understanding, measuring particle emissions from direct...

This project has received funding fromthe European Union’s Horizon 2020research and innovation programme

Understanding, Measuring and Regulating Sub-23 nm

Particle Emissions from Direct Injection Engines Including Real Driving

Conditions

Dimitrios Zarvalis, APTL/CERTH

This project has received funding from the EuropeanUnion’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme

SUREAL-23Project Start: 1/10/2016, Duration: 3 yearsTotal Budget: 3.7 M€ EC contribution: 3.4 M€

http://www.seadm.com/

http://www.seadm.com/

https://www.crf.it/EN

https://www.crf.it/EN


Objectives

1. Complement and extend existing instrumentation for particles below 23 nm.2. Characterize in detail the nature of the particulate emissions below 23 nm.3. Support future emissions compliance through technical developments in RDE.

Innovation

- Size and composition analysis methods suitable for transient engine emissions.- Novel instrumentation for measuring aerosol particles below 23 nm, providing backward compatibility with established PN measurement technology.- Enhancement of instrument specifications to allow operation with less demanding sample conditioning requirements.- Integration of the most suitable components of the extended sub-23 nm measurement toolset into PEMS and verification in real driving conditions.


Advanced Sampling and Conditioning Particle System (SCPS)

Two-stage dilution (porous tube and injector), with

catalytic stripper and adjustable dilution ratio

(DR=30-120).

Goals achieved

• Minimum particle losses

• Artifacts elimination

• Dilution ratio stability and flexibility

• Compatibility with PEMS

• The maximum Sulphur adsorption capacity

(>99.9% efficiency) is 7.3 mg or 0.31 g of S/lt

of monolith.

d50=7.5 nm,

PCRF15=1.15±9%.

SCPS removes >106

(#/cm3) C40H82 particles

with >99% efficiency

DR=30±1.8%


Measure total particle number concentration, for particles down to 10nm at high temperature to minimize dilution requirements

-Starting from an existing automotive partector (AP) we optimized settings to achieve a lower d50 cutpoint – d50=10nm-Modified the device to achieve operational temperatures up to 200 C-Made it suitable for PEMS

Hot and cold ICAD

measurements are in

excellent agreement with

SMPS, 1.9% and 3.7%

respectively.


Measure particle size distribution (5-30 nm) at high

temperature to minimize dilution requirements

- Starting from a commercially available HM-DMA we managed high

resolution in extended sub-23nm particle size range (5–30 nm)

- Accurate hot operation up to 200oC (Measurements with a single hot

dilution stage)

- Fast response time down to 1s for the extended size range.

PMP w. Catalytic StripperSingle stage dilution

HM-DMA

U-CPC

RTS95 driving cycle at GDI engine


In-situ compositional measurements (UV-PEC)- When an aerosol is irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light of energy above the

photoelectric threshold of surface material, electrons may be emitted / particles acquire a positive charge.

- The photoionization threshold is strongly material dependent can be used to distinguish the chemical fingerprint of condensed matter on the exhaust particles.

The catalytic stripper increases

the signal due to the removal of

the volatile substances (water,

various hydrocarbons, etc.)

Charging efficiency and thus, PAH

content, has a linear relation

with the active surface area, SA.


Measurements (1)

Sub

-23

nm

DPF regeneration

RME : RapeseedMethylEster

Biodiesel effect

Effect of fuel injection strategy, engine speed & ethanol


Measurements (2)

Upstream

GPF

Downstream

GPF

Part/kmUpstr.GPF

Downstr. GPF

GPF eff.

ICAD 2.97E+13 3.82E+12 87.1%

CPC3775 3.33E+13 3.15E+12 90.6%

CPC3776 1.56E+13 1.52E+12 90.3%

DMS500 2.93E+13 2.93E+12 90.0%

AE33 (ng) 4.9 0.9 82.2%

Euro 6b vehicle : Audi 2.0L TFSI

- 4 Cylinders Gasoline with Turbocharger

- Dual injection system : Direct + indirect

- Standard EATS system : 3WC only


Objectives and expected results from the upcoming activities

- Continue developments on advanced instrumentation (from lab to real engine exhaust):

-Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) with sizing capability

-Super Continuum Laser – Multiwavelength Photoacoustic sensor (SCL-MPAS) for in-situ particle composition analysis

- PEMS integration

- Continue measurements on Chassis dynos for GDI and CNG vehicles

- RDE measurements

Sizing-CPC


SUREAL-23 Impact

- Current regulations miss an important and variable part of PN

- SUREAL-23 technology proved that we can effectively measure solid sub-23 emissions

- Innovations in sampling/treatment/measurements removed most of the particle artefacts and losses

- Regulation can be driven to sizes below 23 nm- We can start considering alternative to PN metrics for

the effective control of vehicle contribution to air-quality and health

- Simplifying sampling and conditioning is enabling cost-effect ISC and market surveillance measures

- Accurate and robust measurement/regulation frameworks supports European leadership in the ICE-based vehicle industry

- SUREAL-23 helps to decrease the associated to. air-pollution total damage cost

2016

2017

2019

2020

First commercial GPF on Mercedes S500

2015

Mercedes, VW, PSA GPFs on all GDIs

From Sept. GPFs on all new types

From Sept. GPFs on all new vehicles2018

2024GPFs imposed in US

……….

GPFs imposed in China

PN limit for GDIs 6x1012

#/km

PN limit for GDIs 6x1011

#/km

ISC

Market Surveillance


Thank you for your attention!

understanding, measuring particle emissions from direct...

Documents