Understanding Rhetorical SituationPrimary sources: Grant-Davie, “Rhetorical Situations and their Constituents;” Lunsford, “The Everyday Writer”

What does the writer want from

you?

Understanding the rhetorical

situation helps you determine

the writer’s purpose and

goals.

Primary Components of the Rhetorical Situation

1. The speaker or writer and her motivations

2. The audience (intended and unintended)

3. The purpose of the speech or written text

4. The limitations of the message and how the writer works within those constraints.

Why is the writer writing? (Or speaking, texting, updating Facebook status?)

As writers, we write because we want something from our reader. We can want… To inform To persuade To entertain To educate To shock To incite

And, we often have multiple goals at the same time.

Rhetorical analysis means that you consider all elements of the communication, especially what the writer wants from you… and how she attempts to get it.

Try it. First, analyze the speaker. Watch the video and then answer the questions.

Who is the speaker? What is the writing

about? What is its subject matter?

Why is the message needed now? Why does it matter? What triggered the communication?

What is the writer trying to accomplish? What are the goals or outcomes of this message?

Rhetorical Analysis: Speaker, Writer

QUESTIONS POSSIBLE ANSWERS Who is the speaker?

What is the writing about? What is its subject matter?

Why is the message needed now? What triggered the communication?

Dove

Body image of women.

The media’s influence on our perceptions of beauty; self-sabotage of women to meet impossible beauty standards

What is Dove trying to accomplish?

Beyond building self-esteem in girls and women, Dove has a primary goal to persuade viewers to buy products.

More Rhetorical Analysis: Audience Who is the intended or

primary audience? Who is the unintended or secondary audience? How do both groups influence a message?

Consider Facebook. When you update your status—to inform your friends of a problem you’re having—how do you shape your language… knowing that others will be reading it as well? How does that change your message?

Other factors that influence writing

The genre (medium) the writer uses.

Consider how your writing changes when writing an academic paper versus a text message.

The delivery and timing. If your next paper was posted on the Internet, how would that influence your writing choices? How do outside events impact your message? What do you add or take out to accommodate these events?

How to Apply Rhetorical Analysis: Recap

Determine the topic. What is the subject and its context?

Determine the writer/speaker. Why is she compelled to speak out? What does he want from the reader? What assumptions can I make about the speaker?

Determine the audience. Who is responding to this message? Where and why might they read it? Who is the unintended audience and how might they have influenced this message?

Determine possible influences of the genre (medium) and outside events.

Last Words

Look for stylistic choices (tone, word choice, language, sentence structure, visuals, etc.) and appeals (logical, emotional, ethical) that the writer uses to support your rhetorical analysis. Then, present those findings to your reader.

Successful rhetorical analysis includes “proving” what you think.