Uncertain Times to Uncertain Times to TodayToday

US History and GovernmentUS History and Government

NY State Regents Exam NY State Regents Exam ReviewReview

Brown v. BoardBrown v. Board

Civil Rights movement gained Civil Rights movement gained tractiontraction

Court overturned Court overturned Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson and declared “separate-but-equal” and declared “separate-but-equal” was not constitutionalwas not constitutional

Desegregation took effect slowlyDesegregation took effect slowly

March to EqualityMarch to Equality

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a leader for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a leader for non-violent, civil disobedience toward non-violent, civil disobedience toward laws aimed at limiting civil rightslaws aimed at limiting civil rights– Bus Boycott (Parks), sit-ins, demonstrations Bus Boycott (Parks), sit-ins, demonstrations

(March on Washington)(March on Washington) Desegregation took effect in Little Rock Desegregation took effect in Little Rock

with the aid of US troops sent by Ikewith the aid of US troops sent by Ike Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited

discrimination for the federal governmentdiscrimination for the federal government

Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower

Housing Boom and Baby Boom as Housing Boom and Baby Boom as troops returned from war and started troops returned from war and started familiesfamilies

Period of economic prosperity as Period of economic prosperity as millions of consumer products were millions of consumer products were soldsold

Conformity among Americans as the Conformity among Americans as the fear of communism strengthenedfear of communism strengthened

John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy

New Frontier proposed bold new ideasNew Frontier proposed bold new ideas– Tax cut, Medicare, Civil Rights Legislation, Tax cut, Medicare, Civil Rights Legislation,

and increased funding for educationand increased funding for education Only the tax cut was passed under KennedyOnly the tax cut was passed under Kennedy

Bay of Pigs invasion was a failed Bay of Pigs invasion was a failed attempt to overthrow Communism and attempt to overthrow Communism and Castro in CubaCastro in Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis put the world on Cuban Missile Crisis put the world on the brink of nuclear warthe brink of nuclear war

Lyndon JohnsonLyndon Johnson

Great Society plan to improve the Great Society plan to improve the quality of life and opportunity for quality of life and opportunity for AmericansAmericans– Civil Rights legislationCivil Rights legislation

Civil Rights Act, 1964 and Voting Rights Act, Civil Rights Act, 1964 and Voting Rights Act, 19651965

– Aid to cities for urban planning and slumsAid to cities for urban planning and slums– Medicare Act of 1965Medicare Act of 1965– War on poverty programs like Job CorpsWar on poverty programs like Job Corps

Vietnam War escalated under Johnson Vietnam War escalated under Johnson

Youth CultureYouth Culture

Rebellious spirit developed in the Rebellious spirit developed in the 1960s and 1970s1960s and 1970s

Experimented openly with drugs and Experimented openly with drugs and sexsex

New fashions broke from traditionNew fashions broke from tradition 1968 millions were protesting the 1968 millions were protesting the

war in Vietnam until 1973war in Vietnam until 1973

Women’s LiberationWomen’s Liberation

Feminist Movement of the 1960s as Feminist Movement of the 1960s as women were not satisfied with women were not satisfied with traditional roles as housewivestraditional roles as housewives

Opposed unequal pay and sexist Opposed unequal pay and sexist languagelanguage

Abortion issue became divisiveAbortion issue became divisive– 1973 1973 Roe v. WadeRoe v. Wade case before the case before the

Supreme Court declared right to privacy Supreme Court declared right to privacy gave rights to abortion in early pregnancygave rights to abortion in early pregnancy

MilitancyMilitancy

Demand for change became violentDemand for change became violent African-Americans believed in Black African-Americans believed in Black

PowerPower– Black Panthers and Black Muslims challenged Black Panthers and Black Muslims challenged

the traditional NAACPthe traditional NAACP– Malcolm X argued using violence Malcolm X argued using violence

Native Americans formed American Indian Native Americans formed American Indian Movement and declared “red power”Movement and declared “red power”– Protested racial biases and stereotypesProtested racial biases and stereotypes

The Warren CourtThe Warren Court

Under Chief Justice Earl Warren Under Chief Justice Earl Warren major social change came to the USmajor social change came to the US

Mapp v. Ohio, Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 (Search and 1961 (Search and Seizure)Seizure)

Baker v. Carr,Baker v. Carr, 1962 (Representation) 1962 (Representation) Gideon v. WainwrightGideon v. Wainwright, 1963 (Lawyer), 1963 (Lawyer) Miranda v. Arizona,Miranda v. Arizona, 1966 1966

– Rights of the AccusedRights of the Accused

Vietnam WarVietnam War Eisenhower sent aide to South VietnamEisenhower sent aide to South Vietnam Kennedy sent aide and military advisorsKennedy sent aide and military advisors

– Domino Theory: feared communism spreadingDomino Theory: feared communism spreading Johnson used the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Johnson used the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

to escalate war with the Northto escalate war with the North– Sent more combat troopsSent more combat troops– War grew increasingly unpopular in late 60sWar grew increasingly unpopular in late 60s

Nixon continued the war, eventually Nixon continued the war, eventually negotiating a ceasefire agreementnegotiating a ceasefire agreement– War Powers Act (1973) limits powers of War Powers Act (1973) limits powers of

President to involve troops without declaration President to involve troops without declaration of war from Congressof war from Congress

Richard NixonRichard Nixon

New Federalism cut spending on social New Federalism cut spending on social programs and gave tax revenue to statesprograms and gave tax revenue to states

Foreign Policy AchievementsForeign Policy Achievements– Negotiated ceasefire in Vietnam (ended war)Negotiated ceasefire in Vietnam (ended war)– Established diplomatic relations with ChinaEstablished diplomatic relations with China– Introduced détente (lessening of tensions) with Introduced détente (lessening of tensions) with

the USSR the USSR Watergate scandal ended his PresidencyWatergate scandal ended his Presidency

Gerald FordGerald Ford

First act was to pardon President First act was to pardon President NixonNixon

Economy suffered from stagflationEconomy suffered from stagflation– High unemployment and high inflationHigh unemployment and high inflation– Reduction of war spending and oil crisisReduction of war spending and oil crisis

Continued Nixon’s policy of détenteContinued Nixon’s policy of détente

Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter

Presidency hampered by poor Presidency hampered by poor economyeconomy

Foreign policy revolved around Foreign policy revolved around human rightshuman rights– Panama Canal Treaty turned over Panama Canal Treaty turned over

controlcontrol– Camp David Accords established peace Camp David Accords established peace

between Israel and Egyptbetween Israel and Egypt– Iranian Hostage CrisisIranian Hostage Crisis

Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan

Domestic Policy dealt with the economyDomestic Policy dealt with the economy– Supply-side Economics “Reaganomics” Supply-side Economics “Reaganomics”

Cut taxes on businesses and wealthy: Trickle-downCut taxes on businesses and wealthy: Trickle-down

– Increased military spending helping economyIncreased military spending helping economy Increased national debtIncreased national debt

Foreign Policy focused on rebuilding Foreign Policy focused on rebuilding American confidence after VietnamAmerican confidence after Vietnam– Worked to roll back communism by funding Worked to roll back communism by funding

“freedom fighters”“freedom fighters”

George H. W. BushGeorge H. W. Bush

Americans with Disabilities Act Americans with Disabilities Act prohibited discrimination against prohibited discrimination against people with disabilities in employment people with disabilities in employment and public accommodationsand public accommodations

Cold War ended while Bush was in Cold War ended while Bush was in officeoffice

Gulf War 1990-1991 fought against Gulf War 1990-1991 fought against Iraq to free ally Kuwait from invasionIraq to free ally Kuwait from invasion

Bill ClintonBill Clinton

Pushed but failed to get health care Pushed but failed to get health care reform through Congressreform through Congress

Impeached for lying under oathImpeached for lying under oath NAFTA created a trade association NAFTA created a trade association

between Canada, US, and Mexicobetween Canada, US, and Mexico Foreign Policy initiatives taken by Foreign Policy initiatives taken by

Clinton:Clinton:– Kosovo, peace talks between Israel and Kosovo, peace talks between Israel and

Palestine, human rights push in ChinaPalestine, human rights push in China

George W. BushGeorge W. Bush

Won a narrow election in 2000 over Won a narrow election in 2000 over GoreGore

No Child Left Behind became major No Child Left Behind became major domestic legislation in educationdomestic legislation in education

War on Terrorism with Sept. 11War on Terrorism with Sept. 11thth attacksattacks

United States invaded Iraq to remove United States invaded Iraq to remove dictator Saddam Husseindictator Saddam Hussein

TechnologyTechnology

Last 50 years the country has shifted Last 50 years the country has shifted from Industrial economy to a “post-from Industrial economy to a “post-industrial” economy or service industrial” economy or service economyeconomy

Computers introduced in the 1990s Computers introduced in the 1990s and the Internet have made and the Internet have made communication easier as well as communication easier as well as finding informationfinding information

EnergyEnergy

New sources of energy have been New sources of energy have been developeddeveloped– Nuclear Energy has no pollution but is Nuclear Energy has no pollution but is

unsafeunsafe– Solar, wind, and hydropower are being Solar, wind, and hydropower are being

used to replace coal and oilused to replace coal and oil

EnvironmentEnvironment

Global WarmingGlobal Warming– Pollutants in the atmosphere prevent Pollutants in the atmosphere prevent

heat from escaping into space creating heat from escaping into space creating a Greenhouse Effecta Greenhouse Effect

Acid RainAcid Rain– Pollutants in the air turn into acidsPollutants in the air turn into acids

Thinning of the Ozone LayerThinning of the Ozone Layer Water PollutionWater Pollution

PopulationPopulation

Population in America continues to Population in America continues to riserise– West and South are attracting migration West and South are attracting migration

and immigration (Hispanic)and immigration (Hispanic)– Taxing on water and power suppliesTaxing on water and power supplies

Medical advancements allow Medical advancements allow Americans to live longerAmericans to live longer

Strain on government programsStrain on government programs– Baby Boomers are retiring and collecting Baby Boomers are retiring and collecting

Social SecuritySocial Security