understanding side effects of immune therapy in cancer · mri spine, ncvs, lp for workup...
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Understanding Side Effects Of Immune Therapy in Cancer
MORGANNA FREEMAN, DO, FACP ASSISTANT CLINICAL PROFESSOR OF CUTANEOUS ONCOLOGY
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Disclosures
Consultant for Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Sanofi-Aventis, Novartis, and Academy of Oncology Nurse & Patient Navigators
Speakers’ Bureau for Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Sanofi-Aventis, and Novartis
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Thomas of Celano, First Life of St. Francis, 1230 El Greco, St Francis in Prayer, 1580
“When [St. Francis] the blessed servant of God saw these things he was filled with wonder, but he did not know what the vision meant.
Thus Francis rose, one might say, sad and happy, joy and grief alternating in him.
He wondered anxiously what this vision could mean, and his soul was uneasy as it searched for understanding.”
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Learning Objectives
I. Appreciate impact of immune therapy in cancer
II. Understand MOA vs standard chemotherapy
III. Review immune-mediated toxicities by organ system IV. Explain treatment & monitoring parameters
V. Apply knowledge to improve care of cancer patients
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Learning Objectives
I. Appreciate impact of immune therapy in cancer
II. Understand MOA vs standard chemotherapy
III. Review immune-mediated toxicities by organ system IV. Explain treatment & monitoring parameters
V. Apply knowledge to improve care of cancer patients
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6
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Stage IV Melanoma: 3 Year OS
Callahan, Margaret K., et al. "Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma: updated survival, response, and safety data in a phase I dose-escalation study." Journal of Clinical Oncology (2017): JCO-2017.
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Brahmer J, Horn L, Jackman D, et al: Five-year follow-up from the CA209-003 study of nivolumab in previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Clinical characteristics of long-term survivors. 2017 AACR Annual Meeting. Abstract CT077. Presented April 3, 2017.
Stage IV Lung Cancer: 5 Year OS
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Hodi SF, Kluger HM, Sznol M, et al. Durable, Long-term Survival in Previously Treated Patients With Advanced Melanoma Who Received Nivolumab Monotherapy in a Phase I Trial. Presented at the 2016 AACR Annual Meeting; April 16-20, New Orleans, Louisiana. Abstract CT001
Stage IV Melanoma: 5 Year OS
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Stage IV Melanoma: 10 Year OS
Schadendorf, Dirk, et al. "Pooled analysis of long-term survival data from phase II and phase III trials of ipilimumab in unresectable or metastatic melanoma." Journal of clinical oncology 33.17 (2015): 1889.
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A Perplexing Resurrection
Extraordinary advances far beyond that seen with traditional chemotherapy, AND
16 million cancer survivors today -> 30 million by 2040 -> growing number of Stage IV patients, BUT
Varied toxicity profile & reported deaths from unrecognized side effects have tempered enthusiasm for these drugs
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Learning Objectives
I. Appreciate impact of immune therapy in cancer
II. Understand MOA vs standard chemotherapy
III. Review immune-mediated toxicities by organ system IV. Explain treatment & monitoring parameters
V. Apply knowledge to improve care of cancer patients
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Mechanism of Action
CD8+ T cell
Tumor
Immune Priming
Checkpoint Inhibition
CD8+ T cell
CD4+ T cell
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Brahmer JR. J Clin Oncol. 2013; 31:1021-28.
Ipilimumab
Pembrolizumab
Nivolumab
Mechanism of Action
Atezolizumab
Durvalumab Tremelimumab
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Currently Approved Therapies
15
NSCLC: • Nivolumab • Pembrolizumab • Pembrolizumab +
Carbo + Pem • Atezolizumab
Bladder: • Nivolumab • Pembrolizumab • Atezolizumab • Durvalumab • Avelumab
Renal: • Nivolumab • Ipi + Nivo
MSI-high (any tumor): • Pembrolizumab
Melanoma: • Pembrolizumab • Nivolumab • Ipilimumab • Ipi + Nivo
Merkel Cell: • Avelumab • Pembrolizumab
SqCC of H&N: • Nivolumab • Pembrolizumab
HCC: • Nivolumab (after
PD on Sorafenib)
Gastric/GEJ: • Pembrolizumab for
PDL1 expressing tumors
CRC: • Nivolumab for MSI-
high/dMMR after progression on FOLFOX/FOLFIRI
• Pembrolizumab (same indication)
Soft tissue sarcoma: • Olaratumab
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Learning Objectives
I. Appreciate impact of immune therapy in cancer
II. Understand MOA vs standard chemotherapy
III. Review immune-mediated toxicities by organ system IV. Explain treatment & monitoring parameters
V. Apply knowledge to improve care of cancer patients
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Toxicities Seen With Checkpoint Inhibition
17
Hepatic: • Transaminitis • DILI • Acute hepatic
failure
Cutaneous: • Rash • Steven-Johnson
syndrome • Bullous
pemphigoid • Vitiligo • Alopecia • Pruritis
Renal: • Nephritis
General: • Fatigue • Infusion reactions
GI: • Enterocolits • Colits • Colonic perforation
Musculoskeletal: • Myalgias • Arthralgias • Rhabdomyolysis
Pulmonary • Pneumonitis • Pleural effusion
Neuro: • Mono- and poly-
neuropathy • Sensory / motor
• Cognitive dysfunction
Cardiac: • Heart block • Cardiomyopathy • Myocarditis • ACS
HEENT: • Uveitis • SICCA syndrome
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Immune-Related Adverse Events
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Skin Toxicities
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How Frequent?
50% of pts treated with ipi 35% of pts treated with pembro, nivo
◦ Onset: 3 wks (immediate) to 6 mos (delayed) to 3 years (late)
New & unusual toxicities with investigational agents
◦ Timing of onset can vary
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Where, Why & How
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Types of Rash
Targetoid / Centrally Necrotic
Acneiform / Maculopapular
Erythematous / “Sunburn”-Like Desquamating / Bullous
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Focal Findings
Vitiligo “Halo” Sign Albinism
Erythema Nodosum Dermatomyositis Radiation Recall
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…and the Scary Stuff
Oral Ulcerations Desquamation Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
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Mild Moderate Severe
Grade I-II Maculopapular
+/- itching, burning, tightness 10-30% of BSA
Does not limit ADLs
Topical Steroids Low potency: Hydrocortisone
Medium potency: Triamcinolone
Anti-Itch Therapy PO Atarax, Benadryl, H2 blockers
Drug Therapy Ok to continue
Grade II-III Maculopapular
+ itching, burning, tightness >50% of BSA
Does not limit ADLs
Topical Steroids High potency: Betamethasone
Anti-Itch Therapy
PO Atarax, Benadryl, H2 blockers
Drug Therapy Hold if >50% BSA
PO steroids if not better after 1 week
Grade III-IV Blistering
+/- Mouth/Genital/Eye Involvement >50% of BSA
Significantly limits ADLs
Skin Biopsy +/- Dermatology consult
Hospitalization Indicated
IV Steroids, IV fluids, consider Abx IVIG in severe cases (SJS, TEN)
Drug Therapy May need permanent discontinuation
What to Do, and When
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QOL Issue
Skindex-16: score 0 (best QoL) to 96 (worst QoL)
3 domains: symptoms, emotional effects, & effects on functioning
Higher grade of rash = poorer QOL
Witherspoon, J. N., et al. "Correlation of patient characteristics and NCI-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v 3.0 grading with dermatology-related quality of life (QoL) in patients with EGFR inhibitor-induced rash." Journal of Clinical Oncology 26.90150 (2008): 9559-9559.
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Pulmonary Toxicities
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Pneumonitis Symptoms: SOB, dry cough, fever, chest pain More frequent with PD-1/PD-L1 therapy than with CTLA4 blockade
◦ Higher incidence with combination therapy (chemotherapies and targeted agents with known risk of pneumonitis)
Monotherapy CTLA4 blockade results more often in sarcoid-like granulomas and/or BOOP ◦ Murine models of ALI show CTLA-4 contributes to inflammation, increased
PD-L1 expression seen in sarcoidosis
More common in patients with lung cancer
CSGA Nat Genet 1997; Munthe-Kaas JACI 2004; Zhu ERS 2009; Liu Human Imm 2010; Nakajima J Immunol 2010; Braun Am J Respir Crit Care 2014
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What to Do, and When Routinely check POx in all PD-1/PD-1/IPI patients
CXR in anyone with SOB, cough (low threshold CT Chest)
Pred 1-2mg/kg, taper over 45-60 days Limited data on Infliximab
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Cardiac Toxicities
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Cardiotoxicities
Rare but serious and potentially fatal
One retrospective study (n = 752) reported ipilimumab-induced myocardial fibrosis, pericarditis, takotsubo-like syndrome, acute CHF, complete heart block, and myocarditis
Heinzerling, Lucie, et al. "Cardiotoxicity associated with CTLA4 and PD1 blocking immunotherapy." Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 4.1 (2016): 50.
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Where, Why and How
Preclinical study in 2 mouse models of myocarditis showed increased inflammation in mice with PD1−/− CD8+ T cells compared to mice with PD1+/+ CD8+ T cells
PD-1 deficiency led to spontaneous myocarditis & dilated CM in mice caused by antibodies to cardiac troponin
CTLA-4 deficient mice are known to rapidly develop multi-organ lymphocytic infiltration with severe myocarditis
Cardiotoxic effects induced by checkpoint inhibitors could be explained by lowering the threshold for activation of T cells specific for self-antigens in the heart
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What to Do, and When Fatigue and weakness = alarm symptoms
EKG, Echo, troponins, CK in any patient with new SOB, cough, chest pain, fatigue
Pred 1-2mg/kg, taper over 45-60 days ◦ Trend troponins & follow serial Echo in patients with established Dx
High mortality (30%) even in treated patients
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GI Toxicities
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Enterocolitis: How Frequent?
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Where, Why and How
Diarrhea = increased stool frequency
Colitis = abdominal pain + increased stool frequency ◦ Descending colon is the most
common site ◦ CT imaging if severe abdominal pain
and/or peritoneal signs ◦ Persistent symptoms raise risk for
perforation
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What to Do, and When
Initiate steroids for Grade 2 or higher Often will require at least 2 weeks of steroids at 1mg/kg ◦ Consider Infliximab for refractory cases
lasting > 7-10 days
Some patients will relapse after 1st course of Infliximab and may require additional dosing ◦ Little benefit to pre-medication with
Infliximab at this time
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Transaminitis: How Frequent?
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Where, Why and How Mostly asymptomatic especially if only transaminitis (autoimmune hepatitis)
DILI = AST/ALT plus bilirubin increase
More frequent with CTLA4 blockade (10%), less with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade (5%)
Anti PD1/PD-L1 therapy of HCC results in increased hepatitis (20%) ◦ Nivolumab + pazopanib or + sunitinib resulted in Gr 3/4 irAE of 9, 20 %
Pathology: panlobular hepatitis, perivenular infiltrates, or lymphocytic infiltrates
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What to Do, and When
Elevation LFTs > 3 fold baseline (>2.5 X ULN; Grade 2) requires close attention
Intensified monitoring; labs every 3 days
Consider disease burden, medications, infections; imaging; consider biopsy if LFTs >8x and/or T. Bili >5x
Intensified monitoring: Labs every 1-3 days
High dose steroids: Methylprednisolone 120 mg IV daily ◦ If after 3 days no improvement or rebound: Mycophenylate 1 g BID ◦ If no improvement 5-7 days: 0.10 to 0.15 mg/kg/day tacrolimus (trough level 5-20 ng/ml)
If no improvement in 5-7 days: consider Infliximab 5 mg/kg once
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Neuro & Endocrine Toxicities
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Neuro irAEs
Acute Bell’s palsy, GBS, sensory/motor neuropathies ◦ Melanocytes & Schwann cells both derived from neural crest; share similar antigens ◦ Gangliosides expressed on melanocytes are highly immunogenic, may be responsible
for initiating peripheral motor sensory neuropathies, GBS
Ipi-induced encephalitis: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) also expressed on melanocytes
Others: Myasthenia Gravis-like syndrome, PRES, aseptic meningitis ◦ MRI spine, NCVs, LP for workup ◦ Plasmapheresis, IVIG, pyridostigmine in the case of Myasthenia Gravis
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Endocrine irAEs Hypophysitis, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, primary adrenal insufficiency, DM ◦ Thyroid toxicities more frequent with PD-1/PD-L1
(10%) therapy than with CTLA4 (5%) ◦ Hypophysitis more often seen with Ipilimumab
Complete recovery of gonadal axis has been reported in 57% of men and recovery of the thyroid axis in 37-50% of cases
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Where, Why and How
Case reports of Type I DM & DKA secondary to anti-PD-1 antibodies + primary adrenal insufficiency due to Ipilimumab have been described
Growing body of literature implicates T-cell dysregulation as critical to the pathogenesis of CAD and Type II DM
Gangliosides expressed on melanocytes are highly immunogenic, may be responsible for neuropathies, GBS
Strissel KJ, Denis GV, Nikolajczyk BS. Immune regulators of inflammation in obesity-associated type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014;21:330–8. [PMC free article] [PubMed] Kolbus D, Ljungcrantz I, Andersson L, Hedblad B, Fredrikson GN, Bjorkbacka H, et al. Association between CD8+ T-cell subsets and cardiovascular disease. J Intern Med. 2013;274:41–51. [PubMed] CSGA Nat Genet 1997; Munthe-Kaas JACI 2004; Zhu ERS 2009; Liu Human Imm 2010; Nakajima J Immunol 2010; Braun Am J Respir Crit Care 2014
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Learning Objectives
I. Appreciate impact of immune therapy in cancer
II. Understand MOA vs standard chemotherapy
III. Review immune-mediated toxicities by organ system IV. Explain treatment & monitoring parameters
V. Apply knowledge to improve care of cancer patients
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Applied Teaching Points
Early recognition = effective treatment = continuation of tx
Pts & caregivers must be taught about irAEs before starting therapy ◦ Unlike chemo, tend to be delayed (onset wks-mos after starting tx) ◦ Combination therapy can intensify severity and spectrum
Some may develop after completion of tx (arthralgia, myalgia) ◦ Any organ system is vulnerable (i.e. any “-itis” can happen)
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Toxicity Impacts Adherence
More Grade 3 or 4 AEs (69% vs 44%) Six times as many Grade 3 or 4 AEs leading to treatment discontinuation (30% vs 5%)
Larkin et al, N Engl J Med 2015;373:23
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Delayed Toxicity in Melanoma Patients
One developed severe diarrhea >2 years after completing treatment
Two patients experienced delayed skin conditions ◦ Ulcerative lesions on the upper extremities 3 years later ◦ Scaly, pruritic plaque-like lesions c/w eczema 7 years later
One developed neuropathic pain requiring chronic narcotic therapy 3 years post-tx
One treated with XRT + Ipi (multiple brain mets) had significant functional decline ◦ Progressive weakness, memory loss, and seizures; died suddenly of unknown cause
5 years post therapy
Johsnon DB et al. Survivorship in Immune Therapy: Assessing Chronic Immune Toxicities, Health Outcomes, and Functional Status among Long-term Ipilimumab Survivors at a Single Referral Center. Cancer Immunol Res. 2015 May;3(5):464-9. doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0217. Epub 2015 Feb 3.
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Smartphones & Online Tools
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Nursing Resources
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Patient Resources
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Distinct Needs
Treatment guidelines ◦ Evidence-based,
comprehensive ◦ Early recognition =
effective treatment ◦ Pts & caregivers must be
taught about irAEs before starting therapy
Treatment guidance ◦ Some may develop after
completion of therapy ◦ Any organ system is
vulnerable (any “-itis” can happen)
◦ “Prepare for being unprepared”