory 2000-2002 under National budget.Model.Uralsk project according to the shedule (UPDD, preliminary national approval, validation)

2003

National System for CDM/JI projects review and approval, GHG projects registry. Inventory 1994, 1999,2000.

COP 7 decision on Kazakhstan status: Upon ratification of the KP by Kazakhstan and its entry into force, Kazakhstan becomes a Party in Annex1 for purpose of this Protocol in accordance with Ar.,pr.7 of the KP. The COP recognized that Kazakhstan will continue to be a Party not included in Annex1 for purposes of the Convention.MoU between NEDO&Kazakhstan to implement JI_CDM project in Uralsk

2001-2002

UNFCCC is ratified(1995), Kyoto Protocol is signed.

First National Communication, GHG Inventory - 1990 and 1994

1995-1999

Kazakhstan actions and decisions

Kazakhstanian Context

• Kazakhstan is in a unique situation:– COP 7 decision on Kazakhstan status: Upon

ratification of the KP by Kazakhstan and its entry into force, Kazakhstan becomes a Party in Annex1 for purpose of this Protocol in accordance with Ar.,pr.7 of the KP. The COP recognized that Kazakhstan will continue to be a Party not included in Annex1 for purposes of the Convention

– International competitiveness• Provisional” National rules for CDMJI projects

development, assessment and approval by GOK” adopted by MEP order(2002) tested

• UPDD as national project format developed and approved by IAC

Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Interagency Commission on Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol and Implementation of RK’s Obligations Under UNFCCC (IACCC)(12 Ministries)

Observers: NGO and Parliament Representatives, Representatives of Donor Countries and Organizations, Representatives of Business

Climate Change Coordination Center

Inter-Agency Coordination on CC(Government Decree #590, 2000)

Projects related

to climate changeProjects related to phase-out Ozone Depleting Substances Other

IAC: Best Practice policies and measuresHarrikein Company(PETROKAZAKSTAN) project on utilization of the associated gas at Kumkol field with the expected GHG emissions reduction about 500 thousand tons per year (planned investments – about 35 million USD).

Model energy saving project at Uralsk CHPS, performed by Japanese Government Company “NEDO” in cooperation with the KAZ Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources ,expected GHG emissions reduction 62 thousand tons per year (investments amount to 15 million USD).

The Scheme of GHG Project Approval by GoK

Project submittal and screening

Project submittal and screening

Project Verification & Certification for UNFCCC

ERU’s

Project Verification & Certification for UNFCCC

ERU’s

Project Submitted for official GOK Review

Project Submitted for official GOK Review

Preliminary Project Review by JI/CDM Board

Preliminary Project Review by JI/CDM Board

Review of feasibility Study.s Adherence to Official GOK

Law

Review of feasibility Study.s Adherence to Official GOK

Law

Development of project feasibility

Development of project feasibility

Project approved awaiting financing

Project Implementation & Associated MRVP

Project Implementation & Associated MRVP

Financing found

Approved but not financing

Circles = Project

Developers Responsibility

Boxes = Government or NGO responsibility

GOK approved

Preliminary approval

A project developer/proponent submits a project in the Unified Project Design

Document (UPDD) format together with all required approvals to

the JI/CDM executive body

for screening. PDD for CDM is

available:www.cdmmonline.orgUPDD :www.climate.kz

Screening is a two-staged project assessment aimed to:

1) Determine if project proposals contain all the required information that is necessary to fairly and

accurately assess the suitability of the proposed project for JI/CDM eligibility; and

2) Assess the proposed projects that do satisfy the information requirements to determine their suitability for approval as JI/CDM projects.

Baseline Determination“Baseline”-

scenario( hypothetically), that represents anthropogenic emissions by sources of GHGs that would occur in the absence of the proposed project.

Too low a baseline means that the project will be unviable;

Too high means the climate integrity of the project will be compromised

Financial &environmental additionality •Art.2.5(c) & 6.1(b) require that GHG reductions should be additional to those that would occur in the entire economy in the absence of the project

•Financial additionality requires that investments which would occur anyway, must be distinguished from those which occur anyway, must be distinguished from those which seek – carbon credits returns ( Proving this is very difficult!)

•Environmental additionality in respect of GHG is ensured through proper baseline setting. It can be argued that this requires technology not currently available in the host country

•( technological additionality)

Indirect effects: leakage of GHG emissions

•Indirect effects may lead to a reduction in GHG in a project to be accompanied by increase in GHG outside the project boundary (e.g. displacing diesel busses by a metro may lead to the buses being relocated elsewhere) •General equilibrium effects: difficult to compute•Possibility of positive spillover effects through diffusion of low emitting technology without recourse to CDM

Monitoring plan

-Identify data needs &quality regarding accuracy, comparability, completeness& validity-State methodology for data collection & monitoring-State quality assurance &quality control provisions for monitoring,collecting &reporting-An organization may be designated to collect data, calculate real GHG emission reduction & report progress of the project

Contribution to SD:•Benefits-Long-term GHG and local emission reductions

-Economic,social and technological

•Other Impacts-Positive

-Negative

Benefits of CDM/JI for Kazakhstan

• Transfer of new sound technologies, facilitate substantial flows of private and public investments into CDM/JI projects;

• Introduction of new conditions for attracting investments and involving national funds (CDM,JI);

• Accumulation of carbon credits or use GHG emission offsets (JI);

• Ensuring stable position at the energy market and economic safety of the country in the process of transition to a market economy

• additional capacities in energy, industry and transport sector

• adequate financing for capacity building;

• Future perspective to participate in IET;

• Direct investments in environmental protection projectsFacilitation of implementation of Innovative-

Industrial Development Strategy 2015!

Benefits of JICDM for Project Participant:

• Position as first mover in climate change(chances as well as risks)

• International marketing image factor• Strengthening of core business of every

team member• Strengthening of international sales of our

products and services• New innovative project financing possibility• Improvement profitability of projects by

consideration of avoided environmental costs(small, but decisive improvement of profitability)

Progress of Japan/Kaz CDM/JI project

• The MoU between Japan (NEDO) and Kazakhstan was signed on 20 June 2002 in Astana. The parties started implementing the project on construction of a gas turbine cogeneration system with the capacity of 25 MW

• Bilateral financial structure Japan&Kazakhstan

• During 2008-2012 Kazakhstan will annually transfer its quota of 62 thousand tons of СО2, generated as a result of the gas turbine facility operation, to Japan upon MoU

Progress of Japan/Kaz CDM/JI project• UPDD developed. Testing the national

procedures of project approval. Approval at ministries obtained

• Baseline Validation by DNV. Other necessary project documentation in development

• IAC preliminary approval as JI/CDM project obtained

• 2003- office arranged in Uralsk city for project implementation

• Close cooperation between stakeholders• 2004 – Japan technology transfers to

Kazakhstan

National companies;

Industrial organizations;

NGOs

Government of RK; KP Parties;

IFO; Large business

companies

Investment projects: With participation of the government (MIT, MF, MEBP, MEMR, MEP, MA, MTC) and private sector via (MEBP Investment Committee)

Projects portfolio without investor

Projects with grant support:Ministries and NGOs

Council of Fund

JI/CDM National Board(DNA)

Secretariat

CО2 CО2

GHG emissions reduction

Proposed institutional arrangements- Carbon Fund

CО2

$

Tg

$ Tg $ Tg

44

Way forwarda) GHG Projections and MAC analysis, definition of national commitments b) Project portfolio c) Institutional arrangements: role of

DNA and transparent procedures and

rulesc) Creation of national register of AAUs/ERUs/CERs/RMUsd) The Carbon Fundf) Allowance trading

Key issues• How to minimize risks?• How to low transaction costs?• How to ensure credibility of ERs? • How to facilitate funds transfer?• Host country support(adequate

understanding)• Additional environment and social

benefits calculation?• Simplifying procedures?

Contact /information ...

Climate Change Coordination Centre

48 Abai Street, Room 102437000 Astana City, KAZKHSTANTel: +(7-3172) 71-7170;31-81-95 Fax: +(7-3172) 32-47-38;32-26-96E-mail: info@climate.kz Web: www.climate.kz