understanding myths and immunisation...busted by science since 1994. the need for myth ... •...

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Understanding myths and immunisation A slice of NZ narrative Helen PetousisHarris Immunisation Advisory Centre Dept General Practice and Primary Health Care Sept 2015

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Page 1: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Understanding myths and immunisation

A slice of NZ narrative

Helen Petousis‐HarrisImmunisation Advisory CentreDept General Practice and Primary Health CareSept 2015

Page 2: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Thinking about immunisation myths

• What is a myth and for what purpose?

• What feeds a myth?• Why do we believe?• Why should we care?• What should we do?

New Zealand Herald. 3/9/2015 (yesterday)

Page 3: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

What is a myth and what purpose does it serve?

Page 4: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

What is a myth?

Myth is ideology in narrative form. 

• Myths may arise as either • truthful depictions or over‐elaborated accounts of events • as allegory for or personification of natural phenomena, or explanation of ritual.• deliberate deception for personal gain* 

• They are transmitted to• convey religious or idealised experience• to establish behavioral models, and to teach.• generate business/wealth*• attract attention* 

*these arise by or are transmitted for pragmatic reasons but rely on the ideology of others

Lincoln B. Theorizing Myth. Narrative, Ideology and Scholarship. University of Chicago Press. 1999.

Page 5: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Myths provide an explanation

Page 6: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Myths provide an explanation

Endearing myth ‐ sugar turns kids into little monstersBusted by science since 1994

Page 7: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

The need for myth• Helps people make sense of the world• Knowledge is power – basis for improving one’s influence

1978 ‐ current

DiFonzo N, Bordia P. Rumor psychology: Social and organizational approaches. American Psychological Association; 2007.

Page 8: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

It’s innate ‐ leaping to conclusions is easy

Post hoc ergo propter hoc ‐ after this, therefore because of this – Noni McDonald’s ‘coincidence dragon’ 

Page 9: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Aren't myth and truth equally subjective?

• Myths are either untestable or fallacious• The sun is pulled across the sky by a glorious God in a golden chariot

• testable, found to be false• McDonald’s meat patties have worm meat in them 

• testable, found to be false• The universe was created by a giant flying spaghetti monster 

• untestable• Testimonials, anecdote, personal experience, lack of openness to evidence

• Truth is determined by empirical evidence, testable • Vaccines cause autism

• testable, false• HPV vaccine causes paralysis

• Testable, false 

Page 10: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

How do you feed a myth?

Page 11: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

The ideal environment for myth• Rumour/myth thrives where there is

• an absence of trust• a vacuum

• The longer uncertainty and distrust persist the easier myths spread and the more difficult to counteract

• Wrong action or no action at all = rumour fertiliser

Page 12: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

To the people

Ad populum – if everybody else does…it must be right. Also called bandwagon

Page 13: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

False attribution

ad verecundiam ‐ Appealing to an irrelevant, unqualified, unidentified, biased or fabricated source in support of an argument.

Page 14: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Evolution of a vaccine myth• Initiated exclusively? from anti‐immunisation protagonists, self motivated.

• 21st Century IT propagates magnificently

misuse of ‘data’ by individual with something to gain

Amplification by mass media including social networks

Jo Public – motivated reasoning

Page 15: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Why do we believe?Complacency and confidenceWhat drives these beliefs and these actions? Heuristics and cognitive biases

Page 16: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Heuristics and cognitive bias• Evolutionary efficiency – intuition, common sense

• Usually accurate• But not always – can lead to cognitive biases

“I know there’s no evidence that shows the death penalty has a deterrent effect, but I just feel in my gut it must be true.”

President Bush while governor of Texas.

“I’m a gut player. I rely on my instincts.” President Bush to Bob Woodward on his decision to launch the Iraq war. 

• Confirmation bias• Search and interpret information that confirms beliefs, discredit information that does not support their views

the administration "went to war without requesting ‐‐ and evidently without being influenced by ‐‐ any strategic‐level intelligence assessments on any aspect of Iraq."  

NI officer Paul R Piller

Page 17: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Why do we care?

Page 18: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

GUiNZ longitudinal cohort study interviewed 6822 mums and 4404 partners• “Negative messages from well‐meaning friends and families, the media and even medical professionals have caused some parents to delay or forgo immunising their child against several potentially fatal diseases.”

• “The study showed pregnant women and their partners were twice as likely to delay immunisations after receiving "discouraging" information.”

Growing up in NZ. Warnings about immunisation prove more influential that positive messages. New Zealand Herald. 3/9/2015 (yesterday)

Page 19: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Why should we engage in myths?

• NZ has improved immunisation coverage dramatically• One of the likely contributing factors is the focus on the health professional – primary care 

• Knowledge and confidence• This has been via

• Training and education• Active communications

• Providing support and information to health professionals to counter myths can make a difference 

• HOW to have the conversation is another issue!

Will it get another child immunised? Elaine Boyd ~1997

Turner N. Factors associated with immunisation coverage for the childhood immunisation programme in New Zealand: 1999 – 2012. MD Thesis. University of Auckland Library. 2015.

Page 20: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

In 2003 HPs wanted support to deal with myths“Family physicians re‐emphasised patients’ fear of vaccinations due to this misinformation. They also identified a lack of resources, both to inform themselves and also in formats to help educate patients and counter the misinformation.”

“…parents’ lack of information, or misinformation regarding immunisation, especially that received from their attending midwives.”

Petousis‐Harris H, Goodyear‐Smith F, Turner N, Soe B. Family physician perspectives on barriers to childhood immunisation. Vaccine;22(17‐18):2340‐44, 2004

Page 21: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Don’t ignore it!!!

• Misinformation thrives in a vacuum, don’t leave one.• This approach has been used in the past

• “ignore it and it will go away”• “you will just draw attention to it”• “people will see it is nonsense”

• And how did that work out?• Smallpox in 18th and 19th century• MMR in UK 1990s• MeNZB in NZ 2000s• HPV in Japan today

• Evidence shows strong leadership and professional advice has greatest influence*

*Turner N. The challenge of improving immunization coverage: The New Zealand example. Expert Review of Vaccines. 2012;11(1):9‐11.

Page 22: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

What should we do?

Page 23: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Correcting myths can backfire and positive messages not always helpful

“The study, of 6822 women and 4404 of their partners, also found "encouraging" information had no effect on when they chose to immunise, and more than half, 56 per cent, did not receive any information at all before birth.”

Betsch, C. "Innovations in communication: the Internet and the psychology of vaccination decisions." Euro Surveill 16.17 (2011): pii‐19849. Opel D et al. The influence of provider communication behaviors on parental vaccine acceptance and visit experience

Growing up in NZ. Warnings about immunisation prove more influential that positive messages. New Zealand Herald. 3/9/2015 (yesterday)

Page 24: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Five worst communications mistakes

PR disaster!

Mixed messages

Information released late

Paternalistic attitudes

Not countering myths in real 

time

Public power struggles

Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices. CDC

Be the first to provide

Be accurate as reliable info comes to hand –share messages

Show respect, express empathy

Front up immediately, use social media

Page 25: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Healthcare workers a source of bad info

“While most discouraging information came from friends, books, magazines, newspapers, family and the internet, Dr Grant said it was worrying that healthcare workers were identified as sources of 16 per cent of discouraging information.”

Growing up in NZ. Warnings about immunisation prove more influential that positive messages. New Zealand Herald. 3/9/2015 (yesterday)

Page 26: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

This week on FB

About 8 scientists/experts replied. Strongly and respectfully. Post removed next day.

Page 27: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Do equip health professionals

• Ensure position of government health ministry and health professionals are aligned on key messages

• Ensure front line professionals have the information they need

• Get the messages out• Ministry website position statements• Professional colleges etc. position statements• Key spokespeople accessible and friendly to media –relationships

• Blogs• Professional newsletters• Facebook, twitter….

Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices. CDC

Page 28: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

HP’s need support

• When presented with list of various educational needs…those identified by the nurses as most important were information on current issues reported in the media, for example anthrax and bio‐terrorism, or the relationship between MMR and autism ….

• From the qualitative analysis of their responses to other immunisation related information they would like, the major (most frequently raised) theme to emerge was the need for resources to counter misinformation on immunisation ….

Petousis‐Harris H, Goodyear‐Smith F, Soe B, Turner N. Family practice nurses perspectives on barriers to childhood immunisation. Vaccine;23:2725‐2730, 2005

Page 29: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Case studyComplex Regional Pain Syndrome following HPV vaccination

Page 30: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

CRPS

• Initial nerve trauma, usually limb, usually major• Symptoms, change over time

• Continuous burning/throbbing• Sensitive to touch or cold• Swelling• Changes in skin temp, colour, texture• Changes in hair, nail growth• Joint stiffness, damage• Muscle spasms, atrophy• Decreased movement

• Can be challenging to treat• Early treatment important, range of therapies• Relapses with cold or emotional stressor

Wiki

Page 31: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

CRPS and HPV

• Reports of CRPS following HPV vaccine appeared in Japanese media

• Repeated press reports, print and TV from 2010

• WHO GACVS review and release report stating HPV vaccine safe 13 June 2014. Japan’s MoHpanel of experts ruled out causality (not reported in media)

• Absence of trust and a vacuum

Wilson, Patterson and Larsen. HPV vaccination in Japan, Issues and options. CSIS Global Health Policy Centre. 2014 

Page 32: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

What makes CRPS an ideal condition to associate with HPV vaccination?• Incidence of CRPS peaks in adolescent girls• Biological plausibility

• Mechanical trauma• Immunological component• Some individuals occasionally observed to have sustained inflammatory response at injection site

• Pain syndromes so subjective• Chronic fatigue• CRPS• Stress component• Multiple aetiologies….

• Documented to have occurred following vaccines including HPVRichards, S., Chalkiadis, G., Lakshman, R., Buttery, J. P., & Crawford, N. W. (2012). Complex regional pain syndrome following immunisation. Archives of disease in childhood, archdischild‐2011.

Page 33: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Evidence

• 44 girls 11‐17 (31 Cervarix, 13 Gardasil)• Average period to onset ~2 weeks to 10.5 months post vax

• Symptoms of 18 consistent with clinical diagnostic criteria for CRPS from at least one country

• 4 had POTS and CRPS• Abnormal peripheral sympathetic responses• Important to report cases. BUT Does not demonstrate a relationship

Page 34: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Why (I think) vaccines are unlikely to be commonly a cause of CRPS1. Usually more severe injury2. Average time to onset from exposure 

widely variable arguing against a causal relationship

3. No greater observed/expected in vaccinated population• E.g. 296,828 vaccinated from 696,420 cohort Denmark and Sweden

Arnheim‐Dahlström, L., Pasternak, B., Svanström, H., Sparén, P., & Hviid, A. (2013). Autoimmune, neurological, and venous thromboembolic adverse events after immunisation of adolescent girls with quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in Denmark and Sweden: cohort study. BMJ, 347, f5906.Weinbaum, C. M., & Cano, M. (2015). HPV Vaccination and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Lack of Evidence. EBioMedicine.

Page 35: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

• …but any time I put my head above the parapet to counter their unscientific arguments and erroneous statistics, I am promptly shot down by the radical hoards ‐ so generally I learnt a while ago not to bother.

NZ General Practitioner 

Page 36: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Debunking myths – three important points

Don’t repeat the myth, focus on core facts• People can’t remember if it was a myth or a fact• Debunking can strengthen the myth in peoples minds – familiar or a threat to world view• Use core facts

Precede a myth with a warning “this is untrue”• You often can’t avoid mentioning the myth

Include an alternative explanation that accounts for the myth • Do not leave a void!! Replace the myth with alternative information• Highlight cherry picking, conspiracy theories and fake experts• Use graphics

Cook, J., Lewandowsky, S. (2011) The Debunking Handbook. St Lucia, Australia: University of Queensland

Page 37: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Example: HPV‐CRPS

• HPV causes a range of cancers and genital warts. There are now vaccines to prevent the main diseases‐causing types of this virus

Core facts

• There are rumors circulating about the safety of HPV vaccine but these have no scientific support.

Warning

• There have been reports of girls becoming unwell with a pain syndrome after the vaccine. However large international studies have shown that these events occur just as frequently in unvaccinated girls and are unlikely to be caused by the vaccine. 

Alternative explanation

Increase familiarity with facts

This is the mythExplain how the myth misleads and fill the gap

Page 38: Understanding myths and immunisation...Busted by science since 1994. The need for myth ... • Facebook, twitter…. Margaret Reynolds. Crisis and Emergency Communications: Best practices

Thank you!

She said she had done over 1000 hours of research and that made her a vaccine researcher

By that logic I am a Gynaecologist