understanding human differences 3rd edition - koppelman © 2011 pearson education, inc © 2011...

Understanding Human Understanding Human DifferencesDifferences 3rd Edition - Koppelman3rd Edition - Koppelman

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc© 2011 Pearson Education, IncChapter 3 - Chapter 3 - 11

Chapter 3Chapter 3Communication, Communication, Conflict, and Conflict Conflict, and Conflict ResolutionResolution

UnderstandingUnderstandingHuman DifferencesHuman Differences

Multicultural Education for a Diverse AmericaMulticultural Education for a Diverse America3rd Edition3rd Edition

ByByKent L. KoppelmanKent L. Koppelman

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What is an What is an appropriate definition appropriate definition of of INTERPERSONAL INTERPERSONAL communicationcommunication

Communication & Communication & ConflictConflict

““A dynamic process of A dynamic process of interaction between people interaction between people in which they assign in which they assign meaning to each other’s meaning to each other’s verbal and nonverbal verbal and nonverbal behavior” behavior” (Kougl, 1997)(Kougl, 1997)



How does How does NONVERBAL NONVERBAL communication communication lead to conflictlead to conflict

Can you think of an Can you think of an example?example?

When When NONVERBAL NONVERBAL signals signals contradictcontradict VERBALVERBAL messages, most people messages, most people respond to the meaning respond to the meaning expressed in the expressed in the NONVERBALNONVERBAL communication communication



What are other What are other misconceptions misconceptions aboutabout

COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION



MISCONCEPTION:MISCONCEPTION:Communication is a natural Communication is a natural human abilityhuman ability

REALITY:REALITY:Communication is a Communication is a SKILLSKILL that is that is TAUGHT TAUGHT and is influenced by one’s and is influenced by one’s CULTURECULTURE or or SUBCULTURESUBCULTURE



MISCONCEPTION:MISCONCEPTION:Communication is a good Communication is a good thing and should be thing and should be encouragedencouraged

REALITY:REALITY:Communication is a Communication is a TOOLTOOL that can be used forthat can be used for GOODGOOD or or BAD BAD purposespurposes



MISCONCEPTION:MISCONCEPTION:Communication will solve all Communication will solve all our problemsour problems

REALITY:REALITY:Communication can be used Communication can be used to to RATIONALIZE RATIONALIZE problems problems and avoid solving themand avoid solving them



MISCONCEPTION:MISCONCEPTION:Communications can Communications can break downbreak down

REALITY:REALITY:Communication continues Communication continues even when there is no even when there is no talkingtalking(nonverbal messages or getting (nonverbal messages or getting verbal messages from 3verbal messages from 3rdrd parties) parties)



MISCONCEPTION:MISCONCEPTION:Communication Communication competence is equal to competence is equal to communication communication effectivenesseffectiveness

REALITY:REALITY:Having useful knowledge Having useful knowledge does not mean that does not mean that someone can effectively someone can effectively communicate that communicate that knowledgeknowledge



How does effective How does effective COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION occuroccur

Communication Communication Models illustrate Models illustrate elements of elements of effective effective communicationcommunication

Circular Model of Circular Model of CommunicationCommunication

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc© 2011 Pearson Education, IncUnderstanding Human Understanding Human DifferencesDifferences 3rd Edition - Koppelman3rd Edition - Koppelman

Chapter 3 - 12Chapter 3 - 12



What does this What does this communication model communication model suggest about suggest about CONFLICT CONFLICT RESOLUTIONRESOLUTION



To resolve conflicts, To resolve conflicts, people must go beyond people must go beyond surface surface communication communication

(words and actions)(words and actions)

and identify and identify MOTIVATIONSMOTIVATIONS • attitudesattitudes

• observationsobservations• assumptionsassumptions• conclusionsconclusions• judgmentsjudgments



How can How can ATTITUDES ATTITUDES toward people or toward people or groups create groups create CONFLICTCONFLICT



Cultural Awareness Cultural Awareness LevelsLevels

CULTURAL CHAUVINISMCULTURAL CHAUVINISM

Cultural superiorityCultural superiority““My Country is the My Country is the best in the World”best in the World”



““I don’t understand I don’t understand those people but we those people but we

shouldn’t judge them”shouldn’t judge them”


TOLERANCETOLERANCE NonjudgmentalNonjudgmentalAwareness of differencesAwareness of differences




MINIMALIZATIONMINIMALIZATION Ignores differences toIgnores differences to

emphasize universalemphasize universalhuman needshuman needs““Let’s not talk about Let’s not talk about

differences but how differences but how we are all alike”we are all alike”




UNDERSTANDINGUNDERSTANDINGRecognizes that one’sRecognizes that one’s reality is shaped by culturereality is shaped by cultureAccepts and respectsAccepts and respects cultural differencescultural differences““I want to learn about other I want to learn about other

cultures because they all cultures because they all have something to teach have something to teach

me”me”



What are some What are some communication communication style differences style differences that are based on that are based on CULTURECULTURE

Communication Communication StyleStyle

andand

ConflictConflict



African American African American CommunitiesCommunities

• pattern of playful verbal pattern of playful verbal aggressionaggression

• use of emotion during an use of emotion during an argumentargument

• contradicts patterns in contradicts patterns in the dominant culturethe dominant culture



How does How does GENDER GENDER influence influence communication communication stylesstylesWOMENWOMEN show patterns show patterns

of:of:• cooperativecooperative behaviorsbehaviors • indirect requestsindirect requestsThese behaviors These behaviors

contradictcontradict MALEMALE patterns patterns of communicationof communication



Communication Communication StylesStyles

It’s not about being It’s not about being RIGHT RIGHT or or WRONGWRONGbut about but about UNDERSTANDING UNDERSTANDING different different COMMUNICATION STYLESCOMMUNICATION STYLESto avoid to avoid MISUNDERSTANDINGMISUNDERSTANDING



ConflictsConflicts often often stem from stem from

differences ofdifferences of

• RaceRace• GenderGender• Sexual Sexual OrientationOrientation• DisabilityDisability



With potential for so With potential for so much much misunderstanding,misunderstanding, how are conflicts how are conflicts RESOLVEDRESOLVED

CONFLICT RESOLUTIONCONFLICT RESOLUTION



VALUESVALUES required for required for CONFLICT RESOLUTION:CONFLICT RESOLUTION:

Fallibility - Fallibility - “I might be wrong”“I might be wrong”

Nonviolence - Nonviolence - Rejecting Rejecting coercive coercive solutionssolutions

Equality - Equality - Respecting Respecting everyone’s everyone’s perspective or perspective or opinionopinionReciprocity - Reciprocity - Treating others Treating others

as I want to be treatedas I want to be treated



SKILLSSKILLS required for required for CONFLICT RESOLUTION:CONFLICT RESOLUTION:

Being rational –Being rational – seek best answer seek best answer based on evidence availablebased on evidence available

Avoiding personal criticism -Avoiding personal criticism - criticize the idea not the personcriticize the idea not the person

Encouraging contributions from Encouraging contributions from all –all – ask those who are silent to ask those who are silent to speakspeakRestating ideas –Restating ideas – to ensure to ensure everyone everyone correctly heard what was saidcorrectly heard what was said

Focusing on resolution –Focusing on resolution – not a not a competition but a quest for a solutioncompetition but a quest for a solution



How do people develop How do people develop MORAL REASONINGMORAL REASONING abilitiesabilities



Perry’s Continuum Perry’s Continuum ofof MORAL MORAL

REASONINGREASONING

Dualistic Dualistic ReasoningReasoning

RelativistiRelativisticReasonincReasoningg

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99

DualismDualism

Source:Source: Perry, W. (1970). Perry, W. (1970). Intellectual and Ethical Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years: A Scheme.Development in the College Years: A Scheme.




REASONINGREASONINGDUALISM DUALISM • ““Black/white” and Black/white” and

“either/or” “either/or” thinkingthinking• Absolute truthAbsolute truth




REASONINGREASONING



11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99

DualismDualism


MultiplicityMultiplicity




REASONINGREASONINGMULTIPLICITYMULTIPLICITY• Still dualisticStill dualistic• Recognizes complexityRecognizes complexity• Admits we don’t know all Admits we don’t know all

the answersthe answers




REASONINGREASONING



11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99

DualismDualism RelativisRelativismm


MultiplicityMultiplicity




REASONINGREASONINGRELATIVISMRELATIVISM• Truth is personal, people Truth is personal, people

choose choose what is true for what is true for themthem• What is true for one person What is true for one person

may not be true for anothermay not be true for another




REASONINGREASONING



11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99

DualismDualism RelativisRelativismm


MultiplicityMultiplicity CommitmentCommitment




REASONINGREASONINGCOMMITMENTCOMMITMENT• Still relativisticStill relativistic• Making commitments that Making commitments that

provide meaning to provide meaning to one’s lifeone’s life• Encouraging others to Encouraging others to make make similar similar commitmentscommitments

understanding human differences 3rd edition - koppelman © 2011 pearson education, inc © 2011...

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