un mechanisms inside 19.06.08 1
TRANSCRIPT
" urÇmhukvor*¾ vlUtcGifhta&;qdkif&m t"duvkyfief; ,EÅ&m;rsm; (2002) "vkyfydkifcGihfESifh vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
The United Nations Thematic Mechanisms 2002
An overview of their work and mandates
International Secretariat, 1 Easton Street, London, WC1X 0DW, United Kingdom
The Law Society, 113 Chancery Lane, London, WC2A 1PL, United Kingdom
pmtkyfrSwfwrf;
pmtkyftrnf
“uBmhukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m t"duvkyfief; ,œ&m;rsm; (2002)”vkyfydkifcGifhESifh vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
xkwfa0onfhESpf
ZGefv/ 2008
apmifa&
1000
xkwfa0jzef‹csd
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; ulnDapmifha&Smufa&;toif; (jrefrmEdkifiH)
(AAPP)PO Box 93, Mae Sot, Tak Province 63110, Thailand
rsufESmzHk;ESifh twGif;tjyiftqif
rdk;ausmf ({&m0wD)
rsufESmzHk;yef;csD
[efav;
bmomjyef
atmifcdkifrif; (c) atmifausmf
Tpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf aiGa=u;t& tar&duefEdkifiHtajcpdkuf trsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pD yHhydk;ulnDa&;tzGJ@
(National Endowment for Democracy) rS yhHydk;ulnDonf?
Th
e Un
ited Nations Them
atic Mechanisms 2002
An overview
of their work and mandates
trSmpum; 1
ed'gef;&JΠed'gef; 2
ed'gef; 9
tcef; (1)
tr+wckcsif;pDtay: vkyfief;pepf,Eœ&m;rsm;. udkifwG,fajz&Sif;yHktm; tusOf;csHK;oHk;oyfcsuf 21
Ð w&m;vufvGwf (odk‹) twif;t"RzefwD;aomtajctaea=umifh aysmufqHk;oGm;r_rsm;twGuf tvkyftzGJŒ 21
Ð w&m;0if&Hk;rwifwJhtr_rsm;/ tusOf;&Hk; (okd‹) Oya'rJh uGyfrsufr_rsm;qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 25
Ð ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_qdkif&mtxl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 29
Ð bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifheJ‹ ,Hk=unfr_vGwfvyfcGifhqkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 33
Ð uav;oli,frsm;tm;a&mif;csjcif;/ uav;jynfhwefqmeJ‹ uav; npfnrf; "gwfyHk/ pmay/ AD'D,dk/
&kyf&Sif qdkif&mudPrsm;twGuf txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 36
Ð rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfief;tzJG‹ 40
Ð vlrsdK;a&;0g'/ vlrsdK;a&;t&cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;/ wdkif;wyg;om;rkef;wD;r_ cJGjcm;qufqHr+vuf&SdyHkpHrsm;eJ‹
aemufqufwJGwif;rmr_rsm;qdkif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 45
Ð vGwfvyfpGmxifjrif,lqcGifheJ‹ vGwfvyfpGmzGifh[xkwfazmfr_wkd‹ukd jr‡ihfhwifumuG,fay;a&;qdkif&m
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 46
Ð trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_/ t=urf;zuf&jcif; ta=umif;&if;rsm;eJ‹
aemufqufwJGudPrsm;qdkif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 51
Ð a&S‹aeawG/ w&m;ol}uD;awG&J‹ vGwfvyfcGifhqkdif&m txl;udk,fpm;vS,f 55
Ð vl‹tcGifhhta&;ukd tjynfht0toHk;cs+yD; tqdyfoifhyPnf;awG/ tœ&m,f&SdwJhyPnf;awGeJ‹ pGef‹ypfyPnf;awG
pGef‹ypfr_eJ‹ w&m;r0ifvkyfaqmifr_rsm;&J‹ qdk;&Gm;wJh tusdK;oufa&mufr_rsm;qdkif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 58
Ð ynmoif=um;cGifh qkdif&mtxl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 60
Ð a&$‹ajymif;tajccsaexkdifolrsm;&J‹vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 62
rmwdum
Ð jynfhpHkvHkavmufwJh aexdkifr_tqifhtwef;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;&J‹ tcsufwcsufjzpfwJh
jynfhpHkvHkavmufwJh ae&mxkdifcif;&&SdcGifhqkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 65
Ð tpm;taomuf &&SdykdifcGifhqkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 67
Ð vl‹tcGifhta&;umuG,folrsm;twGuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf&J‹ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 70
Ð a'ocHvlrsdK;pkawG&J‹ tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhawGeJ‹ vl‹tcGifhta&;tajctaeqdkif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 74
tcef; (2)
tr+wckcsif;pDudk udkifwG,fjcif;r&SdwJh t"duvkyfief; pepf,Eœ&m;rsm;tay: tusOf;csHK;oHk;oyfcsuf 77
Ð ukd,fh=uRmukd,fzefwD;ydkifcGifht& vlrsdK;pktcGifhta&; toHk;csjcif;ukd pGufzufjcif;[ef‹wm;jcif;eJ‹
vl‹tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufwJh enf;vrf;wcktjzpf a=u;pm;ppfom;rsm; toHk;ðyr_qdkif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 77
Ð a'owGif; twif;tusyfae&ma&$‹ajymif;cH&olrsm;qkdif&m taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf&J‹txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 79
Ð uav;oli,frsm;eJ‹ vufeufukdifyVdyQqdkif&m taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf&J‹txl;udk,fpm;vS,f 81
Ð tvGeftrif;qif;&JrJGawr_eJ‹ vl‹tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u|rf;usifol 83
Ð zHG‹òzd;wdk;wufr_tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u|rf;usifol 85
Ð jynfyaºu;jrDeJ‹ rl0g'nd‡Ed_if;ajymif;vJapa&; oufa&mufr_qdkif&m oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u|rf;usifol 87
tcef; (3)
vkyfydkifcGifhtopf 89
Ð tjrifhqHk;&&SdEkdifwJh pdwfykdif;eJ‹&kyfykdif;qkdif&m usef;rma&;tqifhtwef;ukd
vlwdkif;tjynfht0 toHk;csEkdifcGifhqdkif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f 89
1
'Dpmtkyfudk a&;om;ðypk&mrSm jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; ae@pOfeJ@tr#/ tcsdefeJ@tr# vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufcH
ae&r_awGudk wpHkw&m umuG,fEdkif&eftwGuf &nf&G,fI xkwfa0&jcif;jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk }uHKawG@ae&wJh
vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufcHaer_awGudk umuG,fzdk@&efrSm csdK;azmufcH&ol/ csdK;azmufol/ b,fvdkcsdK;azmuf cJhovJ
pojzifh tcsuftvufrsm;cdkifvHkapzdk@&efrSm tvGefta&;}uD;vSygw,f? 'grSom udk,f[m b,fvdktcGifhta&;
awG csdK;azmufcHae&ovJ? ppfwrf;rsm;udk b,fvdkaumuf,lrvJ? b,fol@udk wdkif=um;&rvJ? b,fvdkta&;
,lr_awG vkyfay;EdkifovJ pwmawGudk tao;pdwfod&Sdzdk@&efvnf; vdktyfvSygw,f?
'ga=umifh vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_awGudk ta&;,laqmif&Guf&mrSm EdkifiHwum&J@ pHcsdefpHnGef;rsm;/ vl@tcGifh
ta&;aumfr&SifeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDta=umif;/ olwdk@&J@ ,œ&m;awGubmawGvJ/ olwdk@&J@vkyfydkifcGifhu
bmawGvJ/ olwdk@ bmawGaqmif&GufaeovJ qdkwmawGudk od&SdEdkifzdk@twGuf vef'eftajcpdkuf tjynfjynf
qdkif&m vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtzGJ@}uD; (Amnesty International) eJ@ (The Law Society) t*FvefeJ@
a0;vf Oya'a&;&mtzGJ@}uD;wdk@ 2002 ckESpfu yl;wGJxkwfa0cJhwJh The United Nations 'Thematic Mechanisms 2002' An overview of their work and mandates qdkwJh pmtkyfudk ‘uBmhukvor~
vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m t"duvkyfief; ,œ&m;rsm; (2002)’ vkyfydkifcGihfESifh vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; trnfeJ@
bmomjyefqdkvdkufwmjzpfygw,f?
bmomjyef&mrSm twwfEdkifqHk; teD;pyfqHk;eJ@ em;tvnfEdkifqHk;jzpfatmif óu;pm;xm;ygw,f? vkdtyfr_rsm;
&Sd&if cGifhv$wfay;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygw,f? ?
trSmpum;
2
vl‹tcGifhta&;r[mrif;}uD;&Hk; (OHCHR) eJ‹ywfoufwJh taxGaxGowif;tcsuftvufrsm;
ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifu ukvor~&J@vkyfief;aqmifwmawGudk vufawG@vkyfaqmifwJh tzJG@
wpfcktjzpf &yfwnfcJhygw,f? vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifukd 1946 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 10 &ufrSm pwifzJG@pnf;
cJh+yD;vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;/ jr‡ifhwifa&;awGeJ@ywfoufvdk@ ukvor~&J@ t"du vkyfief;,œ&m;
wckeJ@ EkdifiHwumtwGuf aqG;aEG;n‡dEd_if;wJhae&mwck jzpfvmcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh aumfr&Sif&J@xda&mufpGm
pGrf;aqmifEkdifr_u ESpfawG=umvmwmeJ@tr# vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufwJh toif;0ifEkdifiHawGu olwdk@udk
olwdk@eJ@ olwdk@&J@r[mrdwf EkdifiHawGukd pHkprf;ppfaq;ta&;,ljcif;rS umuG,fzdk@twGuf toif;0ifjzpfaer_ukd
'dkif;vdk tvJGoHk;pm; toHk;ðyvm=uwJhtcg tuef@towfawGjzpfvmcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif toif;0ifEkdifiHawG
=um;wnf&SdwJh EkdifiHa&;tajccHoabmwlnDr_t& ta&;ay: vl@tcGifhhta&; tajctaeawGukd aumfr&Sifu
ta&;,laqmif&GufEkdifjcif; r&SdcJhygbl;/ 'ghtjyif vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_awGudk rjzpfcif óuwif[ef@wm;jcif;
rðyEkdifyJ jzpf+yD;rSom wHk@jyefta&;,laqmif&GufEkdifpGrf;yJ &SdcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtm;enf;csufawGukd ausmfv$m;ajz&Sif;
Ekdifzdk@ vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifukd vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDeJ@ tpm;xkd;cJhygw,f? vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&SifeJ@
rwlwmu vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDu vl@tcGifhta&;udPawGudk ta&;}uD;wJh &nfrSef;csufawGeJ@ vkyfief;aqmif
wmawGtjzpf todtrSwfðyaqmif&GufcJh+yD; tJ'g&J@ tusdK;quftjzpf ukvor~ pepftwGif;rSm ykdrdkjrifhrm;wJh
&yfwnfr_wck &&SdcJhygw,f? 2006 ckESpf rwfv 15 &ufae@rSm uBmtESH@jzpfyGm;wJh vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_
awGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ta&;,laqmif&Gufzkd@ ykdrdkxdxda&mufa&mufaqmif&GufEkdifr,fh vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpD
xlaxmifa&;udk ukvor~taxGaxGnDvmcHu wcJeufrJay;cJh=uygw,f?
vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif (United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights) ESifh
vl‹tcGifhta&;aumifpD Human Rights Council -um; t-urf;zsif; ðcH iHkoHk;oyf E+dif;,SOfcsuf
ed'gef;&JΠed'gef;
vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif vlŒtcGifhta&;aumifpD
zJGŒpnf;jcif;1946-pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlr_a&; aumifpD
atmufrSwqifh (ECOSOC)
2006 rwfv 15-taxGaxGnDvmcH
(nDvmcHqHk;jzwfcsuf 60/251)
tqifhtwef;(ECOSOC) &J@ vufawG@ taumif
txnfazmf&wJh aumfr&Sif
taxGaxGnDvmcH&J@ vufatmufcHtzJG@
tpnf;? ukvor~ &J@ t"duuswJhtzJG@wckjzpfzkd@
ig;ESpfapmifh=unfhcHae&wJh tajctaerSm&Sd
vkyfydkifcGifh vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,f/ jr‡ifhfhwif&efvl@tcGifhta&;umuG,f/ jr‡ifhfhwif&ef vl@tcGifhta&;
csdK;azmufr_rsm; umuG,fwm;qD;&ef
tzJGŒ0ifEkdifiHrsm;
ta&twGuf 53 (tm&S- 15) 47 (tm&S- 13)
a&G;aumufcH&yHk vlr_a&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;aumifpDrSwqifh taxGaxGnDvmcH
a&G;cs,fjcif;vkyfief;pOfa'oqdkif&mtzJG@rS v_H@aqmf/
trnfwifoGif;jcif;wOD;csif;v#dK@0SufrJay;pepft& wdkuf&kduf a&G;aumufjcif;
oufwrf; oHk;ESpf “tuef@towfr&Sd” trsm;qHk; qufwdkufoufwrf;ESpfck (Oyrm-ajcmufESpf)
tajccHtcsuftvufrsm; azmfjyrxm;
1? vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; tjrifhqHk;
taetxm;rSm&Sd&rnf?
2? vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDeJ@ yl;aygif;vkyfaqmif+yD;
tjynfjynf qdkif&mtcsdefrSef jyefvnfoHk;oyfa&;tzJG@.
oHk;oyfr_cH&rnf?
3? rJay;jcif;u vl@tcGifhta&;rSm yg0ifepfðryfvkyfukdifr_ESifhh
qENtavsmuf oH"dXmefcsr_wdk@tay: tajccH&rnf
jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;ESifh
av#mhcs a&$Œqdkif;jcif;azmfjyrxm;
tzJG@0ifEkdifiHawGu tjynfjynfqdkif&m tcsdefrSefjyefvnf
oHk;oyfa&;tzJG@. oHk;oyfjcif;ukd yxrqHk;cH&rnf?
csdK;azmufolrsm;u taxGaxG nDvmcH&J@ oHk;yHkESpfyHk
axmufcHrJt& (tqifhtwef;) av#mhcscH&rnf?
pnf;a0;yJGrsm;
ta&twGuf wpfESpfwpf=udrf
(aumifpDtzJG@0if oHk;yHkwpfyHkaxmufcHr_t&) ta&;ay:
tajctaerSm txl;tpnf;ta0;ac: Ekdifzkd@eJ@twl
tenf;qHk; yHkrSeftpnf;ta0; oHk;=udrf
oufwrf; &ufowWywf ajcmufywf vuf&SdtzJG@ ay:rlwnf+yD; tenf;qHk;wpfESpfq,fv
ae&m *sDeDAm *sDeDAm
tJef*sDtdkyg0ifr+
yg0ifaqmif&Gufr+tajccHpD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vlr_a&;aumifpD qHk;jzwfcsuf
1996/ 31 (21 July 1996)
pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vlr_a&;aumifpDqHk;jzwfcsuf 1996/ 31 ay:
tajccHwJhtjyif tJef*sDtdkrsm;u txda&mufqHk; xnhf0if
ulnDr_ukdaocsmapzdk@twGuf aumfr&Sifu avhvmoHk;oyf
xm;wJh vufawG@usifhoHk;r_awGay:vnf;tajccHygw,f?
tJef*sDtdk yg0if
aqmif&Gufr+
trsdK;tpm;rsm;
-vufa&;rl wifjycsufrsm;
(tuef@towfrJh)
-E_wft& wifjycsufrsm;
(trsm;qHk;ajcmufck/ wck oHk;rdepfpD)
-qufpyfaeaomjzpf&yfrsm;
-vufa&;rl wifjycsufrsm; (tuef@towfrJh)
-E_wft& wifjycsufrsm; (ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
qHk;jzwfrnfjzpfonf)
-qufpyfaeaomjzpf&yfrsm;
4
vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpD tzJG@0if 47 EkdifiHukd ukvor~ a'oqdkif&mtkyfpkrsm;twGif;rS atmufygtwdkif; a&G;cs,f
ygw,f? tmz&durS 13 EkdifiH/ tm&SrS 13 EkdifiH/ ta&S@Oa&myrS 6 EkdifiH/ vufwiftar&dueJ@ um&pfbD,HrS
8 EkdifiH/ taemufOa&myeJ@ tjcm;rS 7 EkdifiH a&G;cs,fygw,f? vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpD tzJG@0if oufwrf;ukd
trsm;qHk; oufwrf;ESpf=udrf qufwdkufomta&G;cs,fcH&&ef uef@owfxm;+yD; b,ftzJG@0if EkdifiHrqdk taxGaxG
nDvmcHoHk;yHkESpfyHk rJt& tzJG@0iftjzpfrS ðzwfcscH&Ekdifygw,f?
tmz&duEkdifiHrsm; tm&SEdkifiHrsm; ta&SŒOa&myEkdifiHrsm;vufwiftar&duESifh
um&pfbD,HEkdifiHrsm;
taemufOa&myESifh
tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;
t,fvf*sD;&D;,m; bm&def; tZmbkdif*sef tm*sifwD;em; uae'g
uifr&Gef; bif;*vm;a'h&Sf csuf&Dywfbvpfuf b&mZD;vf zifvef
*sDblwD w&kwf ykdvef usL;bm; jyifopf
*gbGef; tdENd, &dkar;eD;,m; tDauGa'g *smreD
*gem tif'dkeD;&Sm; &yf&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif; *GmwDrmvm e,fomvef
rmvD *syef ,lu&def; rUqDukd qGpfZmvef
arm&pf&S a*smf'ef yD&l; ,lEkdufwuf uif;'rf;
armfa&mhukd rav;&Sm; O&ka*G;
Ekdif*sD;&D;,m; ygupPwef
qDeDa*g zdvpfykdif
awmiftmz&du awmifukd&D;,m;
wleD;&Sm; aqmf'Dtma&;As
ZrfbD,m oD&dvuFm
5
t=urf;zsif;taeeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_awGudk vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDu atmufazmfjyyg tcsuftvuf
awGt& xdxda&mufa&muf wHk@jyefaqmif&GufoGm;zdk@jzpfygw,f?
· tzJG@0ifOD;a& avsmhenf;oGm;jcif; (53 EkdifiHrS 47 EdkifiH jzpfoGm;jcif;)
· vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;awGeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ywfoufwJhudPawGrSm b,favmufepfðryfxm;vJ
qdkwmay:rlwnf+yD; taxGaxGnDvmcH tzJG@0ifwOD;csif;pD&J@ a&G;aumufwifajrSmufr_t&/ EkdifiHwEkdifiHu
vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpD tzJG@0iftjzpfta&G;cHzdk@ a&G;aumufyJGrSmyg0ifr,fqkd&if tJ'DEkdifiHu vl@tcGifhta&;
udPawGrSm b,favmufepfðryf vkyfukdifr,fqdkwmjyzkd@ b,fvkdv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_awG vkyfr,fqkdwm
uwday;azmfjycsufwck wifjy&rSmjzpfygw,f? vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifwkef;u tJ'Dvdka&G;aumufyJG
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGr&SdcJhygbl;/ tzJG@0ifEkdifiHawGjzpfzdk@ a'oqkdif&mEkdifiHtkyfpkawGu trnfpm&if;wifoGif;
wmyJ&Sdygw,f (tJ'ga=umifh vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufwJhEdkifiHawGvnf; tzJG@0iftjzpf aumfr&SifrSm ae&m
&cJhygw,f)/ 'ghtjyif tzJG@0ifoufwrf; uef@owfxm;wmrsdK;vJ r&SdcJhygbl;?
· aumifpD&J@ emrnfaumif;eJ@ vkyf&nfukdif&nfukd xdef;odrf;xm;zdk@twGuf tzJG@0ifEkdifiHwckcku vl@tcGifh
ta&;csdK;azmuf usL;vGefcJh&if aumifpDuaexkwfypfEkdifwJh vkyfykdifcGifh&&Sdxm;jcif; (Oyrm- vpfAsm;u
2003 rSm vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif OUX jzpfvmcJh+yD; tJ'gu vpfAsm;&J@ nHhzsif;wJh vl@tcGifhta&;
rSwfwrf;ukd ydkrdkxif&Sm;apcJhygw,f?)
· ta&;ay: vl@tcGifhta&; tajctaeawGay: rlwnf+yD; ta&;ay:pnf;a0;yJGrsm;usif;yjcif; tygt0if
wpfESpftwkdif;twmtwGif; tpnf;ta0;rsm; ykdrdkusif;yjcif;
· tjynfjynfqkdif&m tcsdefrSef jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;vkyfief;pOfuJhokd@ apmifh=unfhavhvma&; vkyfief;pepf
topfrsm; wnfaxmifyl;aygif;vkyfukdifjcif;eJ@ ,if;pepfrS uBmt0Srf;&Sd EkdifiHrsm;&J@ vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ ywf
oufwJh aqmif&GufcsufawGukd OD;wnfcsuf&Sd&Sd jyefvnfoHk;oyfEkdifjcif; wdk@jzpfygw,f?
vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpD &&SdcJhwJhatmifjrifr_wckuawmh txl;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;
vkyfief;pepfawG xlaxmifEkdifcJhwmyJjzpfygw,f? txl;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGu xl;jcm;wJhEkdifiH/ a'oawG&J@
vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_awGudk apmifh=unfh/ avhvmoHk;oyf/ tpD&ifcHpmawGwifjywmawGukd vkyfukdifwJh
pepfwck (EkdifiHqdkif&mvkyfief;,œ&m;awGtjzpfod=u+yD;) jzpfygw,f? uBmtESH@rSmjzpfyGm;wJh vl@tcGifhta&;
csdK;azmufr_awG&Jh xl;jcm;wJht"dutcsufvufawGeJ@ywfouf+yD; ta&;,lvkyfaqmifwm ukdawmh aemufxyf
(t"duvkyfief;qkdif&m,œ&m;rsm;) pepfwcktjzpfrSwf,lEkdifygw,f? aexdkifcGifh (tdrf,m/ ae&m) qdkif&m/
w&m;vufvGwf uGyfrsufowfjzwfr_rsm;qdkif&m/ vlenf;pkvlrsdK;pkrsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m/ ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_rS
vGwfajrmufcGifhqdkif&m pojzifhwdk@udk ta&;,laqmif&GufwJh t"duvkyfief; ,œ&m; 28 ck &Sdygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiH
tygt0if (qdk;&Gm;wJh vl@tcGifhta&;rSwfwrf;&SdwJh EkdifiHawGay: ta&;,laqmif&GufwJh) EdkifiHwckcsif;qdkif&m
xl;jcm;wJhvkyfydkifcGifhvkyfief;pepf 13 ck &Sdygw,f? vkyfief;pepfawGukd jyefvnfoHk;oyfr_awG eJ@ tcsdK@vkyfief;
pepfawGudkzsufodrf;zdk@ vkyfaqmifaewmawG&Sdaeayr,fh 'Dtxl;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; pepfawGudk vl@tcGifhta&;
aumifpDukd vJ$ajymif;ay;tyfrSmjzpfygw,f?
6
vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpDu vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;eJ@ wkd;jr‡ifhfha&; aumfrwDcJGudkvnf;yJ vufajymif; &,lrSm
jzpfygw,f? aumfrwDcJGu vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifjzpfaewkef;u vl@tcGifhta&; udP&yfawGudkavhvm/ vl
enf;pk/ vlrsdK;a&;eJ@ bmoma&;t& cJGjcm;ESdrfhcsqufqHwmawG umuG,fwm;qD;zdk@eJ@ ywfouf+yD; aumfr&Sifukd
wdkufwGef; t=uHðycsufawG wifoGif;wJh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH txl;u|rf;usifol ESpfq,fhajcmufa,mufeJ@
zJG@pnf;xm;wJh vufatmufcH tzJG@wpfckjzpfcJhygw,f? aumfrwDcJGu vlenf;pkawGeJ@ tjcm;tzdESdyfcHtkyfpkawG&J@
vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fay;zdk@eJ@ cJGjcm;ESdrfhcs qufqHwmawG wkdufzsufzdk@ w&m;r#wpGm tkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ vl@tcGifh
ta&;awGudk em;vnfoabmaygufa&;awGudk avhvmcJh+yD; tvm;tvmaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmukd azmfjycJhygw,f?
aumfrwDcJGu xl;jcm;wJhvl@tcGifhta&;udPawGukdta&;,laqmif&GufwJh tvkyftzJG@ckepfck zJG@pnf; xlaxmifcJh
ygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygw,f
· vlenf;pkrsm;
· wdkif;jynfcsif; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;
· w&m;r#wpGm tkyfcsKyfa&;
· t=urf;zufr_ qef@usifa&;
· aus;u|efðyr_ acwfopfyHkpHrsm;
· a'ocHvlOD;a&
· qufoG,fa&;
· vlr_a&; zdk&rf
7
vl‹tcGifhta&;aumifpD. txl;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;
txl;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGudk ,cif vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifu pwifxlaxmifcJh+yD; vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_
awGudk apmifh=uyf=unfh&_zdk@eJ@ uBmvHk;qkdif&mvl@tcGifhta&;udPawGudk avhvmoHk;oyfzkd@OD;wnf+yD; vl@tcGifh
ta&;aumifpDu qufvufvkyfaqmifygw,f? txl;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGu xl;jcm;wJh vl@tcGifhta&; e,fy,f
awGrSmu|rf;usifwJh OD;aqmifol wOD;csif; (txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fawG/ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfu cef@tyfwJh ukd,fpm;
vS,fawG/ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u|rf;usifol awGpojzifh) jzpfEkdifwJhtjyif yHkrSeftm;jzifh tzJG@0if ig;a,mufeJ@
zJG@pnf;xm;wJh tvkyftzJG@awGvJjzpfEkdifygw,f? wOD;csif;wifjywJhwkdifwef;csufawGudk wHk@jyefaqmif&Gufjcif;/
avhvmr_rsm;ðyvkyfjcif;/ enf;ynm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; t=uHOm%frsm;ay;jcif;/ tcsuft
vuf&SmazGwJhudPawGaqmif&Gufjcif;eJ@ jr‡ifhfhwifa&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;rSm yg0ifjcif;wdk@ tygt0if udP&yfaygif;
rsm;pGmukd txl;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGu vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufygw,f? EkdifiHqkdif&m vkyfykdifcGifheJ@ t"duvkyfief;
,œ&m;awG uJGjym;wmay:rlwnf}uD; txl;vkyfief;pepfawGudk trsdK;tpm; cJGxm;ygw,f?
txl;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;pepfawGxJrSm xl;jcm;wJh vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_awGudk apmifh=uyf=unfh&_+yD; pHkprf;
ppfaq;wJh w&m;0ifu|rf;usifolawGeJ@zJG@pnf;xm;wJh tvkyftzJG@awGvJ aygif;pyfyg0ifygw,f? vuf&SdrSm tJ'Dvkd
tvkyftzJG@rsdK; oHk;ck&Sdygw,f/ tJ'gawGuawmh
· w&m;vufvGwf zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifr_qdkif&m tvkyftzJG@
· twif;tusyf zefwD;r_t& eJ@ twif;t"rR tajctaea=umifh aysmufqHk;oGm;r_rsm;qkdif&m
tvkyftzJG@
· vlawG&J@ ukd,fh=uRm udk,fzefwD;EkdifcGifhukd pGufzuf[ef@wm;zdk@ a=u;pm; (ppfom;) awGtoHk;ðyr_
qdkif&m tvkyftzJG@
9
The United NationsThematic Mechanisms 2002An overview of their work and mandates
ed'gef;
1? t"duvkyfief;qkdif&m,Eœ&m;awGqdkwm bmawGvJ?
uBmhukvor~tzJG@tpnf;}uD;&J@ t"duvkyfief;qdkif&m ,œ&m;awGukd txl;vkyfief;ukd,fpm;vS,fawG/ ukd,f
pm;vS,fawG/ woD;yk~v u|rf;usifolawG 'grSr[kwf xl;jcm;wJhyHkpHeJ@ uBmhae&mtESH@tjym;rSm vl@tcGifhta&;
csdK;azmufwmawGudk apmifh=unfhzdk@ ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifu zJG@pnf;ay;xm;wJh vkyfief;tzJG@
awGeJ@ zJG@pnf;xm;ygw,f? 'gawGudk xl;jcm;w,fvkd@ owfrSwfxm;wJh EdkifiHawG&J@ vl@tcGifhta&;tajctaeudk
apmifh=unfhzdk@ vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifu cef@tyfwJh EdkifiHwckcsif;qkdif&m ,œ&m;awGeJ@ uJGjym;atmif “t"du
vkyfief;qdkif&m” tjzpf &nfn$ef;xm;ygw,f? 'Dpmwrf;u 2002 rwfv 18 &ufuae {+yD 26 &ufae@txd
usif;ywJh 58 }udrfajrmuf vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif tpnf;ta0;t+yD;rSmay;tyfwJh vkyfykdifcGifhawGeJ@ EdkifiHwum
vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtzJG@}uD;eJ@ t*FvefeJ@a0;vf Oya'tzJG@tpnf;&Jh vrf;n$efcsufjzpfwJh “urBmŒukvor*~
tzJGŒtpnf;&JŒ t"duvkyfief;qdkif&m ,Eœ&m;rsm; 2002” ((AI Index IOR 40/20/00) published in 2000) jyifqifjznfhpGufcsufawG&Jh aemufqufwJG tusdK;oufa&mufr_yJjzpfygw,f?
'Dpmwrf;&Jh&nf&G,fcsufu owif;tcsuftvuf wifjycsifolawGeJ@ aemufqufwJGtjzpf t"duvkyfief;
,œ&m;awGudk avhvmcsifolawGukd tm;ay;ulnDzdk@yJjzpfygw,f? 'Dpmwrf;u oD;jcm;tr_awG (tr_wckcsif;
pDukd) ukdta&;,lwJh vkyfief;,œ&m; 17 ckukd t"dutm&HkpkdufwJhtjyif vuf&Sd t"duvkyfief; qdkif&m ,œ&m; 24
ck&Jh tjccH owif;tcsuftvuf awGvJyg0ifygw,f? wcsdK@vkyfief;pepfawGu wjcm;pepfawGxuf tao;pdwf
ydkusovkd&Sdwmu xl;jcm;wJhtcGifhtm%m tyfESif;r_obm0a=umifh 'grSr[kwf wcsdK@vkyfief;pepfawGrSm owif;
tcsuftvufenf;wma=umifhjzpfygw,f? 'Dpmwrf;u jynf@pHkwJhpmwrf;wck tjzpf OD;wnfrxm;ygbl;/ 'Dtpm;
t"duvkyfief;ykdif;qkdif&m enf;pepfawG&Jh vkyfief;jrifuGif;/ txl;ojzifh tpkd;&r[kwfwJh vrf;a=umif;awGuae
'DpepfawGu&SmazG&&SdwJh owif;tcsuftvufyHkpHawGtwGuf vrf;n$eftjzpf toHk;csEdkifatmif&nf&G,fxm;yg
w,f? 'Dpmwrf;ukd pepfwusyHkpHcsxm;wJhtwGuf oD;jcm;tr_awGukdta&;,lwJh vkyfief;pepfawGu yxrqHk;
tcef;rSm pwifwJhae@pJGt& pm&if;tvdkufyg0ifygw,f? oD;jcm;tr_awGudkta&;,lrxm;wJh vkyfief;pepfawG
ukdawmh 'kwd,tcef;eJ@ vkyfykdifcGifhvJGtyfr_&Jh tao;pdwf tcsuftvufawGudkawmh wwd,tcef;rSm ae&may;
xm;ygw,f?
urBmhukvor*~
vl‹tcGifhta&;qdkif&m t"duvkyfief;,Eœ&m;rsm; (2002)
vkyfydkifcGifhESifh vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
10
yxr t"duvkyfief;pepfjzpfwJh twif;tusyfzefwD;r_t& 'grSr[kwf twif;t"Rtajctaea=umifh aysmufqHk;
oGm;r_rsm;twGuf vkyfief;tzJG@ukd 1980 rSmpwifzJG@pnf;cJhygw,f? 1985 rSm tusOf;&Hk; 'grSr[kwf w&m;vuf
vGwfuGyfrsufr_eJ@ n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rsm; tay:ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf vkyfief;enf;pepfrsm; zefwD;r_eJ@twl aumfr&Sif
u touf&SifaecGifh/ 'grSr[kwf &kyfykdif;eJ@ pdwfykdif;qdkif&m *k%fodQmtay: +cdrf;ajcmufr_awGukd wifjy
wdkifwef;Ekdifzdk@ ukvor~ =um;0if[ef@wm;r_ enf;vrf;wckukdzefwD;cJhygw,f? 1980 ckaESmif;ykdif;rSm bmoma&;
tpGef;a&mufr_awGeJ@ a=u;pm;ppfom;toHk;csr_awGudk ukdifwG,fzdk@ vkyfief;pepfawGudk zefwD;cJhygw,f? 1990
ckESpfawGrSm uav;a&mif;pm;r_rsm;/ uav;jynfhwefqmeJ@ uav; npfnrf;&kyf&Sif/ Oya'rJh zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;
jcif;/ vlrsdK;a&;/ twif;tusyfae&ma&$@ajymif;cH&olrsm;/ xifjrifr_eJ@ azmfxkwfr_ vGwfvyfcGifh/ trsdK;orD;rsm;
tay: t=urf;zufr_/ vGwfvyf+yD; bufrvkdufaom w&m;pD&ifr_eJ@ tqdyfoifh tnpfta=u; pGef@ypfr_rsm;udk
ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf vkyfykdifcGifhtopfrsm;ukd zefwD;cJhygw,f? odyfr=umao;cifuyJ vkyfykdifcGifhtyfESif;r_topf
awGu pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;awG&J@ t"dut&nftaoG;awGudk ajymif;a&$@aexdkifolawGeJ@
a'ocHawG&Jh tcGifhta&;awG/ tpm;tpm/ usef;rma&;eJ@ aexkdifa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;awGyg0ifwJh yifrpDrHudef;
twGuf o,faqmifcJhygw,f?
'Dvkyfief;qkdif&m,œ&m;awGu ukvor~&Jh vl@tcGifhta&;jr‡ifhwifr_eJ@umuG,fay;r_rSm txda&mufqHk; u&d,m
rsm;tjzpf emrnfaumif;&ygw,f? txl;wm0efawGudk “*&kwpdkuf wdwdusus” qufvuf vkyfudkifzkd@twGuf
vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif&Jh vkyfykdifcGifh vJ$tyfr_&xm;ayrJh 'Dvl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif qHk;jzwfcsufawG&Jh tpdwf
tykdif;wcsdK@u wcgwav pum;vHk;}uD;awG us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ oHk;xm;wJhtwGuf vkyfief;pepfawGukd awmfawmf
av;us,fjyef@wJh ukd,fykdifvkyfxHk; vGyfvyfcGifhawGay;xm;&ygw,f? vkyfxHk; pepfawG&JŒa,bk,scsOf;uyfr_awGukd
vdkwmxufykd+yD; ta&;}uD;yHkraygufatmifowdxm;ayrJh 'DpepfawGu EdkifiHwumuy&dowfawGtwGuf uBmh
ae&mtESH@rSmjzpfwJh vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_awG (tpkd;&u vl@tcGifhta&;pmcsKyf vufrSwfxdk;xm;xm; rxdk;
xm;xm;) udkvdktyfwJhae&mrSm azmfxkwfEdkifpGrf;&SdwJh toHk;0ifwJh taetxm;rSm&Sdygw,f? vl@tcGifhta&;
cskdK;azmufr_awGudk azmfxkwfyl;aygif;ulnDwJh tpdk;&awGtwGuf 'Dvkyfief;pepf,œ&m;awGu xl;jcm;wJh vl@tcGifh
ta&;u|rf;usifrSKawGudk xlaxmif yHhydk;ay;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh vkyfief;pepfawGu azmfxkwfawGŒ&SdwmawGeJ‹
wdkufwGef;t}uHay;csufawGu (tpkd;&awGudk) w&m;0ifxdef;csKyf/ zdtm;ay;EkdifwmrsdK;awG r[kwfygbl;?
'Dvkyfief;pepfawGu woD;yk~vawGeJ@ tpkd;&r[kwfwJhtzJG@tpnf; (tJef*sDtdk) awGtwGuf vuf&Sd vl@tcGifh
ta&;qdkif&m wdk;wufr_awG/ oif=um;avhvma&;eJ@ EkdifiHwum w&m;0ifpHxHk;awG&Jhwkd;wufr_eJ@ wcsdK@tae
txm;rSm vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_awG ukvor~udk wifjyEdkifajcawGrSm aygif;pyfyg0ifEdkifzkd@ twGufenf;vrf;
wck/ toHk;0ifwJhowif;tcsuftvuf Zpfjrpfwckay;Ekdifygw,f? txl;ojzifh vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_ukd
wifjyEkdifzkd@udPrSm csdK;azmufr_eJ@ygwfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvuf tjynfhtpHkukd pkaqmif;wifjyEkdifzdk@twGuf
óu;pm;tm;xkwfrSkwdkif;[mta&;ygygw,f? oD;jcm;udPawGudkudkifwG,fwJh wcsdK@vkyfief;pepfawGu owif;ykd@
Edkifzdk@ (wifjywkdif=um;Ekdifzdk@ ) twGuf&nf&G,fwJh ar;cGef;v$myHkpHwckpD yHhydk;ay;ygw,f? 'Dar;cGef; yHkpHawGudk
“vl‹tcGifhta&;qdkif&m txl;aumfr&Sifem&Hk;” ((OHCHR) http://www.unhchr.ch) &J@tifwmeuf
pmrsufESmrSm &Ekdifygw,f?
1? owdðyapcsifwmuawmh tu,fIoD;oef‹tr+wckudk ukvor*~upOf;pm;aqG;aEG; aew,fqdk&if/
Oyrm apmifh-unfhavhvmwJh (oabmwlnDcsuf) pmcsKyfwck&JŒvkyfxHk; vkyfenf;atmufrSm &Sdaew,f
qkd&if/ tJ'gudk t"du vkyfief;,Eœ&m; wcktjzpf owfrSwfvkd‹r&ygbl;?
11
2/ b,folawGvJ
txl;udk,fpm;vS,fawG/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfucef@tyfwJh ukd,fpm;vS,fawG/ u|rf;usifolawGeJ@ tvkyf
tzJG@awGu tzJG@0ifawGu (aiGa=u;) tusdK;tjrwfr,l=ubJ wm0efxrf;&Guf=uygw,f? wcsdK@u oHwrefawG
(okd@ ) tpkd;& t&mxrf;awGjzpf=uayr,fhvnf; wdkif;jynf/ EkdifiHeJ@rqdkifwJhu¾rSm vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ygwfouf+yD;
u|rf;usifr_ jr‡ifhfhwifvmEkdif=uolawG jzpf=uygw,f? vkyfief;tzJG@0ifawGudkawmh ukvor~ a'oqdkif&mtzJG@ig;ck
pvHk;u a&G;cs,fygw,f? vkyfykdifcGifhay;tyft+yD;rSm aumfr&Sifu olwdk@udkcef@tyfygw,f? vkyfief;aqmifwmawG
twGuf 0efxrf;taxmuftyHheJ@ aiGa=u;jyoem =uHKae&ayrJhvnf; *sDeDAmrSm&SdwJh aumfr&Sifem&kH;u 0efxrf;
awGu olwdk@udkyHhykd;axmufyHhygw,f? vkyfief; pepfawGtwGuf vkyfykdifcGifhay;xm;wmawGu tjrJwrf;twGuf
r[kwfayrJh aumfr&Sif&J@qHk;jzwfcsuft& jyeftoufoGif;vdk@&ygw,f?
wa,mufukd EkdifiHt&/ vkyfieff;qdkif&mt& wcsdefrSm vkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfwmwckyJ vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdygw,f/ aemuf+yD;
vkyfykdifcGifh&xm;olawGtaeeJ@vnf; oHk;ESpfoufwrf;ESpf=udrfom wm0efxrf;aqmifcGifh&Sdygw,f? vuf&Sd
vkyfykdifcGifh&xm;olawGeJ@ ygwfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGukd vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&mr[mrif;}uD;&Hk;&J@
tifwmeufpmrsufESm (http://www.unhchr.ch/htm/menu2/7/b/tm.htm) rSm&&SdEkdifygw,f? 'Dpmwrf;
u vkyfykdifcGifh&xm;ol (txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f) &J@ vdifay:rlwnf+yD; qkdif&mvkyfief;pepfawGudk “ol” “olr”
tjzpfn$ef;xm;ygw,f?
3? olwdk‹bmvkyfvJ
txl;oHwrefeJ@ tvkyftzJG@awG&Jh vkyfief;aqmifwmawGrSm atmufygtcsufawGyg0ifygw,f/
avhvmr+rsm;
vkyfief;pepfawGu taxGaxGavhvmr_awG pl;pkdufvkyfygw,f? 'DpepfawGu b,fvl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_
ykHpHu olwdk@xJrSm tusH;0ifw,fqdkwmudk pl;pkdufowfrSwfw,f/ csdK;azmufr_awG&JhjzpfyGm;yHkeJ@ bma=umifhjzpfw,f
qdkwm cJGjcrf;pdyfjzm+yD; EkdifiHwckcsif;qkdif&m Oya'pepfawGeJ@ EdkifiHwumpHE_ef;awG&Jh tzJG@tpnf;ykdif;qdkif&m
xl;jcm;csufawGay:rSm rSwfcsufawGay;ygw,f? 'DpepfawGu vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufwmawGukd umuG,fzdk@
eJ@ csdK;azmufr_awG&Jh aemufqufwJG qdk;usdK;awGudkukpm;zdk@ a,bk,s wdkufwGef;t=uHOm%fay;wmrsdK;awGvJ
vkyfygw,f?
qufoG,fr+rsm;vufcHjcif;
wcsdK@vkyfief;pepfawGu oD;oef@wckcsif; vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_awGukd wdkif=um;wJh qufoG,fr_awGukd
vufcHEdkifygw,f? 'DpepfawGu wOD;csif;qDu/ tJef*sDtdkawGqDu/ tpkd;&awGqDu/ tpkd;&awG=um; aqmif&Guf
ay;wJhtzJG@tpnf; awGqDueJ@ wjcm;ukvor~vufatmufcHtzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ &Hk;awG (tjcm;EkdifiH okd@r[kwf
vkyfief;pepf qdkif&mtxl; ukd,fpm;vS,fawGtygt0if) qDu vQH&&SdwJh wdkif=um;csufawGudk ta&;,l
aqmif&GufrSm jzpfygw,f?
12
tpdk;&rsm;eJ‹qufoG,fjcif;
wu,fvkd@ owif;tcsuftvufawGu ,Hk=unfEkdifavmufw,f/ olwdk@&JhvkyfykdifcGifhxJrSm &Sdw,fvdk@ vkyfief;
pepfawGu ,lq&if ta&;ay:awmif;qdkr_yHkpHt& (okd@ ) pmt&aomf‚/ tpkd;&qDukd qufoG,f ar;jref;ygw,f?
ta&;ay:tr_awG (uGyfrsufcH&awmhrSmudkpkd;&drfwmrskdK;) rSm/ oufqdkifolukdumuG,fay;zdk@ tpkd;&ukd toem;cH
v$mykd@ygw,f/ aemuf+yD; tr_eJ@ygwfoufwJhowif;tcsuftvufukdvJ yHhykd;ay;ygw,f?
odyftvsifrvkdwJhtr_awGeJ@ a,bl,s wdkifwef;csufawGtwGufudkawmh vkyfief;pepfawGu tpkd;&qDudk
wdkifwef;csuf tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;+yD; ta=umif;jyefzkd@ awmif;qdkxm;wJh pmwapmif ykd@ygw,f?
vkyfief;pepftrsm;pku tpkd;&&J@wkef@jyefr_udk ESpfygwfvnftpD&ifcHpmrSm tusOf;csHK;oHk;oyfwm avmufom
vkyfEkdifcsdefrSm wcsdK@vkyfief;pepfawGuawmh tpkd;&&J@wkef@jyefr_ay:rlwnf+yD; auseyfavmufzG,f tajz&wJhtxd
(Oyrm jzpfyGm;wJhjy±emtwGuf wjcm;rwlwJh csOf;uyfr_enf;vrf;awG az:xkwfwifjy+yD;) wufwufºuºu
vkdufvH vkyfaqmifwmrsdK;awG vkyfygw,f? ta=umif;jyef=um;csufr&wJh tr_awGtwGuf vkyfief;pepfawGu
owday;csufawG ykd@ay;ygw,f?
tpkd;&qDukd ta&;ay:toem;cHwm/ pmwapmifykd@wmavmufeJ@awmh wkdif=um;csufwdkif; tajzjyefr&ygbl;?
'gu r[mrif;}uD;&Hk;&J@ t&if;tjrpfrvHkavmufr_ (okd@ ) vQH&&SdwJh owif;taxmuftxm;&Jh t&nftaoG;
ay: rlwnfEkdifygw,f?
aumfr&Sifukdwifjy&wJhESpfpOftpD&ifcHpm
ESpfwdkif;rSm vkyfief;pepfawGu +yD;cJhwJhwpfESpfvHk; olwdk@vkyfcJhwJh vkyfief;awGudkazmfjyxm;wJh tpD&ifcHpm
wapmifukd (rwfeJ@{+yDrSmusif;ywJh) aumfr&SifESpfpOftpnf;ta0;ukd wif&ygw,f? 'DtpD&ifcHpmawGu
taxGaxGudPawG (vkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfwmawG/ tvkyfvkyfyHkawG/ tao;pdyfoHk;oyfyHkawG/ wdkufwGef;csufawG)
udk aqG;aEG;wJhtjyif olwdk@vQH&&SdwJhtpD&ifcHpmawGeJ@ EkdifiHwEkdifiHcsif;pDtvkduf tpdk;&&J@ wkH@jyefyHkawGudk
avhvmoHk;oyfygw,f? wcsdK@tpD&ifcHpmawGrSm ta&;ay:toem;cHr_ (okd@ ) tpkd;&qD owif;tcsuftvufykd@
wJh t=udrfa&/ tpkd;&awGu ta=umif;jyefwJh t=udrfa& pwJhpm&if;Z,m;awG yg0ifygw,f? wcsdK@vkyfief;
pepfawGukd (pufwifbmuae 'DZifbmtxdusif;ywJh) ukvor~ taxGaxGnDvmcH ukdwifjyzkd@ =um;jzwf
tpD&ifcHpmawG wifckdif;ygw,f? ¹cif;csufuawmh taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf&Jh uav;oli,feJ@ vufeufukdif
jy±emqdkif&m txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu taxGaxGnDvmcHukd ESpfpOftpD&ifcHpm wif&ayr,fh aumfr&SifESpfpOf
tpnf;ta0;ukdawmh =um;jzwftpD&ifcHpmyJwif&ygw,f?
EdkifiHc&D;pOfrsm;
vkyfief;pepfawGu EdkifiHawGG&J@tajctaeukdavhvmzkd@ yxrqHk;taeeJ@ vufawG@uGif;qif;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
'Dvdkc&D;pOfrsdK;udk tpkd;&&Jhzdwf=um;csuft&omðyvkyfEkdifygw,f? +yD;cJhwJhaumfr&Sif ({y&,f 2002) tukefrSm
EdkifiHoHk;q,fh&SpfEkdifiHtpkd;&awGu b,fvkyfief;pepfrsdK;udkrqdk avhvmcsifwJhtcsdef olwdk@EdkifiHawGudk avhvm
13
Edkifzdk@zdwf=um;cJhygw,f? tJ'DEdkifiHawGuawmh b&mZD;/ blvfa*;&D;,m;/ uae'g/ aumfpwm&Dum/ qdkufy&yfpf/
csufuf&Dywfbvpfuf/ tufpfwdk;eD;,m;/ Oa&myor~ (=op&D;,m;/ b,fvf*sD,H/ 'def;rwf/ zifvef/ jyifopf/
*smreD/ *&dpf/ tdkif,mvef/ tDwvD/ vyfZifbmh*f/ e,fomvef/ ay:wl*D/ pydef/ qGD'if eJ@ ,lEkdufwufuif;'rf;
(+AdwdefeJ@ajrmufykdif;tdkif,mvef)/ a*smf*sD,m/ *GmwDrmvm/ [efa*&D/ tdkufpfvef/ vwfAD;,m;/ vpfola,;eD;,m;/
armfvfwm/ rUqDukd/ aemfa0/ yD&l;/ ykdvef/ &dkar;eD;,m;/ qvdkaA;uD;,m;/ qvdkaA;eD;,m;/ qGpfZmvef eJ@
wl&uD EkdifiHawGyJjzpfygw,f?
EdkifiHc&D;pOfawGu txl;ukd,fpm;vS,ftwGuf tpkd;&ukd,fpm;vS,fawG/ tJef*sDtkdawG/ um,uH&SifawG/ olwdk@&J@
aqGrsdK;om;csif;awGeJ@ qufoG,faqmif&Guf&muwqifh owif;tcsuftvufpkaqmif;zdk@ wu,fhtcGifh tvrf;
aumif;awG yHhydk;ay;Ekdifygw,f? EdkifiHc&D;pOfawGu wu,fawmh tpdk;&qDukd wkdufwGef;csufawG tygt0if
aumfr&SifudkoD;jcm;wifjywJh tpD&ifcHpmacgif;pOfawGyJjzpfygw,f? tcgtm;avsmfpGm ESpfckeJ@ ESpfcktxuf
vkyfief;pepfawG (vkyfief;qdkif&m okd@ EdkifiHqdkif&m) u tpkd;&w&yfqDukd yl;aygif;ukd,fpm;ðy r_eJ@ yl;aygif;c&D;pOfawG
vkyfEkdifygw,f?
EkdifiHc&D;pOf tpD&ifcHpmawGrSmygwJh t=uHðywdkufwGef;csufawGu tpkd;&twGuf vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_udk
&yfwef@zdk@ toHk;0ifwJhvrf;n$efcsufawGyJjzpfygw,f? okd@aomfvnf; vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifu wdkufwGef;
t=uHay;csufawGukd jznfhqnf;zkd@twGuf omrefavmufyJ tm&HkpkdufwJhtjyif vkyfief;pepftrsm;pku t&if;
tjrpfcsdK@wJhvGef;wJhtwGuf olwdk@twGufEkdifiHc&D;pOft+yD; aemufqufwJG vkyfief;awGvkyfzdk@qdkwm cJ,Of;
vGef;ygw,f?
ESpfpOftpnf;ta0;rsm;
vkyfieff;tzGJ@awG&J@OUXawG/ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fawG/ EkdifiHqdkif&mtxl;ukd,fpm;vS,fawG/ udk,fpm;vS,fawG/
eJ@ u|rf;usifolawGu “AD,ifema=unmcsufeJ@ vkyfief;tpDtpOf (tykdif; 2/ pmykd'f 95)” t& “tvkyfawG
vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfzkd@eJ@ [efcsufnDapzkd@twGuf” ESpfpOfawG@qHkaqG;aEG;ygw,f? 'Dtpnf;ta0;awG&J@ yxrqHk;
tpnf;ta0;ukd *sDeDAmrSm 1994 rSmusif;ycJhygw,f? 'Dtpnf;ta0;awGrSm aqG;aEG;wJh ta=umif;t&mawGrSm
vkyfief;pepfawGeJ@ aumfr&Sif=um; vkyfief;ykdif;qdkif&mqufqHa&;/ aumfr&Sifu csrSwfwJh vkyfief;qHk;jzwfcsuf
awGukd taumiftxnfazmfa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&; r[mrif;}uD;eJ@ tjcm;ukvor~ tzJG@tpnf;rsm;=um;
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;/ vkyfykdifcGifhtm%m v$Jtyfr_twGif; trsdK;orD; tcGifhta&;rsm; aygif;pyfxnfhoGif;a&;eJ@
&if;jrpfESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;ykkdif;qdkif&mudP/ &if;jrpfXmeaxmufyhHa&;0efaqmifr_eJ@ owif;toHk;csr_awGyg0ifygw,f?
tjcm;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
vkyfief;pepfawGu olwkd@vuf&SdvkyfaewJh avhvmcsufawGtwGuf oifhawmfwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGukd
tpkd;&rsm;eJ@ tJef*sDtdkrsm;qDu awmif;cHwmawGukdvnf; yg0ifvkyfaqmifygw,f? 'Dvkyfief;pepfawGu
nDvmcHawG wufa&mufwmrsdK;/ owif;xkwffjyefwmrsdK;eJ@ olwdk@vuf&Sdvkyfaewm ykdaumif;rGefatmifrGrf;rHwJh
tjcm;vkyfaqmifcsuf rsdK;awGukdvJ vkyfaqmifygw,f?
14
4? vkyfief;pepf,Eœ&m;awGukdb,fvkdqufoG,fEkdifvJ
owif;tcsuftvuf wifjyzkd@twGuf (okd@ ) vkyfief;pepf ,œ&m;awGeJ@ywfouf+yD; aemufxyftcsuf
tvufawGodcsif&if atmufyg oifhawmfwJhvkyfief;pepf vdyfpmtwkdif; pma&;om;ay;ydk@Ekdifygw,f?
For the attention of: (oifhawmfwJhvkyfief;pepfemrnf)
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Palais des Nations Avenue de la Paix 8-14 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland Tel: +41 22 917 90 00 Fax: +41 22 917 9006 or 9003 E-mail: [email protected] (remember to include in the subject box which mechanism you are addressing)
tpD&ifcHpmtopfawGtygt0if qHk;jzwfcsufawG/ ukvor~tcsuftvufpmapmifawG/ owif;ykd@csifol
awGukd taxmuftyHhay;Ekdifzdk@ yHkpHxkwfxm;wJh yHkpHpm&GufawGeJ@ ar;cGef;v$mawG/ aumfr&SifeJ@ vkyfief;pepf
,œ&m;awG&Jh tvkyfeJ@ ywfoufwJhowif; tcsuftvuftjynfhtpHk udktxl;aumfr&Sifem&Hk; tifwmeuf
pmrsufESm (http://www.unhchr.ch) rSmawG@&SdEkdifygw,f? vwfwavmrSm 'Dtcsuftvuf awGukd
&csif&if tifwmeufpmrsufESm homepage ukdoGm; “Sections” ae&mrSm “Programmes” ukdESdyf/
+yD;&if “Extra-Conventional Mechanisms” udkxyfESdyf/ aemufwcg “Thematic Mandates”
udkxyfoGm;&if &&SdEkdifygw,f? qHk;jzwfcsuftrSwfpOfawGeJ@ taxmuftxm;&nfn$ef;csufawG udk “Charter-based” udk&Smzdk@oHk;Ekdifygw,f?
5? vkyfief;pepf,Eœ&m;awGudk qufoG,f (wkdif-um;) Edkifzkd‹ tedrfhqHk; owif;tcsuftvuf
· b,fol@udkqufoG,faqmif&Gufzkd@vdyfrlxm;ovJ (b,fvkyfief;pepf,œ&m;vJ)/ wdkif=um;wJh csdK;azmuf
r_u vlyk~dKvfukd qufoG,fzkd@vdyfrlxm;wmxuf vkyfief;pepfeJ@ykd+yD;ywfoufw,fqdkwm xif&Sm;vm
Ekdifayr,fh vl@tcGifhta&; aumfr&Sifem&Hk; (OHCHR) uom qHk;jzwfcsufcsEdkifygw,f?
· OD;wnfcsufawGeJ@ vkyfief;enf;vrf;awGtygt0if tzJG@tpnf; (okd@ ) qufoG,fa&;om;ol (wkdif=um;ol)
eJ@ ywfoufwJh tcsuftvuf/ Oyrm owif;tcsuftvufukd b,fvkdpkaqmif; twnfðyr,fqkdwm?
· vkyfief;pepfawGu wdusrSefuef+yD; r#ww,fvkd@,lqwJh owif;tcsuftvufudk ta&;,laqmif&Guf
r,fhtwGuf qufoG,fwifjyyHku 'DvkdrsdK;ykHpHtwdkif;jzpfzkd@ta&;}uD;w,fqdkwm rSwfom;&ygr,f?
· wu,fvkd@ wifjywdkifwef;csufu wOD;csif;tr_eJ@ywfoufae&if/ um,uH&Sif&Jhemrnf/ jzpfwJh &ufpJGeJ@
ae&m/ cskdK;azmufr_&Jh wduswJhtao;pdwf tcsuftvufawG (b,fvdkusL;vGefw,f/ bmvufeuf
15
awGoHk;w,f/ cýmukd,f b,ftpdwfftydkif; xdcdkuf'%f&m&w,f/ 'grSr[kwf usL;vGefwmu pdwfydkif;
qdkif&mt&qdk&if bmawGyg0ifw,f/ w&m;cHtwGuf b,fvdk xdckduf epfemw,f) tygt0if wkdifwef;wJh
csdK;azmufr_&Jh tao;pdwfukd wifjyyg?
· wu,fvdk@ wifjywdkifwef;csufu a,sbk,s tajctaeqdk&if aemufcHtajctaewck zefwD;ay;zdk@
owif;tcsuftvuf yHhykd;ay;jcif;yHkpHeJ@ pwif&ygr,f? aemufxyfrSwfom;&rJhtcsufu qufoG,fowif;
ykd@csufukd vQH&&Sdr,fholu (csdK;azmufr_jzpfyGm;wJh) EkdifiHeJ@ywfouf+yD; tenf;tusOf;om odoljzpfEkdif
ygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh Oyrm wifjywJhowif;tcsuftvufeJ@ ywfoufwJh w&m;0ifabmifeJ@ EkdifiHa&;
tajctaeawGu wifjyxm;wJh aemufcHtajctaeeJ@ udkufnDEdkif&ygr,f? 'Dtajctaeudk xlaxmif+yD;wJh
tcgrSmawmh vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_ tajctaetcsuftvufawGudk tao;pdwf jc,fr_ef;wifjy&
ygr,f? &SmazGawG@&SdwmawGudk wifjywJhtxJrSm jyXmef;xm;wJhyHkpHawG twdkif;wifjyzdk@ t=uHðyygw,f/
'ghtjyifwifjyawmif;qdkr_awGudk wwfEkdifor#tao;pdwf OyrmeJ@ wuGwifjy&ygr,f?
· qufoG,fwifjyr_ ykHpHESpfckpvkH;eJ@ywfoufvkd@ taxmuftulðy tcsuftvuf rdWLawG yHhykd;ay;yg?
· qufoG,fwifjycsufrSm v#dK@0Suf&rSmawGrsm;yg&if (v#dK@0Sufxm;apcsifwJhta=umif;) azmfjyay;yg?
· wOD;csif;tr_awGeJ@ywfouf+yD; tr_uta&;ay:udP[kwfr[kwfazmfjyay;yg?
· wu,fvdk@wifjyxm;wJhtajctaerSm tajymif;tvJawG&SdcJh&if (Oyrm w&m;vufvGwf tzrf;cHxm;
&wJh wOD;wa,muf jyefvGwfvmwJhtcgrsdK;rSm) vkyfief;pepfukdowif;ydk@zkd@rarhygeJ@?
vkyfief;pepfawGtwGuf aemufxyfvkdwJh owif;tcsuftvufukdawmh 'Dpmwrf;rSm tvsOf;oifhovkd
azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
taxGaxGvkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfjcif; (General Mandate)
vkyfief;pepfwckcsif;pDtwGuf oD;oef@csrSwfwJh qHk;jzwfcsufawGtjyif aumfr&Sifu tpnf;ta0;wdkif;rSm vkyfief;
pepftm;vHk;ukd olwkd@&JhvkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfwmawG t+yD;owfaqmif&Gufzkd@eJ@ oD;oef@xl;jcm;wJh t=uHðywkdufwGef;
csufrsdK;awGudk taumiftxnfazmfzdk@ n$eff=um;wJh qHk;jzwfcsufrsdK;awG csrSwfygw,f? +yD;cJhwJh tpnf;ta0;
awGrSm atmufygtajccHtcsufawGudkxnfhoGif;cJhygw,f?
vl‹tcGifhta&;ESifh vkyfief;pepfqdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; (Human rights and thematic procedures)
aumfr&Sifu vkyfief;pepfawGudk atmufygtcsufrsm;tm; tpD&ifcHpmawGrSm xnfhoGif;azmfjyzkd@ awmif;cHygw,f?
· vkyfief;pepfawGuydk@wJh (wkdif=um;csuf) qufoG,fowif;ykd@csufawG&Jh aemufqufwJG vkyfaqmifcsuf
tjzpf tpkd;&awGu yHhykd;wJhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;/
16
· vQHcsOf;uyfEkdifavmufwJh jyoemrsm;tay: rSwfcsufcsr_rsm;eJ@ vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawGukd ydkrdkxdxd
a&mufa&muf aqmif&GifEkdifzdk@ cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmoHk;oyfr_rsm;&Jh&vm'f/
· vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifem&Hk;&Jh t=uHay;0efaqmifr_eJ@ enf;ynmyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; tpDtpOfrS
wqifh tpdk;&awGu avsmufywfwJh taxmuftul awmif;cHvmEkkdifwmrsdK;twGuf t=uHOm%f
urf;vSrf;r_rsm;/
· t"dutm;jzifh trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: ypfrSwfxm;wJh (okd@ ) txl;ojzifh trsdK;orD;rsm; xdckduf vG,fwJh
vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_ oabmobm0eJ@ vufawG@uswJh csdK;azmufr_rsm; tay: cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmokH;oyfr_
rsm;eJ@ vdift& cJGjcm;qufqHr_tcsuftvufrsm;/
· vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,fjr‡ifhfhwifolrsm;&Jh owif;tcsuftvufeJ@ olwdk@vHkðcHa&;udk b,fvkd jr‡ifhfhwifay;
EkdifrvJqdkwJhtcsuf/
· t"dutm;jzifh uav;oli,frsm;ukd ypfrSwfxm;wJh (okd@ ) txl;ojzifh uav;oli,frsm; xdckduf vG,fwJh
vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_ owif;tcsuftvufeJ@ touft& cJGjcm;qufqHr_ tcsuftvufrsm;/
trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:t-urf;zufr+ukdz,f&Sm;wdkufzsufjcif; (Elimination of violence against women)
trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_qdkif&m txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu ol@vkyfydkifcGifhtwdkif; xrf;aqmifEkdifzdk@
txl;ojzifhh olawmif;wJh owif;tcsuftvufukd wHk@jyefay;zkd@ aumfr&Sifu tpdk;&tm;vHk;udk arWm&yfcH
xm;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif vkyfief;pepf tm;vHk;eD;yg;udk olwdk@&J@vkyfykdifcGifhtm%m e,fajrxJrSm vdift& vl@tcGifh
ta&; csdK;azmufr_awGeJ@ trsdK;orD;rsm;eJ@ rdef;ri,frsm;tm; vlukeful;r_udk txl;tm&Hkpdkufzdk@ aumfr&Sifu
awmif;qkdxm;ygw,f?
xifjrif,lqcsufeJ‹ azmfxkwfwifjycGifhqdkif&mvGwfvyfcGifhudkjr‡ifhfhwifjcif;
(Promotion of the right to freedom of opinion and expression)
aumfr&Sifu txdrf;odrf;cH yk~dKvfrsm;/ t=urf;zufcH (okd@ ) rw&m;qufqHcH&olrsm;eJ@ ywfoufwJh owif;
tcsuftvufrsm; (okd@ ) xifjrif,lqcsufqdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifh/ uBmhvl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf; (1948)
t& twnfðyazmfjyxm;csufrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;eJ@ vlr_tcGifhta&;qdkif&m (1966) EkdifiHwum oabmwlnDcsuf
eJ@ tjcm;avsmfuefwJh vl@tcGifhta&;enf;vrf;rsm;ukd usifhoHk;olrsm;tm; cJGjcm;qufqH ESdyfuGyfjcif;rsm;ukd
*&kðytm&Hkpkdufzkd@eJ@ tjcm;b,fazmfxkwfwifjycGifhqdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifh ,dk,Gif;qHk;&_H;r_ rsdK;ukdrqdk owdðyzkd@
vkyfief;pepfawGudk wdkufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
t}uHay;0efaqmifr+rsm;eJ‹ enf;ynmqdkif&m yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr+rsm;
(Advisory services and technical co-operation)
(oifhawmfwJh b,fae&mrSmyJjzpfjzpf) wdusxl;jcm;wJh pDrHudef;awG (vl@tcGifhta&; tajctae&Jh vufawG@eJ@
17
jrifomxifom&SdwJh tajymif;tvJawGudk xnfhoGif;yg0ifEkdifzkd@ tjrifwckeJ@twl vl@tcGifhta&; aumfr&Sifem
&Hk;u }uD;=uyfaqmif&GufwJh t=uHay;0efaqmifr_eJ@ enf;ynmqkdif&m yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ tpDtpOfatmufrSm
todtrSwfðy aqmif&GufEkdifzkd@twGuf) twGuf wifjyawmif;cHr_awGudk olwkd@&Jh t=uHðy wdkufwGef;csufawGrSm
xnfhoGif;zkd@ aumfr&Sifu vkyfief;pepfawGudk wkdufwGef;ygw,f?
EkdifiHwcktwGif;aexdkifr+t& (okd‹) vlrsdK;pk/ ukd;uG,f,Hk-unfr+eJŒ bmompum;t&
vlenf;pkjzpfaeolrsm; twGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;
(Rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities)
aumfr&Sifu (EdkifiHwcktwGif;aexkdifr_t& (okd@ ) vlrsdK;pk/ ukd;uG,f,Hk=unfr_eJ@ bmompum;t& vlenf;pk
jzpfaeolrsm; tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (1992) yg tcsuftvufrsm;t&) vlenf;pkawG&Jh tcGifhta&;awGudk
umuG,fjr‡ifhfhwifzdk@eJ@ oifhawmfovkd taxmuftyHhay;tyfzkd@ vkyfief;pepfawGudk vkyfykdifcGifh tm%mrsm;twGif;
oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh tav;xm;av;pm;r_awG qufvufay;tyfzkd@ wdkufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
tpkvdkuft_yHKvkduf xGufajy;ajymif;a&$Œolrsm;/ twif;tusyfae&majymif;cH&olrsm;ESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;
(Human rights and mass exoduses and displaced persons)
tpkvdkuftjyHKvdkuf xGufajy;ajymif;a&$@r_rsm;eJ@ ajymif;a&$@olrsm;&Jh jy±emrsm;/ olwdk@&J@ qütavsmuf
ae&yfjyefEdkifa&;twGuf apmifhqdkif;ae&r_ESifh a'owGif; twif;tusyf ae&majymif;a&$@ cH&EdkifzG,f&SdwJh (okd@ )
ajymif;a&$@cH&wJh tajctaersm;ukd (oifhawmfwJhae&mrSm) owif;tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif;zkd@eJ@ tpD&if
cHpmawGrSm owif;tcsuftvufeJ@ wdkufwGef;csufawG xnfhoGif;zkd@ aumfr&Sifu vkyfief;pepfawGukd wdkufwGef;
xm;ygw,f?
a'owGif;twif;tusyf ae&ma&$Œajymif;cH&olrsm; (Internally displaced persons)
a'owGif;twif;tusyf ae&majymif;cH&r_awGudk tm&Hkpkdufzkd@/ a'owGif; twif;tusyf ae&majymif;a&$@
cH&EdkifzG,f&SdwJh (okd@ ) ajymif;a&$@cH&wJh tajctaeawGay:u owif;tcsuftvuf &SmazGpkaqmif; aewmawG
udkqufvkyfzkd@eJ@ tpD&ifcHpmawGrSm owif;tcsuftvufeJ@ wdkufwGef;csufawGxnfhoGif;zkd@ aumfr&Sifu
vkyfief;pepfawGukd wdkufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
ukvor*~tzJGŒtpnf;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;eJ‹yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;
(Co-operation with representatives of UN bodies)
aumfr&Sifu tpkd;&awGudk ukvor~tzJG@tpnf;rsm;eJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvkdolrsm;tay: yHkpH trsdK;rsdK;jzifh
jcdrf;ajcmuftusyfukdifjcif; vufpm;ajctjypf'%fay;jcif;rsdK;udkrqdk a&Smif&Sm;&yfwef@zkd@ wkdufwGef; xm;wJh
tjyif vkyfief;pepf ,œ&m;rsm;tygt0if ukvor~tzJG@tpnf;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkvnf; ukvor~
vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGtwGuf csOf;uyfr_rsm;rS wm;qD;aESmuf,Sufjcif;udk umuG,fzkd@
wdkufwGef;xm;ygw,f? vkyfief;pepf,œ&m;rsm;udkvnf; aumfr&SifudkwifwJh tpD&ifcHpmawGrSm vl@tcGifhta&;
csdK;azmufr_jzpfyGm;r_awGeJ@ olwdk@b,fvkdwkef@jyef udkifwG,fajz&Sif;w,fqdkwJh owif;tcsuftvufawG
18
xnfhoGif;wifjyzdk@ n$ef=um;xm;ygw,f?
ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;tzJG@awGeJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcGifh &rxm;wJh tJef*sDtdk ukd,fpm;vS,fwdkif; vl@tcGifh
ta&;csdK;azmufr_awGukd vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;&Hk;ukd tjrefqHk;owif;ykd@zdk@ ta&;}uD;ygw,f?
uav;oli,ftcGifhta&;rsm; (Rights of the child)
uav;oli,fawGtwGuftœ&,f&Sd+yD; (vrf;ay:u uav;awG/ uav;vkyftm; acgif;yHkjzwfr_/ vufeufudkif
yËdyQrsm;eJ@ uav;oli,frsm;/ uav;oli,fa&mif;csr_rsm;/ uav;jynfhwefqmeJ@ uav;oli,frsm;tm;
npfnrf;&kyf&Sif/ "gwfyHk/ pmtkyfrsm;wGiftoHk;csr_rsm; tygt0if) olwdk@&Jh tcGifhta&;awG tcsdK;azmufcH&wJh
xl;jcm;wJhtajctaeawGay: txl;*&kðytm&Hkpdkufzkd@ aumfr&Sifu vkyfief;pepfawGudk wdkufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
pGyfpJGjypfwif tjypf'%fay;jcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifh (Impunity)
aumfr&Sifu olwdk@tvkyfcGiftwGif;rSmtusHkK;0ifwJh pGyfpJGjypfwiftjypf'%fay;jcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifh udP&yfrsm;ukd
tav;xm; pOf;pm;zkd@ vkyfief;pepfawGudk wdkufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
wzufowf twif;tusyf ta&;,laqmif&Gufr+rsm;ESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;
(Human rights and unilateral coercive measures)
aumfr&Sifu wzufowftwif;tusyf ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;eJ@ aemufqufwJGqdk;usdK;rsm;ukd txl;
tav;xm;tm&Hkpkdufzkd@ vkyfief;pepfawGudk wdkufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
"g;pmcHtjzpf ac:aqmifjcif; (Hostage – taking)
aumfr&Sifu olwdk@tvkyfcGiftwGif;rSm tusKH;0ifwJh "g;pmcHtjzpfac:aqmifcH&jcif;rsm;&J@ aemufqufwJG
tusdK;qufawGukd oifhawmfovkd qufvufazmfxkwfwifjyzkd@ vkyfief;pepfawGudk wdkufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
t-urf;zufpepfESifh vl‹tcGifhta&; (Human Rights and Terrorism)
aumfr&Sifu t=urf;zuftzJG@tpnf;rsm;&Jh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ v_yf&Sm;yHkenf;vrf;rsm;/ vufawG@vkyfaqmifr_rsm;eJ@
aemufqufwJG&v'frsm;ukd oifhawmfovkd tav;xm;pOf;pm;zkd@ oufqdkifwJh vkyfief;pepfawGudk wdkufwGef;
xm;ygw,f?
w&m;pD&iftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh txl;ojzifh uav;oli,fw&m;pD&ifa&;
(Administration of justice, in particular juvenile justice)
aumfr&Sifu uav;oli,fw&m;pD&ifa&; tygt0if/ w&m;pD&iftkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ xda&mufwJh vl@tcGifhta&;
umuG,fr_rsm;eJ@ qufpyfwJh ar;cGef;rsm;tm; qufvuftav;xm; vkyfaqmifzkd@eJ@ 'DtwGuf (t=uHay;
19
0efaqmifr_eJ@ enf;ynmtaxmuftul awmif;cHr_rsm;tygt0if) wdusxda&mufwJh wdkufwGef; t=uHay;csuf
rsm; yHhykd;ay;zdk@ oufqdkifwJh vkyfief;pepfawGudk wdkufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDESifh vlrsdK;a&;0g't-um; (uGm[r+) n‡dE+dif;r_
(Incompatibility between democracy and racism)
aumfr&Sifu vkyfief;pepfawG (txl;ojzifh vuf&SdvlrsdK;a&;0g'yHkpHawG/ vlrsdK;a&;t& cJGjcm;qufqHwmawG/
wkdif;wyg;om;rsm;tm;rkef;wD;r_eJ@ aemufqufwJGtjzpf tjrifusOf;ajrmif; &efvkdr_rsm;twGuf cef@tyfwJh
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f) udk vlrsdK;a&;rkefwD;r_wdk;yGm;vmr_eJ@ EdkifiHa&;t&eJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;taetxm;t&
(txl;ojzifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ@ ravsmfuefwJh/ n‡dEd_if;r&EkdifwJh) wkdif;wyg;om;rkef;wD;r_tay:tajccHwJh vl@
tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_awGtay: qufvuftav;xm; vkyfaqmifzkd@ wdkufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
roefrpGrf;rsm;twGuf vl‹tcGifhta&; (Human rights of persons with disabilities)
aumfr&Sifu olwdk@tvkyfcGiftwGif;rSm tusHkK;0ifwJh roefrpGrf;rsm;twGuf vl@tcGifhta&; tajctae ukd
azmfxkwfaqmif&Gufzkd@ vkyfief;pepftm;vHk;udk wdkufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
vlrsdK;a&;0g'/ vlrsdK;a&;t& cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;/ wdkif;wyg;om; rkef;wD;r+eJ‹ cJGjcm;qufqHr+yHkpHrsm;
(Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and All Forms of Discrimination)
aumfr&Sifu olwdk@vkyfykdifcGifhtwGif;rSm tusHK;0ifwJh vlrsdK;a&;0g'/ vlrsdK;a&;t& cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;/ wdkif;wyg;om;
rkef;wD;r_eJ@ aemufqufwJG vlrsdK;a&;wif;rmr_rsm;tm;vHk;ukd wdkufzsufzkd@ 'gbefa=unmcsufeJ@ uBmhnDvmcH&Jh
vkyfief;tpDtpOfawGudk oifhawmfovkd pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;zkd@ vkyfief;pepfawGudk wdkufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif; (urBmðyr+) eJ‹ vl‹tcGifhta&;&JŒtoHk;0ifr+tay: tusdK;oufa&mufr+
(Globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of human rights)
aumfr&Sifu (oifhawmf&meJ@ olwdk@vkyfykdifcGifhtwGif;rSm tusHK;0ifwJh) vl@tcGifhta&; r[mrif;}uD;&Jh *vkdb,f
vdkufaZ;&Sif;eJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;&Jh toHk;0ifr_ay: tusdK;oufa&mufr_ tpD&ifcHpmukd pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;zkd@ vkyfief;
pepfawGudk wdkufwGef; xm;ygw,f?
vlwdkif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufr+/ nDr#r+/ vlr+a&;w&m;r#wr+eJ‹ cJGjcm;qufqHr+rðyjcif;rsm;tm; 'Drdkua&pD&J‹
ta&;ygwJh tajccHrsm;tjzpf cdkifrmapjcif;
(Strengthening of popular participation, equality, social justice and non-discrimination as essential foundations of democracy)
aumfr&Sifu olwdk@vkyfykdifcGifh twGif;rSmtusHkK;0ifwJh vlwdkif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_/ nDr#r_/ vlr_a&; w&m;r#wr_eJ@
cJGjcm;qufqHr_ rðyjcif;rsm;tm; 'Drkdua&pD&J@ta&;ygwJh tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;tjzpf ckdifrmapzkd@twGuf taumif
txnfazmfzkd@ vkyfief;pepfawGudk wdkufwGef; xm;ygw,f?
20
aysmufqHk;aeolrsm; (Missing persons)
aumfr&Sifu vufeufudkifyËdyQrsm;eJ@qufEG,fwJh vlaysmufwkdifwef;csufjy\emrsm;ukdk azmfxkwfwifjyzkd@
oufqdkifwJhvkyfief;pepftm;vHk;ukd arWm&yfcHxm;ygw,f?
21
w&m;vufvGwf (odk‹) twif;t"rRzefwD;aomtajctaea-umifh aysmufqHk;oGm;r+rsm;twGuf tvkyftzGJŒ WORKING GROUP ON ENFORCED OR INVOLUNTARY DISAPPEARANCES (WGEID)
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 20 (XXXVI) t& 1980 wGifqHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifheJ‹ tvkyfvkyfyHkenf;vrf; (Mandate and working method)
w&m;vufvGwf (okd@ ) twif;t"RzefwD;r_ tajctaea=umifh aysmufqHk;oGm;olrsm; - um,uH&Sif&J@ rdom;pk
awGudk olwkd@aqGrsdK;om;csif;awG b,fa&mufvJqdkwmeJ@ bmjzpfvJqdkwm qHk;jzwfEkdifzdk@ axmufulEkdif&eftwGuf
avsmufywfwJh ar;cGef;awGukd avhvmqef;ppfzkd@twGuf WGEID udk vkyfydkifcGifhawG ay;tyfxm;ygw,f?
tr_wckcsif;pDtwGuf aysmufoGm;olawGb,frSmvJ/ aoovm;&Sifovm;/ twdtus pHkprf;ppfaq;
udkifwG,f+yD;om;vm;qdkwm aocsmap+yD;/ oufqdkifwJJh tpdk;&awGeJ@rdom;pkawG=um; (yHkrSeftm;jzifh tJeJ*sDtdk
rsm;rSwqifh) qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;wck xlaxmifzkd@twGuf WGEID u qufvufvkyfaqmifygw,f?
WGEID u tjcm;vkyfief;wm0efrsm;eJ@vJ vkyfief;vJ$tyfvkyfukdifwmrsdK;awG txl;ojzifh w&m;vufvGwf
tajctaea=umifh aysmufqHk;olrsm;umuG,fwm;qD;a&; a=unmcsuf (1992) udk EkdifiHawG taumif
txnfazmf aqmif&Guf&mrSm axmufyHhulnDygw,f? WGEID u EkdifiHawGudk apmifh=unfhzkd@eJ@ a=unmcsufeJ@
wuG taumiftxnfazmf vkyfaqmifr_awGudk tjynfht0 tm&Hkpkdufr_ay;zkd@ olwdk@&Jh wm0efawGeJ@ ukdufnD
atmif a=unmcsufuwqifh ay;xm;wJh vkyfykdifcGifhtm%m&xm;ygw,f?
“aysmufqHk;oGm;r+rsm;” t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsuf (Definition of “disappeared”)
“aysmufqHk;oGm;r_” udk t"d`g,fowfrSwf&mrSm WGEID u a=unmcsuf ueOD;rSmazmfjyxm;wJh ('gudk
taumiftxnfazmfwmu ol@vkyfydkifcGifhtwGuf t"duuswJh) t"d`g,fzGifhqkdcsuf udk toHk;ðyygw,f?
“aysmufqHk;oGm;ol” wa,muf[m tzrf;cH&ol/ ol@&JhqüeJ@qef@usif+yD; xdef;odrf;cH&ol (okd@ ) jyefay;qJGcH&ol/
(okd@ ) (u) tm%mydkifrsm; 'grSr[kwf tjcm;tqifhqifhaom tpkd;&Xmersm; (okd@ ) (c) (wkduf&dkuf 'grSr[kwf
oG,f0kduf+yD;) tpkd;&ukd,fpm;/ tpkd;&cGifhðycsuft& (okd@ ) tpkd;&tultnDeJ@ pepfwus zJG@pnf;xm;wJhtzJG@
tpnf;awG 'grSr[kwf yk~dKvfwOD;csif;pDa=umifh vGwfvyfr_jiif;y,f &kyfodrf;cH&ol/ (aemufqufwJGtjzpf
WGEID u twdkuftcHtzJG@tpnf;awGu owfrSwfwJh “aysmufqHk;r_rsm;” eJ@awmh ywfoufvkyfaqmifr_
r&Sdygbl;) tjzpf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwfcH&oljzpfygw,f?
'ghtjyif 'Dtiftm;pkawGu aysmufqHk;oGm;olwa,muf b,fa&mufaevJqdkwmudk v#dK@0Suf ay;xm;w,f (odk@ )
tcef; (1)
tr+wckcsif;pDtay: vkyfief;pepf,EW&m;rsm;.
udkifwG,fajz&Sif;yHktm; tusOf;csHK;oHk;oyfcsuf
22
olbmjzpfw,fqdkwm azmfjyzkd@jiif;y,fw,f (odk@ ) ol@&J@ vGwfvyfr_ &kyfodrf;cH&oltjzpf todtrSwfðycH&ol
jzpfwJhtwGuf Oya'tumtuG,f tjyifa&mufaeoltjzpf owfrSwfcH&oljzpfygw,f?
twif;tusyfzefwD;r_a=umifh “aysmufqHk;oGm;r_rsm;” ukd tjynfjynfqkdif&m &mZ0wfw&m;&Hk; (a&mr&Hk;) &J@
trdef@jyXmef;csuf 7 (1) (ps) t& vl@tokdif;t0kdif;udkqef@usifwJh &mZ0wfr_tjzpf owfrSwfygw,f?
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif; (Examining individual cases)
WGEID u “aysmufqHk;oGm;r_rsm;” wdkif=um;csufrsm;ukd vQH+yD; ppfaq;=um;emygw,f? 'Dvdk vQHEdkifzdk@
twGuf qufoG,fwkdif=um;r_wckudk a&;om;wifjy&rSmjzpf+yD; ay;ykd@ol b,folb,f0gqdkwmukdyg &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif; azmfjy&rSm jzpfygw,f? qufoG,fwdkif=um;csufu aysmufqHk;ol&Jhrdom;pk 'grSr[kwf rdwfaqGrsm;u
ay;ykd@wmrsdK;jzpfwwfayr,fh wcgw&H tJ*sDtdk wckckrSwqifhvnf; ay;ykd@Ekdifygw,f? WGEID u woD;yk~v
tr_awGudk (wkdif=um;qufoG,fcsufawGudk vQHwmuvJGvdk@ ) ukd,fwdkif pHkprf;ppfaq; =um;emwmrsdK;ukdawmh
ðyvkyfrSmr[kwfygbl;?
WGEID u tr_wckudkvufrcHcifrSm qufoG,fwkdif=um;csufawGukd atmufygtajccH vkdtyfcsufrsm;twdkif;
jznfhpGufwifjy&rSmjzpfygw,f
· aysmufqHk;ol&JhemrnftjynfhtpHkeJ@ oifhawmfwJhudk,fa&;taxmuftxm; tcsuftvufrsm;
(Oyrm-trsdK;om;rSwfyHkwifeHygwf (okd@ ) "gwfyHk)
· aysmufqHk;wJh&ufpJG-tzrf;cH&wJh ae@&uf/ v eJ@ ESpf/ jyefay;qJGcH&csdef (okd@ ) aemufqHk;awG@cJhcsdef?
wu,fvdk@aysmufqHk;oludk ae&mwckrSm xdef;odrf;cHae&wJhtaeeJ@ aemufqHk;awG@cJh&w,fqkd&if
(b,fwkef;ueJ@ b,fae&mrSmqdkwJh) cef@rSef;ajcazmfjycsufwck vkdtyfygw,f?
· tzrf;cH&wJh (okd@ ) jyefay;qJGcH&wJh ae&m 'grSr[kwf aysmufqHk;oludk aemufqHk;b,frSmawG@cJhvJ?
tenf;qHk;ae&ma'wckudk azmfjyay;zdk@vkdtyfygw,f?
· aysmufqHk;olukd jyefay;qJGwJh (okd@ ) zrf;qD;wJh (okd@ ) vlrodwJhv#dKK@0Sufae&mrSm xdef;odrf;zkd@ óu;yrf;olrsm;
aysmufqHk;ol&Jh uH=uRmeJ@ b,fa&mufaevJqdkwmudk qHk;jzwfEkdifzkd@ (okd@ ) tedrfhqHk;taeeJ@ tm;&p&m
r&SdwJh (okd@ ) oHo,jzpfzG,faumif;wJh jynfwGif;ajz&Sif;csufrsm; (Oyrm &Jpcef;wck 'grSr[kwf teD;qHk;
aq;&HkwckrSmom pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;) udk ajymif;vJzkd@ óu;pm;csufawGudkazmfjywJh wifjycsufawGukd tqifh
vkduf vkyfaqmifygw,f? wdkif=um;csufwifoGif;ol (okd@ ) tzJG@tpnf;ukd todtrSwfðyrSwfom;jcif;
(awmif;qdkcsuftay: tajccH+yD; xdyfwef;v#dK@0Suftjzpf odrf;qnf;xm;rSmjzpfygw,f?)
tu,fI aysmufqHk;oGm;wJh trsdK;orD;wa,mufu ukd,f0efeJ@qdk&if rdcifjzpfol tcsKyftaESmifcHumv
twGif;rSm arG;zGm;vmrJhuav; b,ftcsdeffarG;rvJqdkwm rdcifjzpfol&Jhtr_jzpfpOfxJrSm xnfhoGif;azmfjy&rSm
jzpfygw,f? trSefwu,f tcsKyftaESmifcHumvtwGif; rdcifjzpfoluav;arG;wmukd oufaotodtrSwfðy
+yD;wJhtcg uav;udk oD;jcm;tr_tjzpf owfrSwf&rSmjzpfygw,f?
WGEID u owif;tcsuftvufwifoGif;wJhtcgrSm taxmuftulðytcsuftvufawG (Oyrm-aysmufqHk;
23
ol&J@"gwfyHk/ 'grSr[kwf oufaotaxmuftxm;awG) xnfhoGif;wifzdk@ wdkufwGef;ygw,f?
tr+rsm;ukd udkifwG,fjcif; (Handling of cases)
WGEID &J@ udkifwG,fajz&Sif;csufu ol@e,fajr{&d,mtwGif;jzpfwJh vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_tay: umuG,f
wm;qD;zdk@eJ@ csdK;azmufr_jzpfyGm;wJhtcg pHkprf;ppfaq;azmfxkwfzkd@ 'DEkdifiHwcku wm0ef&Sdw,fqdkwJh pnf;rsOf;
tay:tajccHygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh WGEID u e,fajrwcktwGif;rSm tpkd;&ukdwdkufcdkufaewJh yHkrSefr[kwfwJh
'grSr[kwf vufeufukdiftkyfpkawGu wifjyawmif;qdkwJh woD;yk~v “aysmufqHk;wJh” tr_awGudk ukdifwG,f
ajz&Sif;rSmr[kwfygbl;? vufeufudkifyËdyQtwGif; jzpfwJhtajctaersdK;awGudkvJ udkifwG,frSmr[kwfygbl;?
“aysmufqHk;r_”u b,frSmrSef;rodwJh umvwkdxdef;odrf;cH&wJh udPrsdK;r[kwfbl;qdkwm twnfðyzdk@uvJ
ta&;=uD;ygw,f? 'DvdkudPrsdK;udk WGEID ukd rwifjy rwkdif=um;oifhygbl;?
“aysmufqHk;r_” wdkifwef;csufu txufazmfjyyg tajccHvkdtyfcsufrsm;eJ@udkufrudkuf csifhcsdef qHk;jzwf+yD;wJh
tcg tr_udkqufvufpHkprf;ppfaq;+yD; &vmwJh&v'fudk WGEID udk jyefvnfowif;ykd@ ta=umif;=um;zkd@
tm%mykdifawGudk arWm&yfcHcsufeJ@wuG WGEID u oufqdkifwJhtpkd;&qDudk tr_udk vJ$ajymif;ay;ygw,f?
“aysmufqHk;r_” rSm wEkdifiHxufykdwJh EdkifiHawGu tm%mydkifawG wkduf&dkufwm0ef&SdwJh 'grSr[kwf yg0ifywf
oufaewJh tr_awGrSm WGEID u “aysmufqHk;r_jzpfwJhEkdifiHu wm0ef&SdolawGqDukda&m zrf;qD;r_ 'grSr[kwf
aysmufqHk;olukd jyefay;qJGac:aqmifr_rSm yg0ifywfoufaewJh tm%mykdkifawG&JhEkdifiHukda&m tr_udk vJ$ajymif;
ay;tyfEkdkifygw,f?
ta&;ay: t,lcHqdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; (Urgent appeals procedure)
“aysmufqHk;r_” ukd wkdif=um;wJh wdkifcsufawGudk WGEID u vQH&&Sd+yD; oHk;vtwGif; jzpfyGm;wJh tr_awGudk
ta&;ay:t,lcHrsm;eJ@oufqdkifwJh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;twdkif; oufqdkif&mtpdk;&awGukkd wdkuf&dkufvJ$ajymif;
ay;tyfygw,f?
tpkd;&rsm;qDrS ta-umif;jyef-um;csufrsm;ESifh tr+rsm;udk tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;azmfjyjcif;
(Replies from governments and clarification of cases)
tpdk;&qDu aysmufqHk;olb,fa&mufaew,fqdkwmeJ@ bmjzpfw,fqdkwJh uH=uRm&,fyg0ifwJh ta=umif;jyef
tpD&ifcHpmukd rlv&if;jrpf (wkdif=um;wJhqD) ukdjyefv$Jajymif;ay;ygw,f? rlv&if;jrpfu tpkd;&&Jhta=umif;jyef
csufudk &&Sdt+yD; ajcmufvtwGif;ta=umif;rjyef&if (okd@ ) WGEID utpkd;&&J@ owif;ykd@ta=umif;jyefcsufudk
usdK;a=umif; obm0rusbl;vkd@ xifjrifqHk;jzwf&if tr_udk &Sif;vif;+yD;+yDvkd@ ,lqEkdif+yD; ESpfpOftpD&ifcHpm&Jh
pm&if;Z,m; tusOf;csKyfatmufu “tpkd;&rsm;&Jh ta=umif;jyef=um; aqmif&Gufcsuft& &Sif;vif;+yD;aomtr_
rsm;” acgif;pOfatmufrSm xnfhoGif;Ekdifygw,f? rlv&if;jrpfu oifhawmfwJhtajctaeay:rSm tpkd;&&Jh owif;
tcsuftvufudk qef@usifwkef@jyef&if tpkd;&udk owif;ykd@ ta=umif;=um;/ rSwfcsufay;zkd@awmif;qkd+yD; tr_
udkrydwfyJ qufzGifhhxm;ygw,f?
24
WGEID u oufqkdifwJhtpkd;&wkdif;ukd r&Sif;vif;&ao;wJh tr_awGeJ@ywfouf+yD; tenf;qHk; wESpfwcg
owday;+yD; vQH&&Sd+yD;ajcmufvtwGif; vJ$ajymif;ay;vkdufayr,fh &Sif;vif;csufr&ao;wJh ta&;ay:tr_awG
tay: wESpfESpfcg owday;ygw,f?
ppfwrf;ar;cGef;yHkpHv$m (Questionnaire)
tr_awGwkdif=um;wifjywm vG,fulacsmarG@apzkd@ WGEID u “aysmufqHk;oGm;r_” awGtay: owif;ykd@ wkdif=um;
csufawGtwGuf (ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;r[mrif;=uD;&Hk; tifwmeufpmrsufESm (http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/7/b/disappea/explanote.htm) ay:rSm&EdkkifwJh) pHðyyHkpHwck jyifqifxm;ygw,f?
taxGaxG (General)
aumfr&SifudkwifjywJh'DtpD&ifcHpmxJrSm WGEID u a=unmcsufudk taumiftxnfazmfwJh owif; tcsuf
tvufawGeJ@ twif;tusyft&eJ@ tvdktavsmuf aysmufqHk;oGm;olrsm;tm; umuG,fzdk@ vuf&Sd EkdifiHwum
&mZ0wfr_qdkif&meJ@ vl@tcGifhta&; yHkpHabmifudk avhvmppfaq;zkd@ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u|rf;usifol cef@tyf
wmukd axmufcHtm;ay;wJh owif;tcsuftvufawG xnfhoGif;yHhykd;xm;ygw,f?
25
w&m;0if&Hk;rwifwJhtr+rsm;/ tusOf;&Hk; (okd‹) Oya'rJh uGyfrsufr+rsm;qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON EXTRAJUDICIAL, SUMMARY OR
ARBITRARY EXECUTIONS ECOSOC qHk;jzwfcsuf 1982/ 35 t&csrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfr+rsm;ESifh tvkyfvkyfyHkenf;pepf (Mandate and working method)
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@vkyfykdifcGifhu (1948) uBmhvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;/ (1966) tjynfjynfqdkif&m
EkdifiHa&;ESifh taxGaxGvlr_tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf&J@ tykd'fcJG 4 / 6 / 14 / 15 eJ@ (1989)
w&m;0if abmifjyify/ tusOf;&Hk;w&m;pD&ifr_eJ@ Oya'rJhw&m;pD&ifr_rsm;ukd xda&mufaom umuG,fwm;qD;
r_eJ@ pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;qkdif&m pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;ay:rSm t"dutm;jzifhtajccHygw,f?
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu woD;yk~vrsm;/ tJef*sDtdkrsm;/ tpkd;&rsm;eJ@ tpkd;&awG=um; aqmif&GufwJhtzJG@tpnf;rsm;u
wifjywJh/ atmufygtajccHvkdtyfcsufrsm;eJ@vJ udkufnDwJhtr_awGtay:rSm ta&;,laqmif&GufEkdifygw,f?
· ao'%ftrdef@ESifhqufpyf+yD; touf&SifaexdkifcGifhqdkif&m tcGifhta&;udk csdK;azmufr_rsm;? txl;ukd,f
pm;vS,fu w&m;r#wr_r&SdwJh w&m;pD&ifr_uae trdef@cswJh ao'%ftrdef@ (okd@ ) t,lcH0ifEdkifcGifhqdkif&m
tcGifhta&;ukdcsdK;azmufr_ (okd@ ) tr_rSvGwf+idrf;cGifheJ@ tquftoG,f&SmazGzkd@ tcGifhhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk
0ifa&mufpGufzufEkdifygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu wu,fvkd@ usL;vGefolu tr_usL;vGefcsdefrSm touf
18 ESpf rjynfhao;&if (okd@ ) usyfrjynfh&if (okd@ ) pdwfazmufaeoljzpf&if (okd@ ) ukd,f0efonfjzpfae&if
(okd@ ) uav;arG;+yD;ump rD;aeonfjzpfae&if vnf; tr_udk0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifh&Sdygw,f?
· EkdifiHtm%mydkifrsm;/ jynfol@ppftkyfpkrsm;/ woD;yk~vrsm; (okd@ ) tpkd;&eJ@yl;aygif;aqmif&GufaewJh
'grSr[kwf tpkd;&ucGifhðyxm;wJh (rodcsifa,mifaqmif/ ajrSmufay;xm;wJh) tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ trnfeJ@
trsdK;tpm; raz:jyEkdifayr,fh txufazmfjycsufawGeJ@ qufEG,faeolawG&J@ owfjzwfzdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufr_eJ@
pD&ifcgeD; Oya'eJ@ravsmfnDwJhtrdef@awGtay: pkd;&HG@r_rsm;
· n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_/ OayQmðyr_eJ@ tiftm;oHk;r_awGa=umifh csKyfaESmifcH&pOftwGif;aoqHk;r_rsm; (okd@ )
touftœ&m,f +cdrf;ajcmufaewJh xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifr_rsm;
· w&m;Oya'pkd;rdk;a&;tm%mykdifrsm; (odk@ ) wdkuf&dkuf 'grSr[kwf oG,f0kduf+yD; tpkd;&&J@oabmwl
cGifhðycsuft& taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufolrsm;&J@ tiftm;toHk;ðyr_a=umifh aoqHk;r_rsm;/ tiftm;
toHk;ðyr_u t"duvkdtyfr_&,f oifhawmfr#wr_&,fwdk@&J@ tajccHvkdtyfcsufawGeJ@ rukdufnDyJ 0da&m"d
jzpfwJhtcg
· EkdifiHvHkðcHa&;wyfzJG@awG&J@wkdufcdkufr_awG/ jynfol@ppftzJG@awG&Jhwdkufckdufr_awG/ uGyfrsufa&;tzJG@awGeJ@
tjcm;tpdk;&ucGifhhðyxm;wJh (okd@ ) tpkdk;&eJ@yl;aygif;aqmif&GufaewJh oD;oef@wyfzJG@awG&J@ wdkufckdufr_a=umifh
aoqHk;r_rsm;
26
· vufeufukdifyËdyQrsm;twGif; vlom;qefwJh Oya'enf;vrf; abmifrsm;ukdqef@usif+yD; txl;ojzifh
omrefjynfolrsm;&Jh touf&Sifaexdkifr_qkkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; csdK;azmufcH&r_rsm;
· EkdifiHwcktwGif; touftœ&m,f&Sdaeolrsm;udk xkdEkdifiHrS u,fxkwfay;jcif; (okd@ ) ajymif;a&$@ay;jcif;eJ@
ydwfqdk@xm;wJh e,fpyfrsm;rSwqifh olwdk@twGuf tœ&m,f&SdwJh EdkifiHwckrSxGufcGmzkd@ óu;pm;&if; EkdifiHa&;
cdkv#HKcGifh awmif;cHolrsm;udk umuG,fay;jcif;
· rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfr_
· wkdifwef;wJh touf&SifaexkdifcGifhqkdif&m tcGifhhta&;csdK;azmufr_awGeJ@ tJ'DtwGuf wm0ef&SdolawGudk
Oya'a&S@arSmufykd@aqmifzkd@twGuf pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;twGufwm0ef&Sdr_udk csdK;azmufjcif;
· touf&SifaexkdifcGifhqkdif&m tcGifhhta&;csdK;azmufcH&olrsm;twGuf vHkavmufwJhavsmfa=u; axmufyHh
ay;tyfzkd@ wm0ef&Sdr_udk csdK;azmufjcif;
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif; (Examining individual cases)
tenf;qHk; atmufygowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk a&;om;wifjy&rSm jzpfygw,f
· um,uH&Sif&J@ xl;jcm;csufrsm; tjynfhtpHk
· tr_jzpfyGm;wJhae&meJ@ ae@pJGtjyif b,fvkdjzpfyGm;w,fqkdwJh tusOf;csKyfazmfjycsuf
· wu,fvkd@odr,fqdk&if usL;vGefolrsm;&J@emrnfrsm;eJ@ olwkd@bmvkd@ wm0ef&Sdw,fvdk@ oHo, t0ifcH&
w,fqdkwJh &Sif;vif;azmfjycsufeJ@ wu,fvkd@ usL;vGefolawGu tm%mydkifawG r[kwf&if 'Dyk~dKvfwOD;csif;
(okd@ ) tzJG@awGu tpdk;&eJ@ b,fvkdqufpyfaew,fqdkwJh tao;pdwftcsuftvufawG
· txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fqDukd wkdif=um;csufwifoGif;wJh tzJG@tpnf; 'grSr[kwf wOD;csif;&J@emrnfeJ@ vdyfpm
tjynfhtpHk
tr+rsm;ukdukdifwG,fjcif; (Handling of cases)
w&m;0if&Hk;rwifyJ/ tusOf;&Hk; (okd@ ) Oya'rJhuGyfrsufr_awGtwGuf wdkif=um;wJhtr_awGudk oufqdkif&mtpdk;&
rsm;xHv$Jajymif;ay;tyfygw,f? tpdk;&awGudk tr_awGeJ@ywfouf+yD; pHkprf;ppfaq;csufawG&J@wdk;wufr_awGeJ@
&v'fawG/ usL;vGefolawGudk b,fvdkppfaq;&Hk;wifta&;,lxm;w,f/ um,uH&Sif&J@ rdom;pkawGudk b,fvdk
avsmfa=u;rsdK; axmufyHhay;tyfxm;w,fqdkwJh tcsufawGyg0ifwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGeJ@twl ta=umif;
jyef=um;zkd@ wkdufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
27
ta&;ay:t,lcHqkdif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; (Urgent appeals procedure)
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu w&m;0if&Hk;rwifyJ/ tusOf;&Hk; (okd@ ) Oya'rJh uGyfrsufawmhrSm jrifomwmudk pkd;&HG@wJh
tr_awGtwGuf ta&;ay:t,lcHrsm; wifoGif;Ekdifygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu toufqHk;&_H;r_rsm;ukd um
uG,fzkd@ 0ifa&mufpGufzufEkdifygw,f? 'DtajctaeawGrSm owfjzwfzdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufr_awG/ ao'%fusrsm;udk
uGyfrsufawmhr,fhtwGuf pkd;&drfr_awG/ txufrSmazmfjyxm;+yD;wJh tcsufawGtygt0if ao'%feJ@ywfouf+yD;
jyÏmef;xm;wJh ekdifiHwumowfrSwfcsufawGudk csdK;azmufr_awGyg0ifygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu w&m;0if
&Hk;rwifyJ/ tusOf;&Hk; (okd@ ) Oya'rJh uGyfrsufcH&zdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufcHae&olrsm;ukd tœ&m,f&SdaewJh EkdifiHuae u,f
xkwf&Sif;vif;+yD;a=umif; owif;ykd@csufawG &&Sd+yD;wJhtcgrSmvnf; tpkd;&awGqDukd ta&;ay: t,lcHv$mawG
ay;ydk@Ekdifygw,f?
ta&;ay:t,lcHv$mawG vJ$ajymif;wifoGif;wJhtcg txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu oufqdkif&mtpdk;&rsm;udk atmufyg
tcsufrsm; wdkufwGef;ygw,f
· +cdrf;ajcmufcH&olrsm; (okd@ ) uGyfrsufcH&EkdifwJh tœ&m,f&Sdaeolrsm;udk xda&mufwJh tumtuG,fay;a&;
aocsmapzkd@
· vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_awGtwGuf vGwfvyf+yD;r#wwJh pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; tjynfht0taumif
txnfazmfa&;
· w&m;vufvGwf uGyfrsufr_awG usL;vGefolrsm;udk w&m;Oya't& ta&;,la&;
· um,uH&SifawG&J@ tcGifhta&;awG umuG,fay;a&;eJ@
· aqmif&GufaewJhtqifhhwdkif;udk txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fukd qufvufowif;ydk@ wifjya&;rsm;jzpfygw,f?
tpkd;&rsm;qDrS ta-umif;jyef-um;csufrsm;eJ‹ tr+rsm;udktao;pdwf &Sif;vif;azmfjyjcif;
(Replies from governments and clarification of cases)
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu tpkd;&qDu aemufqufwJGowif;tcsuftvuf tjynfhtpHkukd (okd@ ) tr_jzpfpOf
wdkif=um;csuf&J@ rlvZmpfjrpfudk awmif;cHEkdifygw,f? vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_awG/ vwfwavm jzpf+yD;om;
tr_awGtwGuf bufrvdkufwJh tjynfht0pHkprf;ppfaq;r_wck qufvufvkyfaqmifzkd@/ w&m;0if &Hk;rwifyJ/
tusOf;&Hk; (okd@ ) Oya'rJhuGyfrsufr_ usL;vGefolrsm;udk w&m;Oya't& ta&;,lzkd@eJ@ um,uH&Sif&Jh rdom;pk
awG&J@ tcGifhta&;awGudkumuG,fay;zkd@ tpdk;&w&yf&J@wm0ef&Sdr_udk txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu tm&Hkpkduf
apmifh=unfhygw,f? 'DtajccHvkdtyfcsuftm;vHk;ukd taumiftxnfazmf jznfhqnf;+yD;rSom tr_wckudk
ydwfEkdifygw,f?
28
ppfwrf;ar;cGef;yHkpHv$m (Questionnaire)
tusOf;&Hk; (okd@ ) Oya'rJhuGyfrsufr_awGukd owif;ykd@ wkdif=um;csufawGtwGuf tr_awGwkdif=um;wifjywm
vG,fulacsmarG@apzkd@ txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu (ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&; r[mrif;=uD;&Hk; tifwmeuf
pmrsufESm (http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/7/b/execut/exequest.htm) ay:rSm&EdkkifwJh) pHðyyHkpHwck
jyifqifxm;ygw,f?
taxGaxG (General)
r=umao;cifu aumfr&Sifudkwifjyxm;wJh tpD&ifcHpmrSm txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu qufvufvkyfaqmifzkd@
vdktyfwJh “txl;tm&Hkpkdufp&m” ajcmufckudk tom;ay;az:jyxm;ygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh
· vufeufudkifyËdyQrsm;twGif; touf&SifaexkdifcGifhqdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udk csdK;azmufjcif;rsm;/
· vHkðcHa&;wyfzJG@rsm;. owfjzwfr_rsm; (okd@ ) wkdufcdkufr_a=umifh aoqHk;r_rsm;/
· tpkd;&eJ@yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifwJh (okd@ ) cGifhðycsuft&vkyfaqmifwJh oD;jcm;udk,fykdifwyfzJG@rsm;eJ@ jynfol@
ppftkyfpkrsm;rS usL;vGefaom csdK;azmufjcif;rsm;
· usL;vGefcHum,uH&Sifrsm;&J@ tcGifhhta&;rsm;/ avsmfa=u;eJ@ jypf'%frS vGwf+idrf;uif;vGwfcGifh
· uav;oli,frsm;&J@ touf&Sifaexkdifr_qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udk csdK;azmufjcif;rsm;
· ukvor~vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&mtzJG@rsm;eJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufolrsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,f jr‡ifhfhwif
olrsm;tay: usL;vGefaom csdK;azmufr_rsm;eJ@
· ao'%f tjypfay;jcif;qkdif&mrsm; jzpfygw,f?
tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; tm%mykdifrsm;&J@ tiftm;tvGeftu|HoHk;r_rsm;eJ@ ywfoufwmawG/
oufqdkif&mEkdifiHawGrSm touftœ&m,f +cdrf;ajcmufcH&olrsm;tm; u,fxkwfae&majymif;a&$@ay;wmawG/
trsdK;orD;rsm;b0qdkif&mtcGifhhta&;rsm;/ touf&SifcGifhqkdif&mtcGifhta&;awGeJ@ vdifykdif;qdkif&mtcGifhhta&;
awG csdK;azmufcH&wmawGeJ@ ywfoufwJh wdkufwGef;t=uHay;csufawG yg0ifygw,f?
29
ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r+qdkif&mtxl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON TORTURE
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 1985/ 33 t&twnfðy csrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfr+rsm;ESifh tvkyfvkyfyHkenf;pepf (Mandate and working method)
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ vkyfykdifcGifhu (1948) uBmhvl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;/ (1966) tjynfjynfqdkif&m
EkdifiHa&;ESifh taxGaxGvlr_tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf&J@ tykd'fcJG 4 / 6 / 14 / 15 eJ@ (tESdyfpuf
rcH&zkd@eJ@ tjcm;&ufpuf=urf;ñuwfwJh/ vlom;rqefwJh (okd@ ) ESdrfhcsqufqHr_ (okd@ ) jypf'%fay;r_rsm;rS uif;vGwf
ykdifcGifhawGudkk tmrcHcsufay;wJh) (1984) ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;r_eJ@ tjcm;&ufpuf=urf;=uKwfwJh/ vlom;rqefwJh
(okd@ ) ESdrfhcsqufqHr_ (okd@ ) jypf'%fay;r_rsm;rS umuG,fwm;qD;r_qdkif&m nDvmcHay:rSm t"dutm;jzifh
tajccHygw,f?
ykdodomxif&Sm;wJh ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;wJh tr_awGtjyif atmufazmfjyyg tr_awGuvJ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu
ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_rsm;tjzpfowfrSwfwJh tjcm;tr_awG&J@ erlemawGyJjzpfygw,f?
&kyfykdif;qkdif&mESdyfpufr+rsm; (Physical torture including)
tvif;a&mifeJ@ toHtvGeftu|HtoHk;ðy+yD;ESdyfpufr_/ xl;jcm;wJhaq;0g;rsm;oHk;+yD; ESdyfpufr_ (Oyrm-tefapwJh
apomorphine eJ@ touf&SLusyfapwJh curare aq;rsm;toHk;ðyr_)/ umv&Snf tem;r,l rtdyfpufapr_/
umv&Snf tpmrau|;yJxm;r_/ umv&Snf wukd,f&nfoef@&Sifa&;rvkyfapr_/ umv&Snf aq;0g;ukocGifh
ray;r_/ w&m;0iftrdef@csrSwfxm;wJh ukd,fxdvufa&muftjypf'%fay;r_/ csKyfaESmifcH&pOf t"RðyusifhcH&r_eJ@
vdifykdif;qdkif&mapmfum;cH&r_rsm;yg0ifygw,f?
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m n‡if;yrf;EdSyfpufr+rsm; (Psychological or mental torture including)
vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; txD;usefapjcif;eJ@ todt=um;ykdif;qkdif&m tm&HkcHEkdifr_rsm;rS uif;a0;apjcif; (wu,fvkd@
'DtajctaeawGrSm tcsdef=umvmwmeJ@tr# jyif;xef+yD;wcgw&H ukoajymif;vJr&EdkifawmhwJh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
c|dK@,Gif;r_/ ynma&;qdkif&meJ@ pdwfcHpm;wkef@jyeffr_qkdif&mjyoemawG jzpfay:apEkdifygw,f?)/ tcsdefeJ@ae&m twd
tus cef@rSef;r&EkdifwJh tjrJwrf; ra&&mwJh (r=umc%qdkovkd ae&majymif;csKyfaESmifcH&jcif;) tajctaerSm
csKyfaESmifcH&jcif;/ rdom;pkaqGrsdK;rsm;udk ESdyfpufowfjzwf&ef +cdrf;ajcmufcH&jcif;/ vHk;0 OayQmðycH&jcif;/ (wu,f
owfawmhr,fhyHkpHrsdL;eJ@ ) [efaqmifuGyfrsufcH&jcif;rsm;eJ@ rdom;pkaqGrsdK;rsm; aysmufqHk;aer_wdk@jzpfygw,f?
txl;udk,fpm;vS,f&J@ vkyfief;aqmif&GufcsufawGuawmhatmufygtwdkif;jzpfygw,f
· vQH,Hk=unfEdkifavmufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGudk tpdk;&rsm;/ txl;ðytzJG@tpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;&
twGif; tzJG@tpnf;rsm;eJ@ tJef*sDtdkrsm;xHrSawmif;cHjcif;eJ@ vQHaqmif&Gufjcif;
30
· tpkd;&rsm;xH (olwdk@&J@tajctaeay:rSm ajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufay;zkd@u txl;udk,fpm;vS,f&J@ vkyfydkifcGifh
xJrSm ygaewJhtwGuf) pkd;&drfa=umifh=u&olrsm;&J@ tajctaeudk &Sif;vif;azmfjyzkd@ ta&;ay: arWm&yfcH
csufrsm; ydk@ay;ygw,f?
· txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu (ol@vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mxJrSmoufa&mufwJh) 'Dvkdtr_rsdK;awG jzpfyGm;r_rS um
uG,fzkd@twGuf w&m;0iftkyfcsKyfa&;t& ta&;,laqmif&Gufcsuf owif;tcsuftvufawGudk tpdk;&
awGqDukdvJ$ajymif;ay;ykd@ygw,f?
· oufqkdifwJhtpdk;&&J@ todtrSwfðyr_ay:rlwnf+yD; uGif;qif;awG@qHkavhvmr_awG qufvkyfygw,f?
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;cH&oleJ@ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGudk tenf;qHk; atmufygowif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;yg0ifwJh wdkif=um;csuftjzpf txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fqD a&;om;wifjy&rSmjzpfygw,f
· (ESdyfpufcH&wJh) um,uH&Sif&Jh ukd,fa&;tcsuftvuf tjynfhtpHk
· ESdyfpufr_ jzpfyGm;wJh ae@pJG (tenf;qHk; ESpfeJ@ v udk azmfjy&rSm jzpfygw,f)
· um,uH&Sif tzrf;cH&wJhae&meJ@ (odr,fqdk&if) ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_jzpfwJh wnfae&m/ a'o
· ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;wmudk vkyfaqmifwJh tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ta=umif; azmfjycsuf
· toHk;ðywJh ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;wJhyHkpHeJ@ &v'ftjzpf '%f&mtemw&jzpfr_tay: tusOf;csKyfazmfjycsuf
· wkdif=um;csuf tpD&ifcHpmwifwJh yk~dKvf/ tzJG@tpnf;&J@trnf
(rl&if;r[kwfwJhh) oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh b,ftaxmuftxm;rqkd&Jh rdWLrsm; (aq;ppfcsuf/ &JrSwfwrf;
pojzifh) ESdyfpufr_udkazmfxkwfajz&Sif;&mrSm taxmuftyHhtjzpftoHk;0ifrJh tcsuftvufrsm;tjzpf yHhykd;
wifjyay;&rSmjzpfygw,f?
tr+rsm;ukdukdifwG,fjcif;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu olvQH&&SdwJh ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;jcif;qkdif&meJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufwJh tr_wckcsif;eJ@
oufqkdifwJh ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wJh owif;tcsuftvuf tusOf;&Hk;oHk;oyfcsufawGukd oufqkdif&m tpkd;&qDukd
vJ$ajymif;ay;tyfygw,f?
31
olu (oufqdkif&m) tpdk;&udk atmufygtwdkif; arWm&yfcHygw,f
· wdkif=um;csufawGudk pHkprf;ppfaq;ay;zkd@eJ@ tJ'Du&wJh oifhawmfwJhowif;tcsuftvufawGudk
ol@qDydk@ay;zdk@
· &mxl;/ XmeeJ@ tqifhukdkr=unfhyJ ESdrfpufn‡if;yrf;r_twGuf tjypf&Sdolrsm;udk oifhawmfwJhta&;,lr_
awGvkyfzdk@ olwdk@udk&Hk;wifw&m;pJGqdkzkd@
· 'DvkdESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_rsdK; xyfray:aygufatmif umuG,fzkd@twGuf xda&mufwJh ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_
rsdK;awGvkyfzkd@
· EdkifiHwum pHE_ef;rsm;eJ@avsmfnDpGm (tESdyfpufcH) um,uH&SifeJ@ rdom;pkaqGrsdK;om;csif;rsm;udk
avsmfa=u;ay;zkd@
ta&;ay:t,lcHqkdif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu wOD;wa,muftzrf;cH&a=umif;eJ@ tJ'DwOD;wa,muf tESdyfpufcH&zkd@ pkd;&drf&wJh tajc
tae&Sdw,fvkd@ owif;tcsuftvuf&wdkif; ta&;ay:t,lcHwifEkdifygw,f? t,lcHv$mudk ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_
&yfwef@zkd@/ umuG,fzkd@ wduswJh&nf&G,fcsufeJ@twl tr_ay:rSmtm&Hkpkdufzkd@ oufqkdifwJhtpkd;&qDukd ykd@ay;
ygw,f? 'Dvkdtr_rsdK;awGrSm ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_jzpfwJh/ jzpf+yD;wJh wu,fhtaxmuftxm; rvdktyfygbl;? txl;
udk,fpm;vS,fuom wOD;wa,muftrSefwu,f xdef;odrf;cH&w,f/ ESdyfpufcH&zkd@ &Sdavmufw,fqdkwJh
,Hk=unf&avmufwJh tajccHtcsuftvufawG ygvm;qdkwmukd qHk;jzwfygw,f? ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;cH&r+a-umifh
aoqHk;r+rsm;udk w&m;0if&Hk;rwifyJ/ tusOf;&Hk; (okd‹) Oya'rJhuGyfrsufr+rsm;qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu
ukdifwG,fygw,f?
tpkd;&rsm;qDrS ta-umif;jyef-um;csufrsm;eJ‹ tr+rsm;udktao;pdwf &Sif;vif;azmfjyjcif;
tpdk;&rsm;qDu jyef=um;csufrsm;udk qufvufaqmif&Guf taumiftxnfazmfzkd@twGuf tcsuftvuf
&if;jrpfrsm;udkazmfjyzkd@ awmif;cHygw,f? tawmif;cH&&if 'DqufoG,fta=umif;=um;csufeJ@qdkkifwJh aqG;aEG;
csufawGay:rSm txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu ed*Hk;csKyfoHk;oyfr_wckðyvkyf+yD; oufqdkif&mtpkd;&awGqDukd t=uHðy
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ay;ykd@ygw,f?
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu vufeufukdiftzJG@tpnf;rsm;uusL;vGefwJh ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_tygt0if vl@tcGifhta&;
csdK;azmufr_awGudk oifhawmfwJhae&mrSm todtrSwfðyrSwfwrf;ðyxm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu
ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_ wkdif=um;csufawGudk tpdk;&rsm;/ EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&; pHE_ef;rsm;eJ@udkufnDwJh wm0ef&Sdol
tm%mydkiftzJG@tpnf;rsm; qDukdom vJ$ajymif;ay;tyfygw,f?
32
ppfwrf;ar;cGef;yHkpHv$m
ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_qdkif&mtr_awGudk owif;ykd@wkdif=um;csufawGtwGuf tr_awGwkdif=um;wifjywm vG,ful
acsmarG@apzkd@ txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu (ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;r[mrif;=uD;&Hk; tifwmeuf pmrsufESm
(http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/7/b/torture/torquest.htm) ay:rSm&EdkkifwJh) pHðyyHkpHwck jyifqif
xm;ygw,f?
taxGaxG
(2001) ukvor~taxGaxGnDvmcHudk wifoGif;wJh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ =um;jzwftpD&ifcHpmxJrSm
w&m;0ifeJ@ w&m;r0if vGwf+idrf;uif;vGwfcGifhrsm;ukdtqHk;owfzkd@ t=uHðywdkufwGef;csuf 12 csuf yg0ifygw,f?
aumfr&SifukdwifwJh txl;udk,fpm;vS,f&J@ tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm jy±emESpfckukd wifjyxm;ygw,f?
yxrwcku ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_eJ@ tjcm;&ufpuf=urf;=uKwfwJh/ vlom;rqefwJh (okd@ ) ESdrfhcs qufqHr_ (okd@ )
jypf'%fay;r_rsm;rSumuG,fwm;qD;r_qdkif&m (ppfyJGumvtwGif;rSmawmif &kyfodrf;/ ajymif;vJ/ tcsdefqJG/ ESdrfhcs
r&EkdifwJhvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;yg0ifwJh) tcGifhhta&;rsm;eJ@ 'kwd,wcku (txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&nfrSef;wJh) ESdyfpuf
n‡if;yrf;r_eJ@ tjcm;&ufpuf=urf;=uKwfwJh/ vlom;rqefwJh (okd@ ) ESdrfhcsqufqHr_ (okd@ ) jypf'%fay;r_ rsm;udk
(tpdk;&rsm;eJ@ tJef*sDtkdrsm;qDrSvQH&&SdwJh pdwfcs,Hk=unf&avmufwJh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t&) umuG,f
wm;qD;zkd@ &nf&G,fwJh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;xlaxmifr_eJ@ vufawG@toHk;ðyr_awG qef;ppfavhvma&;udk qufvkyfzkd@
jzpfygw,f?
33
bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifheJ‹ ,Hk-unfr+vGwfvyfcGifhqkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON FREEDOM OF RELIGION OR BELIEF
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 1986/20 t&csrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfr+rsm;ESifh tvkyfvkyfyHkenf;pepf
bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifheJ@ ,Hk=unfr_vGwfvyfcGifhqdkif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ vkyfykdifcGifhu (1948) uBmh
vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;/ eJ@ (1966) tjynfjynfqdkif&m EkdifiHa&;ESifh taxGaxG vlr_tcGifhta&;rsm;
qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufay:rSm t"dutm;jzifh tajccHygw,f? uBmtESH@rSmjzpfyGm;wJh jy±emrsm;/ tpkd;&
rsm;&J@ ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;eJ@ (1981) bmoma&;eJ@ ,Hk=unfouf0ifr_udktajccHwJh ESdrfhcsqufqHr_eJ@
bmoma&;t& tpGef;a&mufwJh yHkpHtm;vHk;ukd z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;a&; a=unmcsuftay: 0da&m"djzpfr_rsm;udk
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu pHkprf;ppfaq;+yD; 'Dtajctaersm;twGuf ðyjyifta&;,lr_rsm;udk wdkufwGef;t=uHðy
ygw,f?
bmoma&;eJ@ ,Hk=unfouf0ifr_udktajccHwJh ESdrfhcsqufqHr_eJ@ bmoma&;t& tpGef;a&mufwJh csdK;azmufwJh
yHkpHckepfrsdK;udk txl;udkk,fpm;vS,fu trsdK;tpm;cJGjcm;owfrSwfay;ygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh
bmoma&;eJ‹ ,Hk-unfr+qdkif&mudpPrsm;ay: ESdrfhcszdESdyfr+rvkyfa&; pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk csdK;azmufjcif;rsm;
Oya'vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awG/ rl0g'awG/ ESdrfhcscJGjcm;wJh vufawG@vkyfaqmifr_awGeJ@ (u) bmoma&;eJ@ ,Hk=unf
ouf0ifr_t& xl;jcm;wJhvl@tzJG@tpnf;awG (txl;ojzifh tJ'Dvl@tzJG@tpnf;awGu vlenf;pk (okd@ ) w&m;0if
jyXmef;xm;wJh bmoma&; (okd@ ) w&m;0iftodtrSwfðy xm;wJhbmoma&;udk rukd;uG,fwJhvlenf;pkeJ@ (c)
xHk;wrf;pOfvm/ bmoma&;t&eJ@ ,Hk=unfr_tay: tajccHwJh trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: qef@usifr_tay: qef@usif
wJh v_yf&Sm;vkyfaqmifr_awG
bmoma&;eJ‹ ,Hk-unfr+qdkif&mudpPrsm;ay: onf;cHa&; pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk csdK;azmufjcif;rsm;
'gawGu EkdifiHeJ@vl@tzJG@tpnf;ay: bmoma&;t& tpGef;a&mufr_awG/ txl;ojzifh bmoma&;eJ@ ,Hk=unf
ouf0ifr_tay:/ tpkd;&r[kwfwJh EkdifiHa&;-bmoma&;tzJG@awGeJ@ oifhawmfqufpyfaewJh aqmif&Gufr_awG/
bmoma&;tpGef;a&muf0g'&J@ jy±emeJ@qufpyfaewJh txif&Sm;qHk; azmfjya=unmcsufawGtjyif bmoma&;
wif;rmr_udk wGef;tm;ay;0g'jzef@ay;aewJh owif;u¾tygt0if ta&;,laqmif&GufcsufawG/ rl0g'awG/
vufawG@vkyfaqmifcsufawG
34
awG;ac:r+qdkif&m/ ,Hk-unfcsufqkdif&m bmoma&;eJ‹ ,Hk-unfouf0ifr+qdkif&m
vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk csdK;azmufjcif;rsm;
'gawGu rl0g'awG/ Oya'vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awG/ vufawG@udPawG/ ,Hk=unfr_qkdif&m&nfrSef;csuf pnf;rsOf;awGeJ@
xdyfwkdufjzpfaewJh ta&;,laqmif&GufcsufawGeJ@ wOD;csif;&J@ bmoma&;ukd;uG,fr_/ ,Hk=unfr_udk qufvuf
xdrf;odrf;cGifheJ@ ajymif;vJcGifhqdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhawGjzpfygw,f?
wOD;csif;&J‹ bmoma&;eJ‹ ,Hk-unfr+qdkif&mudpPrsm;ay: (rnfonfhbmomudk;uG,f a-umif;)
a-unmykdifcGifhudk csdK;azmufjcif;rsm;
'DxJrSm wOD;csif;&J@bmoma&;eJ@ ,Hk=unfr_qdkif&mudPrsm;tay: xdef;csKyfr_awG/ 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_awG/ wm;jrpf
[ef@wm;r_awGeJ@ uef@owfr_awG yg0ifwJhrl0g'awG/ Oya'eJ@ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awG/ vufawG@udPawGeJ@ ta&;,l
aqmif&GufcsufawG yg0ifygw,f/
bmoma&;eJ‹ywfoufwJh ydkifqdkifr+rsm;tay: cef‹cJGykdifcGifhukd csdK;azmufjcif;rsm;
'gawGu (twif;tusyftodrf;cHxm;&wJh bmoma&;qdkif&m ykdifqkdifr_twGuf avsmfa=u;yHkpHt& r[kwfyJ)
bmoma&;ydkifqdkifr_twGuf pDrHaqmif&Gufr_qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhudk xdcdkufapwJh/ ukd;uG,f&mae&m (AvD/
bk&m;/ bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;/ 0wfðyausmif;qDudk twm;tqD;awG/ ydwfyifcH&wmawG/ aemufvdkufukd;uG,fol
ta&twGufuef@owfcH&wmawG) oGm;EkdifcGifhukdjiif;y,fcH&wmawG/ udk;uG,f&m ae&mudk tcGeftaumuf
taumufcH&wmeJ@ 0wfðyudk;uG,f&mtaqmuftOD;awG/ ocõsKif;awG/ bmoma&;ausmif;awG zsufqD;cH&wm
awGtjyif (bmoma&;tvkyfawGtygt0if) bmoma&;qdkif&m ydkifqdkifr_awGudk odrf;,lwmawGyg0ifwJh
rl0g'awG/ vufawG@udPawGeJ@ ta&;,laqmif&GufcsufawGjzpfygw,f?
(bmoma&;acgif;aqmifawGeJ‹ opPm&SdolawG)&J‹ &kyfykdif;qkdif&m *k%foduQmeJ‹
usef;rma&;tay: csdK;azmufjcif;rsm;
'gawGu +cdrf;ajcmufr_awG/ (u|efðyr_/ t"Rðyusifhr_/ zrf;qD;r_eJ@ xdrf;odrf;xm;r_/ twif;tusyf tajctae
a=umifh aysmufqHk;oGm;r_awG/ ao'%ftjypfay;r_awG/ uGyfrsufjcif;eJ@ owfjzwfwmawGtygt0if) rw&m;
qufqHcH&wmawGtwGuf rl0g'awG/ vufawG@udPawGeJ@ ta&;,laqmif&GufcsufawG
trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: csdK;azmufr+rsm;
'gutxufazmfjyyg csdK;azmufr_trsdK;tpm;ajcmufck&J@ trsdK;orD;rsm;eJ@qdkifwJh wdusxl;jcm;wJh avsmufxm;
csufawGudk &nfn$ef;ygw,f?
35
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
tedrfhqHk;tajccHvdktyfcsufawGu atmufazmfjyygawGeJ@udkufnD&rSmjzpfygw,f
· wdkif=um;wifjycH um,uH&Sifrsm;&J@ (trnf/ ae&yfpojzifhh) azmfjycsuf
· wdkif=um;wifjycH usL;vGefolrsm;&J@ (trnf/ ae&yfpojzifh) azmfjycsuf
· wdkif=um;wifjyr_ ðyvkkyfwJhtzJG@tpnf;awG/ woD;yk~vawG&J@ (trnf/ ae&yfpojzifh) azmfjycsuf
· csdK;azmufr_ jzpfyGm;cJhwJh jy±em&J@ aemufqufwJGtajctaersm;tay: tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;azmfjy
csufawG yg0ifygw,f?
taxGaxG
txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu aumfr&SifudkwifjywJh +yD;cJhwJhvuf&SdtpD&ifcHpmtjyif (pydefEkdifiHr'&pfòrd@rSm 2001
ckESpfu usif;ycJhwJh) bmoma&;eJ@ ,Hk=unfr_qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifh/ onf;cHr_eJ@ cJGjcm;ESdrfhcsjcif;rðywJh qufqHa&;
pojzifheJ@ qufEG,fwJh ausmif;ynma&;qdkif&m EkdifiHwumtwdkifyifcHnDvmcH&J@ aemufqHk;taxmuftxm;
tcsuftvufudkvnf; yHhykd;ay;ygw,f? tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm bmoma&;eJ@ ,Hk=unfr_qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifh/
bmoma&;t&eJ@ xHk;wrf;pOfvmt&ay:rlwnfwJh trsdK;orD;rsm; tajctaetay: avhvmoif=um;a&;
vJyg0ifygw,f? txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu ,Ofaus;r_awG/ xHk;wrf;pOfvmawGu trsdK;orD;rsm;&J@ tcGifhta&;
qdkif&mawGeJ@ wef;wl&Sdoifhw,fqkdwmudk tav;ay;xm;ygw,f? oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh ukvor~ vkyfief;
,œ&m;tm;vHk;u bmoma&;eJ@ xHk;wrf;pOfvmt& trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; epfemapr_udkk wdkufzsufzkd@ tpDtpOf
wckukd csrSwfoifhw,fvkd@ txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu ol@&J@wkdufwGef; t=uHðycsufxJrSm xyfrHwifjyygw,f?
36
uav;oli,frsm;tm;a&mif;csjcif;/ uav;jynfhwefqmeJ‹ uav; npfnrf; "gwfyHk/ pmay/ AD'D,dk/
&kyf&Sif qdkif&mudpPrsm;twGuf txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SALE OF CHILDREN, CHILD PROSTITUTION
AND CHILD PORNOGRAPHY
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 1990/68 t& csrSwfqHk;jzwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfr_rsm;ESifh tvkyfvkyfyHkenf;pepf
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@vkyfydkifcGifhu uav;oli,frsm;tm;a&mif;csjcif;/ uav;jynfhwefqmeJ@ uav; npfnrf;
pmay/ "gwfyHk/ AD'D,dk/ &kyf&Sifrsm;&J@ jzpfyGm;yHktajccHtcsuftvufrsm;udk avhvmzkd@tjyif 'DvkdtvJGoHk;pm;r_
rsm;udk [ef@wm;zkd@twGuf wdkufwGef;t=uHðycsufrsm;ðyvkyfEkdkif&ef &nf&G,fygw,f? txl;udk,fpm;vS,f&J@
vkyfydkifcGifhu uav;oli,frsm; txl;ojzifh (1989) uav;oli,frsm;tcGifhta&;qkdif&m nDvmcHeJ@
'g&J@ (a&G;cs,fcGifh&SSdwJh/ vkyfcsifrSvkyfvkyfp&mvkdwJh) oabmwlnDcsuf pmcsKyftjzpf (ar 2000 ckESpfrSm pwif
csrSwf+yD; 2002 ZM0g&DrSm touf0ifwJh) uav;oli,frsm;a&mif;csjcif;/ uav;jynfhwefqmeJ@ uav;npfnrf;
pmay/ "gwfyHk/ AD'D,dk/ &kyf&Sif qdkif&m tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; vkyfief;abmiftwGif; taumiftxnf
azmfygw,f?
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ vkyfief;wm0efawGu atmufygtr_awGrSm ta&;,laqmif&Gufzdk@jzpfygw,f
· uav;rsm;tm;a&mif;csjcif;/ uav;jynfhwefqmeJ@ uav;npfnrf; pmay/ "gwfyHk/ AD'D,dk/ &kyf&Sif
· rdbtkyfxdef;r_atmuf/ tzJG@tpnf;rsm;/ 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;/ ausmif;rSmxdef;odrf;xm;pOf pojzifh
w&m;0iftkyfxdef;olrsm; vufwGif; (odk@ ) uav;oli,ftm; tkyfxdef;ol rnfolrqdk. vufwGif;&SdpOf
uav;rsm;tm; vdifykdif;qkdif&m tvJGoHk;pm;ðyr_
· rnfonfh &nf&G,fcsuftwGufrqdk uav;ukeful;jcif;
· txufazmfjyyg rnfonfh usL;vGefr_rsm;rSmrqdk uav;oli,frsm; tœ&,ft=uD;tus,f&Sdaer_
t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;
atmufygt"d`m,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;u uav;oli,frsm;a&mif;csjcif;/ uav;jynfhwefqmeJ@ uav;npfnrf;
pmay/ "gwfyHk/ AD'D,dk/ &kyf&SifudPawGtwGufcsrSwfwJh (a&G;cs,fcGifh&SSdwJh/ vkyfcsifrSvkyfvkyfp&mvkdwJh) pmcsKyf/
tydk'fcJG 2 t&csrSwfxm;wmjzpfygw,f?
· uav;a&mif;csr_rsm;-aiGa=u;twGufeJ@ tjcm;rnfonfh &nf&G,fcsuftwGufrqdk uav;oli,fu
rnfolwOD;csif; (okd@ ) tkyfpkrsm;&J@vJ$ajymif;cH&wJh rnfonfhvkyf&yfrqkd (uav;a&mif;csjcif;uul;oef;
37
a&mif;0,fjcif;qdkif&m tjrwfxkwfr_&nf&G,fcsufrsm;/ &mZ0wfr_qdkif&mvkyfief;awGtwGuf/ awmif;&rf;
jcif;twGuf/ vufeufukdifyËdyQrsm;twGuf/ t"Rvkyftm;twGuf/ tm;upm;twGuf/ arG;pm;jcif;
twGuf/ tdrfaxmifa&;twGuf/ olwkd@&J@cýmudk,f tpdwftydkif;rsm;twGufeJ@tjcm;aom &nf&G,fcsuf
rsm;twGuf toHk;cszkd@ ) yg0ifygw,f?
· uav;jynfhwefqm- aiGa=u;twGufeJ@ tjcm;rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsuftwGufrqdk uav;oli,ftm;
vdifykdif;qkdif&m vkyfief;rsm;twGuf toHk;csr_
· uav;npfnrf; pmay/ "gwfyHk/ AD'D,dk/ &kyf&Sif-rnfonfhenf;vrf;t& wifqufr_rsm;rqdk uav;oli,f
yg0ifywfoufaewJh trSefwu,f (okd@ ) [efjy vdifydkif;qdkif&m &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; vkyfaqmifr_rsm; (odk@ )
t"dutaeeJ@ vdifydkif;qdkif&mEd_;qGzdk@ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf uav;oli,f&J@ vdifykdif;qdkif&m tpdwf
tydkif;awGudkazmfjywJh rnfonfhwifqufjyojcif;rsm;rqdk
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
qufoG,faqmif&Gufcsuf (wdkifwef;zdk@twGuf) twGuf atmufygowif;tcsuftvufawG yg0if&rSm
jzpfygw,f?
· a,bl,s owif;tcsuftvuf?
vlb,fESpfa,muf yg0ifw,f/ a,muFsm;av; i,fi,fvm;/ vlydsKaygufvm;/ rdef;uav;i,fi,fvm;/
tysdKaygufvm;/ tr_jzpfyGm;cJhwJh wdkif;jynf&J@emrnfeJ@ usL;vGefcH um,uH&SifawG bmvlrsdK;vJqdkwJh
tcsufawG
· oufqdkifolrsm;&J@ ukdk,fa&;taxmuftxm;?
emrnftjynfhtpHk/ vdif/ arG;oU&mZf/ touf/ vlrsdK;/ (tqifajyr,fqdk&if) vlrsdK;pkaemufcH
tcsuftvuf
· wkdif=um;wJh csdK;azmufr_?
ae@pJG/ ae&m/ tcsdefeJ@ tr_oGm;tr_vm/ yg0ifusL;vGefolta&twGuf/ usL;vGefcHum,uH&Sifu
usL;vGefolukdodrod/ usL;vGefolbmvlrsdL;vJ/ tr_twGufwm0ef&Sdw,fvdk@,lq&olrsm; (tpkd;&eJ@
ywfoufol/ tpkd;&eJ@rywfoufol)? tr_twGufrsufjrifoufaoawG&Sdw,fqkd&if olwdk@emrnfawG/
touf/ usL;vGefcHum,uH&SifeJ@b,fvkdywfoufvJqdkwm&,feJ@ qufoG,fzkd@vdyfpmyg xnfhoGif; azmfjy
ay;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ olwdk@u emrnfrazmfjyapcsifbl;qdk&if olwdk@uaqGrsdK;om;csif;awGvm;/ jzwfoGm;
jzwfvmawGvm; pojzifh qdkwmawGawmh azmfjyay;yg?
· um,uH&Sifu/ ol@rdom;pku (okd@ ) ol@udk,fpm;aqmif&Gufay;olrnfolrqdku aqmif&GufcJhwJh tqifhawG?
wdkif=um;csufudk oufqkdif&modk@ wifjy+yD;jyDvm; (okd@ ) rwif&ao;bl;vm;/ wifjy+yD;&if b,fwkef;uvJ/
b,foluwifwmvJ/ b,ftm%mydkifqD (odk@ ) b,fvkyfydkifcGifh&SdwJh tzJG@tpnf;ukdwifwmvJ/ tjcm;
tqifhawG aqmif&Gufr_&Sdr&Sd/ tm%mykdifawGuaqmif&Gufxm;wJhtqifhawG/ tm%mydkifawG pHkprf;
38
ppfaq;r_awG vkyfxm;rxm;/ vkyfxm;&if b,fvkdpHkprf;ppfaq;a&;trsdK;tpm;qdkwmeJ@ 'DpHkprf; ppfaq;r_
awG&J@wdk;wufr_eJ@ tajctaeudk azmfjyay;yg?
· wdkif=um;csufwifjyol&Jh udk,fa&;taxmuftxm;?
emrnf/ tqifhtwef; (woD;yk~v/ tzJG@tpnf;/ tJef*sDtdk/ tpdk;& pojzifh) qufoG,fEkdifwJh zkef;eHygwf
'grSr[kwf vdyfpm?
tr+rsm;udkudkkifwG,fjcif;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu tpkd;&awGudkjzpfcJhwJhtr_awG/ uav;awG&J@tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fay;Ekdifzkd@ tpdwf
tydkif;wcktjzpf ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_eJ@ wm;jrpfydwfyifr_awGvkdtyfwJh tajctaeawGtay: tm&Hkpkdufapzkd@
&nf&G,fcsufeJ@twl oufqkdif&mtpkd;&qDukd pmawGay;ykd@ygw,f? wdkif=um;csufawGtwGuf aqmif&Gufxm;wJh
pHkprf;ppfaq;r_ tao;pdwftcsuftvufawGukd wifjyyHhykd;ay;zkd@ txl;udkk,fpm;vS,fu oufqdkif&mtpkd;&
awGudk wdkufwGef;ygw,f? wu,fvdk@ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu ta=umif;jyefaqmif&GufcsufawGu auseyf
tm;&p&mr&Sdbl;vkd@ ,lq&if olu usL;vGefcHum,uH&SifqDu 'grSr[kwf tjcm;&if;jrpfawGu wqifh
aemufxyf owif;tcsuftvufawG&SmazGpkaqmif;ygw,f?
ta&;ay:t,lcHqkdif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu ta&;ay:t,lcHawGtay:rSm txl;ojzifh umuG,fwm;qD;zdk@ ta=umif;jycsufeJ@twl
ta&;,laqmif&GufEkdif+yD; 'Dt,lcHawGudk oufqkdif&mtpkd;&&Jh oufqkdif&m 0ef=uD;XmeawGqDukd wdkuf&dkuf
ay;ykd@Ekdifygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu wdkif=um;csufyg usL;vGefcH um,uH&SifawGeJ@ olwdk@&J@aqGrsdK;om;csif;
awGqDutjyif tjcm;owif;&if;jrpfrsm;qDu ckdifrmwJh owif;tcsuftvufawG&SmazGEdkifygw,f?
ppfwrf;ar;cGef;yHkpHv$m
txl;udk,fpm;vS,fqDukd owif;tcsuftvufwifjywdkifwef;csifolawGtoHk;ðyEkdifzdk@ owif;tcsuftvuf
yHkpHwckudk txl;udk,fpm;vS,f&J@ aumfr&SifqDwifwJh tpD&ifcHpm (UN document reference E/CN. 4/2002/88) rSm&Edkifygw,f?
taxGaxG
+yD;cJhwJhtpD&ifcHpmawGrSm uav;awGudk umuG,fay;&mrSm ta&;ygw,fvkd@,Hk=unf&wJh enf;vrf;awG
(w&m;Oya'pepf/ ynma&;/ owif;u¾eJ@ rdom;pkpojzifh) &J@tcef;u¾awGudk txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu
trsdK;tpm;cJG+yD;qef;ppfxm;ygw,f? txl;udk,fpm;vS,f&J@ tpD&ifcHpmawGu w&m;Oya'pepf/ owif;u¾/
ynma&;/ vlukeful;r_/ tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_eJ@ yk~dKvfa&;tajctaeawGyg0ifwJh t"dutaetxm;udk
tm&Hkpkdufxm;ygw,f? (2002) rSm aumfr&SifudkwifwJhtpD&ifcHpmxJrSm txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu uav;rsm;
tay: vdifykdif;qdkif&mtjrwfxkwfr_eJ@ HIV/AIDS ywfoufqufEG,fr_awGudk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfxm;+yD;
39
(uav;oli,feJ@ t&G,fa&muf+yD;ol ESpfOD;pvHk; jynfhwefqmvkyfief;eJ@ywfouf&if ) uav;oli,frsm;u
t&G,fa&muf+yD; olrsm;xufydk+yD; (&kyfykdif;qkdif&m tm;enf;csuft&eJ@ udk,fhukdukd,f b,fvdkumuG,f&rvJ
qdkwJhA[kokweJ@ tawG@tñuH acgif;yg;r_awGa=umifh) Akdif;&yfpful;pufzkd@ tœ&m,fydkrsm;w,f qdkwmawG@&Sd
xm;ygw,f?
40
rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfief;tzJG‹
WORKING GROUP ON ARBITRARY DETENTION (WGAD)
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 1991/ 42 t& qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfr+rsm;ESifh tvkyfvkyfyHkenf;pepf
(1948) uBmhvl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;/ (1988) rnfonfhyHkpHt&rqdk xdef;odrf;axmifcscH&ol tm;vHk;ukd
umuG,fay;zdk@eJ@ oufqdkif&mEkdifiHwkdif;u vQHwJh tjcm;oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh EdkifiHwumvkyfenf; pnf;
rsOf;awGukdcsdK;azmufwJh wzufowf&Sif;vif;&kyfodrf;r_awG/ vGwfvyfr_uif;rJhwJh tr_awGudk pHkprf;ppfaq;zkd@
twGuf WGAD udkvkyfykdifcGifhay;xm;ygw,f? (w&m;0ift&/ w&m;Oya' vrf;a=umif;t& r[kwfyJ)
umv=umjrifhpGm xdef;odrf;cH&olawG/ a&$@ajymif;tajccsolawGeJ@ EdkifiHa&;ckdv_HcGifh awmif;oltm;vHk; vkdtyfwJh
tav;xm;tm&Hkpkdufr_awG vkyfaqmifzkd@eJ@ 'Dtay:rSm tuJjzwfavhvmr_awG vkyfzkd@twGufvJ WGAD udkvkyfykdifcGifhay;xm;ygw,f? (1966) tjynfjynfqdkif&m EkdifiHa&;ESifh taxGaxGvlr_ tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m
oabmwlnDcsuf (okd@ ) pmcsKyfxJrSmrygao;wJh EkdifiHawGtwGuf tjcm;oufqkdifoifhawmfwJh vl@tcGifhta&;
pmcsKyfawGudkrusifhoHk;yJeJ@ qHk;jzwfcsufawGcsrJhtpm; tjrifawGay;zkd@ aumfr&Sifu wdkufwGef;xm;wJh WGAD
&J@tvkyftay: wm;jrpfcsKyfukdifr_tcsdK@udk (aumfr&Sif) qHk;jzwfcsufu twnfðyygw,f? vkyfief;qkdif&m
enf;vrf;awG txl;ojzifhvQH&&SdwJh qufoG,fwifjycsufawGudk vQHcGifhðyEkdifpGrf;eJ@ tpdk;&awG&J@ta=umif;
jyef=um;csuftcsdefowfrSwfcsufjzpfwJh &uf 90 owfrSwfcsufudk (twdk;tavsmhawGeJ@twl) vdkufavsmnDaxG
jzpfapzkd@udk jyefoHk;oyfppfaq;zkd@ WGAD ukd awmif;qdkxm;ygw,f?
Oya'rJhcsKyfaESmifr_wdkifwef;wJh woD;yk~vtr_awGrSm csKyfaESmifr_u w&m;vufvGwfOya'rJh csKyfaESmifwm
[kwfr[kwfudk owfrSwfzkd@twGuf apm'uwufr_awGudk WGAD uavhvmygw,f? qHk;jzwfcsufcsEkdifwJh
taetxm;udka&mufzdk@ WGAD uowif;tcsuftvuf vHkvHkavmufavmuf&wJhtxd tr_udk
qufzGifhxm;rSmjzpfygw,f? WGAD &J@ tr_wckrSm yg0ifywfoufr_twdrfteufu vQH&&SdwJh (txdef;
odrf;cH&ol&Jh rdom;pk 'grSr[kkwf ukd,fpm;vS,f/ tJef*sDtdkawG/ tpdk;&awGeJ@ tpdk;&wGif;Xmersm;u wdkif=um;wJh)
qufoG,fwkdifwef;csufeJ@ ywfoufygw,f? w&m;vufvGwf vGwfvyfcGifhqHk;&_H;r_awGudk azmfxkwfwJh tr_
awGudk WGAD u olukd,fwdkifOD;aqmifpwifr_eJ@twlukdifwG,fEkdifygw,f? vQHEkdifavmufwJh qufoG,f
wkdif=um;csufawGtwGuf a'oqdkif&majz&Sif;csufawG tm;enf;oGm;p&m ta=umif;r&Sdygbl;? tpkd;&awG&J@
zdwf=um;csuft& WGAD u xdef;odrf;r_ðycJhwJhae&mawGqDukd (xdef;odrf;wJh tajctaeawGwifru tusOf;
om;awG&J@w&m;0if taetxm;udk =unfh&_Ekdifzkd@twGuf) oGm;a&muf uGif;qif;avhvmEdkkifygw,f?
w&m;vufvGwf zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;r+trsdK;tpm;rsm;
w&m;vufvGwf vGwfvyfcGifhqHk;&_H;r_awGudk xda&mufpGmudkifwG,fzkd@ taxGaxGpnf;rsOf;wcktjzpf WGAD
u atmufygtrsdK;tpm;oHk;rsdK;udk &nfn$ef;toHk;ðyygw,f
41
· trsdK;tpm; 1?
(tusOf;om;wa,muftwGuf csrSwfxm;wJhjypf'%fumvjynfh+yD;csdef (okd@ ) taxGaxG vGwfjidrf;
csrf;omcGifhatmufrSm tusHK;0ifayrJhvJ qufvufcsKyfaESmifcHxm;&jcif; pojzifh) b,fw&m;0if tajccH
tajctaeeJ@rS qufEG,fvdk@r&wmxif&Sm;wJh vGwfvyfcGifhqHk;&_H;r_u w&m;vufvGwf jzpfaewJhtr_awG
· trsdK;tpm; 2?
(1948) tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;utmrcHcsufay;xm;wJh vGwfvyfcGifhawG/
tajccHtcGifhta&;awG (txl;ojzifh tydk'fcJG 7/ 13/ 14/ 18/ 19/ 20 eJ@ 21) eJ@ (1966) tjynfjynf
qdkif&m EkdifiHa&;eJ@ taxGaxGvlr_tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf (txl;ojzifh tykd'fcJG 12/
18/ 19/ 21/ 22/ 25/ 26 eJ@ 27) udk usifhoHk;r_&J@&v'feJ@ w&m;vufvGwf vGwfvyfr_qHk;&_H;wJh tr_
awG? 'Dtykd'fcJGawGu awG;ac:r_/ bmoma&;eJ@ ,Hk=unfr_/ xifjrif,lqcsuf/ azmfjyykkdifcGifh/ jidrf;csrf;pGm
pka0;ydkifcGifheJ@ tzJG@tpnf;toif;yif;zJG@pnf;ydkifcGifh qkdif&mvGwfvyfcGifh udk&nfn$ef;ygw,f?
· trsdK;tpm; 3?
w&m;r#wwJh w&m;pD&ifr_qdkif&mtcGifhta&;eJ@ywfoufaewJh tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf
tm;vHk; (okd@ ) tpdwftydkif;wckt& avhvmqef;ppfr_rðywJh tr_awGu b,ftrsdK;tpm;t&yJ jzpfjzpf
vGwfvyfcGifhcsdK@wJhr_eJ@ w&m;vufvGwfobm0&SdwJh tr_awGeJ@ E_dif;,SOfn‡dE_dif;ygw,f? owdðy&rJhtcsuf
uawmh &Hk;rwifrDcsKyfaESmifxm;jcif; (okd@ ) trdef@t&csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;eJ@ trdef@cs+yD; aemufydkif;axmif
'%fumvrsm;vJyg0ifEkdifygw,f?
Oya'rJhtjzpf owfrSwfEkdifwJh w&m;vufvGwfzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifr_qdkif&m (w&m;rr#wwJh) &Hk;rwifrDeJ@ trdef@
cst+yD; tajctaeawG&J@ tao;pdwfpm&if;udk WGAD uyHhykd;wifjyxm;ygw,f?
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
tr_awGukd wwfEkdifor# atmufygowif;tcsuftvufawGxnfhoGif;+yD; a&;om;wifjy&rSm jzpfygw,f?
· tzrf;qD;cH/ xdef;odrf;cH&ol&J@ udk,fa&;taxmuftxm;
· zrf;wJh/ xdef;odrf;wJh ae&m/ ae@pJG/ tr_tay:wm0ef&SdwJh (usL;vGefwJh) tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ tjcm;&Ekdif
or#owif;tcsuftvufawG
· zrf;qD;/ xdef;odrf;jcif;rsm;eJ@ywfouf+yD; tm%mykdifawG&J@ ta=umif;jycsufawG
· tr_eJ@oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh Oya'
· xdef;odrf;r_udk twnfðyzkd@ jynfwGif;twdkif;twmt& aqmif&Gufxm;+yD;om;tqifhawG/ txl;ojzifh
tkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ Oya'ydkif;qdkif&mtm%mydkifawGudkcsOf;uyfr_awG/ bma=umifh 'DtqifhawG rxda&mufw,f/
raqmif&GufcJhw,fqdkwJh &v'fawGeJ@ ta=umif;jycsufawG
42
· w&m;vufvGwf xdef;odrf;r_tjzpf 'Dtr_eJ@ywfoufwJh ta=umif;jycsuftwdkcsKyf
· owif;wkdif=um;csuf wifoGif;olrsm;eJ@ywfoufwJh xl;jcm;csuftjynfhtpHk
tr+rsm;udk ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;
wdkif-um;csufawGudk jiif;qkdwkH‹jyefzkd‹twGuf tpdk;&rsm;udktcGifhta&;wpf&yfay;jcif;
w&m;vufvGwftxdef;odrf;cH&w,fvkd@ owfrSwfcH&wJhtr_awGudk &uf 90 twGif; (tr_eJ@ ywfoufor#
tcsuftvufawGtjyif oufqkdifwJhyk'frawGay:rSm) WGAD udk jyefvnfta=umif;jyefzdk@ zdwfac:csufeJ@
twl oufqkdifwJhtpkd;&awGqDudk vJ$ajymif;ay;ygw,f? trdef@ay;xm;wJh pHkprf;ppfaq;csufawG&J@ &v'feJ@
wdk;wufr_ owif;tcsuftvufawGudk jyefvnfwifjyyHhydk;ay;zkd@udkvnf; tpdk;&awGudk awmif;qdkygw,f?
WGAD &JŒtjrifrsm;
pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;wJh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t& atmufazmfjyygrsm;xJuwpfckudk WGAD u a&G;cs,fygw,f
· WGAD u tr_ukdpukdifwG,f+yD;aemufykdif;rSm xdef;odrf;cH&olvGwfoGm;w,fqkd&if tr_udk odrf;qnf;
xm;vdkufzkd@ qHk;jzwfEkdifygw,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf tr_uwu,f w&m;vufvGwf xdef;odrf;cH&wmvm;/
xdef;odrf;cH&wJhtajctaeawGu csrSwfxm;wJh owfrSwfcsufawGxJ tusHK;0ifvm;/ txl;ta&;ay:
tajctaevm;qkdwm WGAD uqHk;jzwfykdifcGifh &Sdygw,f
· tr_u wu,fw&m;vufvGwfxdef;odrf;cH&wmr[kwfbl; qdkwm WGAD u qHk;jzwfEkdifygw,f?
· WGAD u oufqdkifwJhtpkd;&awGqDu/ wdkif=um;wJh&if;jrpfqDu aemufxyfowif; tcsuftvuf
xyfrH&SmazG pkaqmif;aepOfrSm tr_wckudka&$@qdkif;xm;Ekdifygw,f
· vHkavmufwJhowif;tcsuftvufeJ@ rjynfhpHkbl;vkd@owfrSwf&if WGAD u tr_udk odrf;qnf; xm;Ekdif
ygw,f?
· tr_wcku w&m;vufvGwfxdef;odrf;cH&wJh oabmobm0awGeJ@udkufnD&if WGAD u tr_udk
w&m;vufvGwfxdef;odrf;r_tjzpf owfrSwfa=unm+yD; oufqkdif&mtpkd;&awGqDukd wdkufwGef; t=uHay;
csufawG ydk@ay;ygw,f?
WGAD &JŒ “*&kwpkdufpOf;pm;csufrsm;” (w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;csufrsm;)
WGAD u a,bl,sobm0eJ@ ywfouf+yD; wnf+idrfpdwfcs&wJh rl0g'awGcsrSwf+yD; w&m;vufvGwfxdef;
odrf;jcif;udk umuG,fwm;qD;zkd@/ wdkkufzsuf[ef@wm;zdk@ &nf&G,fcsufawGeJ@ tpkd;&awGukdulnDEkdifzkd@ “*&kwpkduf
43
pOf;pm;csuftjzpf” (w&m;0ifaqG;aEG;csuftjzpf) od=uwJh rlwck&J@ yHkpHudkvJcsrSwfEdkifygw,f?
aetdrftus,fcskKyfjy±em/ a&$@ajymif;aexkdifolrsm;&J@ tajctaeawGeJ@ EkdifiHa&;ckdv_HcGifhawmif;cHolawGudk
vkyftm;rSwqifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&; OD;wnfcsufay:rSm vGwfvyfcGifh qHk;&_H;r_tygt0if WGAD u
tJ'D*&kwpkdufpOf;pm;csuf ajcmufckudkcsrSwf+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? aumfr&Sifukd aemufqHk;wifxm;wJh tpD&ifcH
pmrSm tem*gwfrSmjzpfEkdifwJh pdwfa0'emqdkif&m xdef;odrf;r_udpPtwGuf aqG;aEG;csufudk WGAD u wifjy
xm;ygw,f?
ta&;ay:t,lcHqkdif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;
wOD;wa,mufu w&m;vufvGwf zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cHxm;&+yD; tJ'Dxdef;odrf;r_u ol@&Jhusef;rma&;ukd
pdk;&drfp&maumif;wJh taetxm;txd xdcdkufapw,fvkd@ jynfhpHk,Hk=unf pdwfcs&avmufwJh wkdif=um;csufawG
twGuf ta&;ay:vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;wckudk WGAD upDpOfxm;ygw,f? w&m;&Hk;u v$wfrdef@ay;ayr,fhvJ
v$wfzkd@ysufuGufwJhtwGuf tajctaet& 'Dvkdta&;ay:t,lcHwifzkd@vkdtyfw,fvkd@ WGAD u ,lq&if
tjcm;tajctaeawGay:rSm ta&;ay:t,lcHawG rwifcsifvJwif&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvkdtr_awGrSm txdef;odrf;cH
yk~dKvf&J@ &kyfykdkif;eJ@pdwfykdif;qkdif&m *k%fodQmawGudk av;pm;a&;/ touf&Sifzkd@tcGifhta&;awG aocsmapzkd@
tpdk;&awGukdtjref ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;zkd@ arWm&yfcHawmif;qkdcsufeJ@twl ta&;ay: t,lcHudk WGAD
u oufqdkifwJhtpdk;&awGqDukd ay;ydk@ygw,f? txdef;odrf;cH&ol&Jhusef;rma&;tajctaeu tifrwefqdk;w,f
vkd@,lq&&if WGAD u txdef;odrf;cH&olukd tjrefqHk;v$wfay;zkd@ oufqkdif&m tpkd;&awGudk t,lcHv$may;ykd@
Ekdifygw,f?
tpkd;&rsm;qDrS ta-umif;jyef-um;csufrsm;eJ‹ tr+rsm;udktao;pdwf &Sif;vif;azmfjyjcif;
tpdk;&awGqDu WGAD ukdjyef=um;wJh jyef=um;csuf rSefor#udk aemufqufwJGrSwfcsufawG/ avhvmoHk;oyfr_
awGtwGuf (wkdif=um;csuf) &if;jrpfqDudk vJ$ajymif;ykd@ay;ygw,f? tu,fI owfrSwfxm;wJh tcsdefausmfwJh
txdtpkd;&u ta=umif;jyef=um;csufrydk@bl;qdk&if WGAD u &EkdifwJh owif;tcsuftvufay: rlwnf+yD;
taetxm;wpf&yfzefwD;Ekdifygw,f? tpkd;&awG&J@ wHk@jyefcsufawGay: aemufqHk;xifjrifcsufawGudk aumfr&Sifukd
ESpfpOfwif&wJh tpD&ifcHpmrSm yHkESdyfazmfjyxm;ygw,f?
ppfwrf;ar;cGef;yHkpHv$m
w&m;vufvGwfzrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;qdkif&m tr_awGudkowif;ykd@ wkdif=um;csufawGtwGuf tr_awG wkdif=um;
wifjywmvG,fulacsmarG@apzkd@ WGAD u (ukvor~vl@tcGifhta&;r[mrif;=uD;&Hk; tifwmeuf pmrsufESm
(http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs26.htm#A5) ay:rSm&EdkkifwJh) pHðyyHkpHwck jyifqifxm;ygw,f?
44
taxGaxG
vl@tcGifhta&;udPawGeJ@ tpdk;&v#dK@0SufcsufawG/ ,Hk=unfcsuft& ppfr_xrf;a&;/ ppfOya'pD&ifa&;eJ@ (wjcm;
EkdifiHrSmjzpfcJhwJhtr_) tr_vJ$ajymif;ay;r_udk qef@usifolawGeJ@ ywfoufwJhudP&yfawGtwGuf wdkufwGef;t=uHay;
csufawGudk aumfr&SifukdwifwJh tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm WGAD u xnfhoGif;xm;ygw,f? aumfr&SifudkwifwJh
aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm tpkd;&awGtwGuf wdkufwGef;t=uHðycsufESpfckukd WGAD u xnfhoGif;azmfjy
xm;ygw,f? yxrwcku ta=uG;ray;Ekdifr_ (a'0gvDcH&r_)a=umifh axmifoGif;tusOf;csr_ eJ@ óudwifumuG,fzkd@
ta=umif;jycsuft& zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;r_awGjzpfygw,f?
45
vlrsdK;a&;0g'/ vlrsdK;a&;t&cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;/ wdkif;wyg;om;rkef;wD;r+ cJGjcm;qufqHr+vuf&SdyHkpHrsm;eJ‹
aemufqufwJGwif;rmr+rsm;qdkif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF
RACISM, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, XENOPHOBIA AND RELATED INTOLERANCE
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 1993/20 t&qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfr+rsm;ESifh tvkyfvkyfyHkenf;pepf
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ vkyfykdifcGifhu (1965) vlrsdK;a&;ESdrfhcsqufqHr_ yHkpHtm;vHk;ukd z,f&Sm;wdkufzsufa&; tjynf
jynfqkdif&moabmwlnDcsufay:rSm tajccHygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fudk vuf&SdcJGjcm;qufqHr_yHkpHawG/ vlrsdK;
a&;tajccHwJh cJGjcm;qufqHwmawG/ wdkif;wyg;om;rkef;wD;r_awG aemufqufwJG vlrsdK;a&;wif;rmr_awGeJ@ ywf
oufwJh wdkif=um;csufawGudk tpD&ifcHzdk@/ a,bl,swkdufwGef;t=uHðycsufawGvkyfzkd@vkyfykdifcGifh tyfESif;ygw,f?
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
woD;yk~vtr_awGtwGuf qufoG,fwkdif=um;csuf vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGu tjcm;vkyfief;,œ&m;awGu
toHk;ðywJh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGeJ@ qifwlygw,f? 'Dpmwrf;twGuf rdwfquftcef; pmrsufESm 6 rSm xnfhoGif;
azmfjyxm;wJh tedrfhqHk;vkdtyfwJh tcsuftvufawGeJ@ ukdufnD&rSmjzpfygw,f?
taxGaxG
pufwifbm 11 &uf wkdufcdkufr_awG&J@ aemufqufwJGeJ@ aumfr&SifukdaemufqHk;wifwJh tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm txl;
ukd,fpm;vS,fu vl@tcGifhta&;awGtay: av;pm;r_udk aocsmapzkd@ t=urf;zuf0g'eJ@ywfoufwJh jy±emawG
ajz&Sif;r_tay: xdef;csKyfr_wckukd wdkufwGef;awmif;qkdvkdufygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu 2001 =o*kwfvrSm
usif;ycJhwJh vlrsdK;a&;0g'/ vlrsdK;a&;cJGjcm;qufqHr_/ wdkif;wyg;om;rkef;wD;r_awGeJ@ aemufqufwJG vlrsdK;a&;
wif;rmr_awG udkqef@usifwkdufzsufa&; uBmhnDvmcHeJ@ &v'ftjzpf 'gbefv_yf&Sm;r_vrf;pOf a=unmcsufudk
axmufcHóuqkdvkdufygw,f? 'Dpmwrf;xJrSm awmif;qdkxm;wJh ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_ oHk;ck&J@ xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
ta&;ygcsufukd txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu xnfhoGif;xm;ygw,f?
· tjcm;olawGudkav;pm;r_jzpfwJh vlom;qefwJhwefzdk;awGeJ@twl pdwfykdif;qkdif&mtjrifxJu pOf;pm;
awG;ac:yHkawGudkajymif;vJypfzkd@ enf;vrf;wcktjzpf ynma&;
· vlrsdK;a&;tzJG@tpnf;awG/ v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk ydwfyifwm;jrpfzkd@eJ@ vlrsdK;a&;cJGjcm;ESdrfhcsqufqHr_awGudk
jypf'%fay;zkd@ w&m;Oya'
· vlrsdK;a&;cJGjcm;r_&J@ v$rf;rdk;r_'%fcH&olawGudk (usL;vGefcH&olawGukd) tm;ay;axmufyHhzkd@ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@
vlr_a&;t& ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_awG
46
vGwfvyfpGmxifjrif,lqcGifheJ‹ vGwfvyfpGmzGifh[xkwfazmfr+wkd‹ukd jr‡ihfhwifumuG,fay;a&;qdkif&m
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE PROMOTION AND
PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF OPINION AND EXPRESSION
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 1993/ 45 t&qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfr+rsm;ESifh tvkyfvkyfyHkenf;pepf
cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;/ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ t=urf;zufjcif;/ (vlenf;pk/ bmomjcm; jzpfjcif;a=umifh tEkdifusifhcH&jcif;eJ@
+cdrf;ajcmufaoG;aqmifjzm;a,mif;jcif; tygt0if) xifjrif,lqr_eJ@ zGifh[azmfxkwfr_ qdkif&mvGwfvyfcGifhudk
usifhoHk;zkd@óu;pm;ol/ usifhoHk;jcif;eJ@ (owif;tcsuftvuf udPawGrSm u|rf;usifolawGtygt0if) jr‡ifhfhwifolawG
ay:aESmuf,SufwmawGudk tpD&ifcHzkd@eJ@ wdkufwGef;t=uHðycsufawG ðyvkyfzkd@ txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu vkyfykdifcGifh&
xm;ygw,f?
xifjrif,lqr_eJ@ zGifh[azmfxkwfr_qdkif&mvGwfvyfcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmawG;awmydkifcGifh/ bmoma&;eJ@ ,Hk=unfr_t&
vGwfvyfydkifcGifh/ jidrf;csrf;pGmpka0;ykdifcGifh/ tzJG@tpnf; zJG@pnf;cGifhqkdif&mvGwfvyfcGifh/ jynfoltm;vHk;eJ@ oufqkdif
wJhudPawGrSm yg0ifaqmif&GufydkifcGifh/ pwmawGudkusifhoHk;zkd@ óu;pm;olawGudk ypfrSwfxm;wJh vl@tcGifhta&;
csdK;azmufr_awG/ (1948) tjynfjynfqkdif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;eJ@ (1966) vlr_a&;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;qdkif&m
tcGifhta&;rsm;tay: tjynfjynfqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufawGudk jr‡ifhfhwifolawGeJ@ 'DtcGifhta&;awGeJ@ vGwfvyf
cGifhawGudk umuG,folawG&J@ynma&;ukdjr‡ifhfhwifay;zkd@ =udK;pm;olawGukd qef@usifwkdufckdufr_awGudk tav;xm;
*&kpkdufa=umif; aumfr&Sifuazmfjyxm;ygw,f?
txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu xifjrif,lqr_eJ@ zGifh[azmfxkwfr_ qdkif&mvGwfvyfcGifhtjzpf atmufygtwdkif; t"d`g,f
zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f?
xifjrif,lqr+
vlwOD;wa,mufwkdif; rnfonfhxifjrifr_udkrqdk pJGudkifxm;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? xdk@twGufa=umifh +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/
tEkdifusifhjcif;/ tiftm;oHk; tusyfudkifjcif;wkd@a=umifh xkdol.xifjrif,lqcsuftay: v$rf;rdk;r_rS uif;vGwf
ap&rnf?
zGifh[azmfxkwfr+
'gu (1) rnfonfhowif;/ t=uHOm%frsm;udkrqkd &SmazGvQH&&Sdzkd@/ (2) ukd,fykdifqHk;jzwfcsuft& rnfonfh
owif;vrf;a=umif;rSwqifhrqdk xkdowif;/ t=uHOm%frsm;udk wifjyEkdifwJh vGwfvyfcGifhjzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfpGm
zGifh[azmfxkwfcGifhukd atmufazmfjyyg &nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGufom wif;usyfxdef;csKyfEkdifygw,f?
47
· tjcm;olrsm;&J@*k%fowif;eJ@ tcGifhta&;rsm;udkav;pm;zkd@
· trsdK;om;vHkðcHa&;udkumuG,fzdk@
· jynfol@vHkðcHa&;ukdumuG,fzkd@
· jynfol@usef;rma&;udkumuG,fzkd@
· jynfol@ukd,fusifhqkdif&mukdumuG,fzkd@
xdef;csKyfr_awGeJ@ uef@owfr_awGu xHk;pHtwkdif;eJ@ txl;tajctaetjzpf Oya'xJrSm xnfhoGif; jyXmef;&rSm
jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif uef@owfcsufawGu w&m;0if&nfrSef;csuf twkdif;twmeJ@ jynfhrSD&rSm jzpfygw,f?
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu owif;tcsuftvuf wifjy&mrSm taxmuftuljzpfapr,fh vrf;nGefcsufawGukd
jyifqifay;xm;ygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygw,f
wOD; (okd‹) wOD;xufykdolrsm;eJ‹ywfoufwJh wifjywkdifwef;csufrsm;
emrnf/ touf/ vdif/ (jzpfEkdif&if) vlrsdK;pkaemufcH/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;/ yg0ifywfoufwJh tzJG@tpnf;/
twdwfeJ@ vuf&dS EkdifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ vlrsdK;pka&; (okd@ ) tvkyform;tzJG@tpnf; v_yf&Sm;r_rSmyg0if aqmif&GufcJh
wmawGeJ@ wkdif=um;wJh csdK;azmufr_eJ@ qufEG,fwJh wjcm;xl;jcm;wJh v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_awGukd wwfEkdifor#
tao;pdwfazmfjyay;&rSmjzpfygw,f?
qufoG,fr+ (owif;jzef‹a0r+) enf;vrf;eJ‹ ywfoufwJh wifjywkdifwef;csufrsm;
ae@pJG/ wnfae&m/ jzpf&yfeJ@ywfoufwJh aemufqufwJGtajctaeawG/ owif;pmjzef@a0r_tajctaeeJ@ owif;
v$ifhwJh toHvd_if;/ (jzpfEdkif&if) EkdifiHa&;bufukd OD;wnfwJhowif;tygt0if xdcdkufwJhqufoG,fr_ enf;vrf;&Jh
oabmobm0awG (owif;pmawG/ vGwfvyfwJhtoHv$ifhXme pojzifh) tygt0if tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_
azmfjycsufrSm twwfEdkifqHk; tao;pdwftcsuftvufawG xnhfoGif;azmfjy&rSmjzpfygw,f?
wifjywdkifwef;cH usL;vGefolrsm;eJ‹ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvuf
trnf/ tpdk;&eJ@ywfoufr_ (Oyrm-ppfwyf/ &J) eJ@ bmvkd@olwdk@udkwm0ef&Sdw,fvkd@xifjrifcH&w,f? tpkd;&
r[kwfol awGtwGuf/ olwdk@tpdk;&eJ@ b,fvkdywfoufw,fqdkwJh azmfjycsuf (Oyrm-yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ (okd@ )
tpkd;& vHkðcHa&;wyfzJG@rsm;&JhtultnD)? wu,fvdk@ wifjyEkdifr,fqdk&if wOD;csif;t& (okd@ ) tkyfpkvkduft& tpdk;&
r[kwfolawG&J@ owif;tcsuftvuf &,l/ xdef;odrf;/ jzef@jzL;cGifhawGtygt0if vGwfvyfpGmxifjrif,lqcGifheJ@
48
vGwfvyfpGmazmfxkwfykdifcGifhawGukd vQHusifhoHk;olawGtay: +cdrf;ajcmufr_awG/ t=urf;zufr_awG/ aESmuf,Suf
[ef@wm;r_awG v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufcsufawGtay: tpkd;&&J@tm;ay;ajrSmufyifhr_eJ@ onf;cHr_ (rjrifcsifa,mif
aqmifr_) awGukdtao;pdwfazmfjyay;&rSmjzpfygw,f?
tpkd;& v+yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr+eJ‹ ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvuf
yg0ifywfoufwJhyk~dKvf&J@ ukd,fa&;taxmuftxm; (woD;yk~v (odk@ ) 0ef=uD;Xmeqdkif&m (okd@ ) Xmeqdkif&m)/
w&m;0if zefwD;usihfoHk;wJh trdef@eJ@ jynfwGif;taetxm;t& ta&;,laqmif&Gufxm;wJh tqifhawGudk
azmfjyay;&rSmjzpfygw,f? jzpfyGm;wJhjy±emrSm zrf;qD;r_/ xdef;odrf;r_awGyg0ifae&if yg0ifywfoufwJh tm%m
ykdif&J@ udk,fa&;tcsuftvufawG/ jyXef;wJhOya'/ (odr,fqdk&if) xdef;odrf;xm;wJhae&m/ rdom;pk 'grSr[kwf
a&S@aeeJ@awG@cGifh&r&/ jynfwGif;taetxm;t& ta&;,laqmif&Gufxm;wJh tqifhawG 'grSr[kwf vlawG/
tqifhtwef;awGeJ@ tajctaeawGGtay: &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;csufawG azmfjyay;&rSmjzpfygw,f? wu,fvkd@
wifjyEkdifr,fqkd&if pHkprf;ppfaq;r_vkyf+yD; r+yD;/ vkyfxm;w,fqkd&if tpkd;&&J@ b,f0ef=uD;Xme/ b,fXmeu
vkyfw,f/ tr_wkdif=um;csufwifjywJhtcsdefrSm pHkprf;ppfaq;csufu b,ftaetxm;txd a&mufae+yDvJ/
tr_udk pJGcsufwifxm; rxm;qdkwm tygt0if tao;pdwftcsuftvufawGudk azmfjyay;&rSm jzpfygw,f?
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu atmufazmfjyygawGeJ@ qufpyfywfoufwJh jyoemeJ@csdK;azmufr_awGudk wifjy wdkifwef;
csufawGtay: txl;pdwf0ifpm;ygw,f
· owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&m u|rf;usifolrsm;tygt0if vGwfvyfpGmxifjrif,lq/ azmfxkwfzGifh[ ykdifcGifh
awGukd usifhoHk;ol/ jr‡ihfhwifzkd@óu;pm;olawGudk ypfrSwfxm;wJh (tygt0if) +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ t=urf;zufjcif;/
aESmuf,Suf[ef@wm;jcif; ESdrfhcsqufqHjcif;eJ@ zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;qkdif&m tr_awG
· (wOD;csif; 'grSr[kwf tzJG@vkduft&) EkdifiHa&;twdkuftcHygwDawG/ tvkyform;or~0ifawG&J@ v_yf&Sm;
aqmif&Gufr_awG
· owif;u¾ (yHkESdyf/ owif;v$ifh) ukkd ypfrSwfxm;wJh/ 'grSr[kwf olwdk@&J@ vGwfvyfwJh vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufr_
awGudk [ef@wm;aESmuf,Sufr_awG
· pmtkyf/ r~Zif;/ &kyf&Sif/ jyZmwfeJ@ jycef;tEkynmqkdif&m tygt0if tjcm;owif;u¾awGu xkwfa0
olawGeJ@ wifqufolawGudk ypfrSwfxm;wJhwkdufckdufr_awG
· vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,folawG&J@ v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; (Oyrm-a&S@aeawG/ tjcm; tpktzJG@ qdkif&m
v_yf&Sm;olawG)
· tcuftcJrsm;twGif; trsdK;orD;rsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;-Oya'rsm;eJ@ vufawG@usifhokH;r_rsm;
tygt0if-trsdK;orD;rsm;&J@ olwkd@od/ =um;/ xifjrifwmudk zGifhh[azmfxkwfcGifh/ qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mrSm yg0if
aqmif&GufEkdifcGifh/ Oya'a&S@arSmufrSmwef;wltcGifhta&;&ydkifcGifh/ rdom;pktpDtpOf/ trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:
49
t=urf;zufr_ pojzifh olwdk@eJ@txl;ojzifhoufqkdifaewJh owif;tcsuftvuf &SmazG &&SdykdifcGifhqdkif&m
tcGifhta&;rsm;
· a'owGif;eJ@ jynfwGif;taetxm;t& zHG@òz;wkd;wufa&;twGuf vkyfykdifcGifhawG/ qHk;jzwfcsufcswJh
vkyfief;pOfrSm yg0ifEkdifzkd@twGuftcuftcJawG/ tjcm;udP (Oyrm-ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m/ usef;rma&;
qdkif&moif,lr_awG/ EkdifiHawmfbwf*suf/ vlr_a&;toHk;pm;&dwfawG/ pufr_wkd;wufa&; pDrHudef;awG/
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;awG pojzifh) awGeJ@ ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvuf&Edkifzkd@
tcuftcJawG/ tpkd;&awGuurf;vSrf;wJh OD;aqmifvH_@aqmfr_awG/ pDrHudef;awG owif;tcsuftvuf
&&SdEkdifzkd@tcuftcJtwm;tqD;awG
txufazmfjyyg owif;tcsuftvufawmif;cHr_tjyif txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu aemufqufwJGtjzpf rSwfcsuf
ay;r_awG 'grSr[kwf tr_eJ@oufqkdifw,fvkd@owfrSwfwJh rSwfcsufawGudkvJ =ukdqdkvQHygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;
vS,fu tr_awG&J@tajctaeawGeJ@ +yD;cJhwJhtr_awGtay: wifjywkdifwef;csufawG&Jh aemufqufwJGawGukd quf
vuf+yD;owif;&&Sdaezdk@ ta&;=uD;a=umif;vJ xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'gu vGwfvyfpGmxifjrif,lqcGifheJ@
vGwfvyfpGmazmfjyykdifcGifhawGusifhoHk;vdk@/ Oya'topf/ rl0g'topfawG jyXmef;vdk@/ 'grSr[kwf xifjrif,lqcsufeJ@
azmfxkwfykdifcGifhqdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhawGudk oabmaygufem;vnfwJh wnf&Sdae+yD;om; tjrifaumif;awGudk
ajymif;vJypfvkd@ tzrf;cHxm;&olawGukd jyefv$wfay;r_tygt0if taumif;eJ@ tqdk; ESpfzufpvHk;u wkd;wufr_
awGyg0ifygw,f?
ta&;ay:t,lcHqkdif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu touftœ&m,fukd +cdrf;ajcmufwJhobm0&SdwJh (okd@ ) xl;jcm;wJhobm0&SdwJh tjcm;
aemufqufwJG tajctaeawGtwGuf ta&;ay:tm&Hkpkdufr_ vkdtyfwJhtr_awGtwGuf ta&;ay:t,lcHqdkif&m
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;wckudk jyifqifxm;ygw,f?
ppfwrf;ar;cGef;yHkpHv$m
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fqDudkwifjywJh wkdifwef;csufawGtwGuf vrf;n$efcsufawGudk ukvor~ vl@tcGifhta&;
r[mrif;=uD;&Hk; tifwmeufpmrsufESm (http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/ (Symbol)/ E.CN.4.1999.64.En?OpenDocument#annex) rSm&Ekdifygw,f?
taxGaxG
aumfr&SifukdaemufqHk;wifwJh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm vQH&&SdwJh wcsdK@wdkif=um;csufawGu
tjynfht0 'grSr[kwf yGifhyGifhvif;vif; 'Drdku&ufwpfrjzpfao;wJhEkdifiHawGeJ@ywfoufwJh qufoG,fwkdif=um;
csufawG jzpfaomfvnf;/ tjcm;wkkdif=um;csufawGu ay:xGef;p 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHawG 'grSr[kwf oufwrf;&Snf
'Drdku&ufwpftzJG@tpnf;awG/ vufawG@usifhoHk;r_awGeJ@ xHk;wrf;pOfvmawG&Sd+yD;om; EkdifiHESpfrsdK;pvHk;u
jzpfw,fvkd@ rSwfcsufcsxm;ygw,f? tr_trsm;pku owif;u¾ u|rf;usifolrsm;eJ@ ywfoufwmawGjzpfayrJh
50
EkdifiHa&;tkyfpkawG/ twdkuftcHEkdifiHa&;ygwD0ifawG/ vl@tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_awG/ a&S@aeawG/ ausmif;om;awG/
ynm&SifawG/ ukefoG,fa&;or~0ifawG/ taxGaxGoydwfawGrSm yg0ifolawG/ trsdK;orD;awG/ v,form;
awG/ bmoma&;t&eJ@ vlrsdK;pkt& vlenf;pkjzpfaeolawGqkdif&m tzJG@awGu tzJG@0ifawG/ pma&;q&mawG/
umwGef;ynm&SifawGeJ@ tjcm;olawGeJ@ywfoufwJh tvm;wl ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_awGeJ@ tcGifhta&;csdK;azmuf
r_awGvJ jzpfyGm;ygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu (zrf;wm/ xdef;odrf;wm/ pJGcsufwifwm/ &Hk;wifwm/ trdef@
cswm tygt0if) owif;u¾eJ@ywfoufaeolawGeJ@ tjcm;olawGudkxdckdufapwJh enf;vrf;rsdK;awGudk trsdK;
tpm;cJGjcm;owfrSwfygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu rkef;wD;r_tajccHwhJrdef@cGef;eJ@ vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfykdifcGifh
qkdif&m vGwfvyfcGifh/ (tifwmeuf&&SdEkdifr_eJ@ pnf;rsOf;awG tygt0if) tifwmeufwdk@udkvnf; pOf;pm;oHk;oyf
ygw,f? pufwifbm 11 &ufwdkufckdufr_&J@ aemufqufwJGawG/ (a&'D,kd/ wDAGD) xkkwfv$ifhjcif;eJ@ywfoufwJh
vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfykdifcGifhhukd av;pm;zkd@ ta&;=uD;w,fqdkwmudkvnf;yJ tav;xm;pOf;pm;ygw,f? txl;
ukd,fpm;vS,fu (tpkd;&awGeJ@ tpkd;&r[kwfwJh &if;jrpfawGuwqifh owif;tcsuftvuf vuQH&,lykdifcGifh
awGtygt0if) trsdK;orD;awG&J@ vGwfvyfpGm xifjrif,lqcsufeJ@ azmfxkwfcGifhqkdif&m tcGifhta&;awG usifhoHk;r_
twGuf omrefeJ@ ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m twm;tqD;awGeJ@qdkifwJh udPawGtwGuf owif;tcsuftvuf
awmif;cHygw,f?
51
trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:t-urf;zufr+/ t-urf;zuf&jcif; ta-umif;&if;rsm;eJ‹
aemufqufwJGudpPrsm;qdkif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN,
ITS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 1994/ 95 t&qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfjcif;ESifh tvkyfvkyfyHk enf;vrf;
txl;udk,fpm;vS,fukd trsdK;orD;rsm;udkt=urf;zufjcif;qkdif&m owif;tcsuftvuf&SmazGvQH&&SdEkdifzkd@jzpf&jcif;
ta=umif;&if;awGeJ@ aemufqufwJGtajctaeawGudk avhvmzkd@/ 'Dvkdowif;tcsuftvuf (wdkif=um;csuf) ukd
xdxda&mufa&mufwk@HjyefEkdifzdk@/ 'DvdkjzpfyGm;r_rsdK;ukd &yfwef@zdk@twGuf oifhawmfwJhta&;,lr_rsdK;ukd wdkufwGef;t=uH
ay;Ekdifzdk@eJ@ aemufqufwJGtajctaeawGudk wm;qD;ukoEkdifzkd vkyfykdifcGifhay;tyfxm;ygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
uvdifuJGjym;r_ay:rlwnf+yD; trsdK;orD;awGukdt=urf;zufwm/ t=urf;zufzkd@+cdrf;ajcmufwmpwJh vdifay:tajccHwJh
xl;jcm;wJh tr_awGtjzpf trsdK;orD;awGudkt=urf;zufwJhudPawGudk wifjywkdif=um;vmwJhtcg (vkdtyfovdk) quf
vufaqmif&GufEkdifwJh taetxm; (ae&m) rSm olwa,mufxJ&Sdaew,fqdkwmukd tav;xm;tm&Hkpkdufygw,f?
txl;udk,fpm;vS,f&J@ trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: vdiftajccHt=urf;zufr_qkdif&m vkyfykdifcGifhudk (1993) ukvor~
trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_rsm;ukd wkdufzsuf&Sif;vif;a&; a=unmcsufrS &&Sdxm;ygw,f? 'Da=unmcsuf
tykd'fcJG 2 rSmazmfjyxm;wmu
“atmufygtcsufawGrSm tusHK;0ifwJh trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_awGjzpfyGm;&if (usL;vGefcH&olawGudk
rusOfyJ) ruef@owfyJ vufwJGyg0if0ef;&Hajz&Sif;zkd@twGuf (olwdk@ukd) em;vnfay;&rSmjzpfygw,f 'gukd atmufyg
twkdif;azmfjyxm;ygw,f
· &kdufESufjcif;/ rdef;uav;i,frsm;udk vdifykdif;qkdif&mtvJGoHk;pm;vkyfjcif;/ tdrfaxmifzufukd t"Rusifhjcif;/
vufzJG@a=u;eJ@ywfouf+yD;t=urf;zufjcif;/ trsdK;orD;vdift*F gukdjzwfawmufjcif;eJ@ tjcm; trsdK;orD;rsm;
udk xdcdkufwJh xHk;wrf;pOfvmusifhoHk;r_awG/ tdrfaxmifzufr[kwfoltay: t=urf;zufjcif;/ acgif;yHkjzwf
tjrwfxkwfwJh t=urf;zufjcif;awGtygt0if rdom;pktwGif;rSm vdifykdif;qkdif&m/ &kyfykdif;qkdif&meJ@ pdwfydkif;
qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_jzpfyGm;&if
· t"Rðyusifhjcif;/ vdifykdif;qkdif&mtvJGoHk;pm;ðyjcif;/ vkyfief;cGifrSm/ ynma&;tzJG@tpnf;awG (ausmif;
awG) eJ@ tjcm;ae&mawGrSm vdifykdif;qkdif&mtaESmuft,Sufay;jcif;eJ@ +cdrf;ajcmuftEkdifusifhjcif;/ vlukef
ul;jcif;eJ@ t"Rjynfhwefqmvkyfapjcif;wkd@tygt0if omref (a,bl,s) vl@todkif;t0dkif;xJJrSm vdifykdif;
qkdif&m/ &kyfykdif;qdkif&meJ@ pdwfykdif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_jzpfyGm;&if
· b,fwkeff;uyJjzpfcJhjzpfcJh tpkd;&uusL;vGefwJh vdifykdif;qkdif&m/ &kyfykdif;qkdif&meJ@ pdwfydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;
zufr_ jzpfyGm;&if”
52
'DaemufqHk;trsdK;tpm; (tpkd;&eJ@ywfoufwJhtrsdK;tpm;) rSm atmufygtcsufawGyg0ifygw,f
· csKyfaESmifcH&pOft=urf;zufjcif; - trsdK;orD;rsm;csKyfaESmifcH&pOf tpkd;&wm0ef&SdolawGuusL;vGefwJh
t=urf;zufjcif;
· vufeufukdifyËdyQ - t"Rusifhjcif;/ vdifykdif;qkdif&m n‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;/ taotcsmpDrHxm;wJh
pDrHudef;t& (vlrsdK;wHk;okwfoifa&;) 'grSr[kwf ppfa=umifh rwnfr+idrfjzpfr_ awGtygt0if vufeufukdif
yËdyQtajctaersm;twGif; trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufjcif;
· 'kQonftrsdK;orD;rsm;eJ@ twif;tusyf ae&mtajymif;cHtrsdK;orD;rsm; - 'kQonf (okd@ ) a'owGif;
twif;tusyfae&majymif;cH trsdK;orD;awGjzpf&jcif;a=umifh ykdrdkktumtuG,fenf;jcif;&J@ &v'ftjzpf
(xkd) trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufjcif;
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
wu,fvkd@ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fqDukd owif;tcsuftvufawGwifjyr,fqdk&if atmufyg tcsuftvufawG
xnfhoGif;azmfjyay;&rSmjzpfygw,f
· (usL;vGefcH) um,uH&Sif - trnf/ vdyfpm/ arG;oU&mZf/ vlrsdK;/ vdif/ tvkyftukdif/ vlrsdK;pkaemufcH/
(tqifajy&if) bmoma&;eJ@ vlr_a&;tzJG@
· jzpfyGm;wJhtr_ - ae@pJG/ ae&ma'oeJ@ cHpm;cJh&wJh 'grSr[kwf umuG,fay;EkdifcJhwJhtœ&,f? (odr,fqdk&if)
emrnfawG/ tpkd;&eJ@ 'grSr[kwf usL;vGefcHum,uH&SifeJ@ ywfoufEkdifor#tcsufawG/ olwkd@bmvkd@
tr_usL;vGefolawGtjzpf txifcH&wmvJqdkwJh &Sif;vif;azmfjycsufawGtygt0if wkdif=um;cH usL;vGef
olrsm;eJ@ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGukd xnfhoGif;azmfjy&rSm jzpfygw,f? csdK;azmufr_awGeJ@
ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGu tpkd;&tm%mykdifawG usL;vGefwmr[kwfyJ woD;yk~vawG/
'grSr[kwf tzJG@tpnf;awGu usL;vGefwJhtcsuftvufawG qdk&if tpkd;&uumuG,fwm;qD;zkd@/ pHkprf;
ppfaq;zkd@/ tjypfay;ta&;,lzkd@eJ@ csdK;azmufr_awGtwGuf avsmfa=u;awGGaocsmapzdk@ aqmif&Guf&rSm
ysufuGufcJhw,fqdkwmukdazmfjywJh oifhawmfwJh owif;tcsuftvufudk xnfhoGif;azmfjyay;&rSmjzpf
ygw,f?
· owif;tcsuftvufu Oya' (okd@ ) rl0g'wckeJ@ ywfoufaew,fqdk&if Oya' (okd@ ) rl0g'ay:eJ@
tJ'g&J@ trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;awG yHhykd;ay;zkd@twGuf taumiftxnfazmfa&; tusdK;oufa&mufr_
tusOf;csKyf oHk;oyfazmfjycsufawG azmfjyay;&rSmjzpfygw,f?
· &J/ wjcm;tm%mydkifawG (okd@ ) oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh vl@tcGifhta&; tzJG@tpnf;awGqD wkdif=um;wJh
wkdifcsufawGtygt0if ajz&Sif;csufawG&&SdEkdifzkd@ usL;vGefcHum,uH&SifawGu 'grSr[kwf olwdk@&J@
rdom;pkawGu aqmif&GufcJhwJhtqifhawG? bmwdkif=um;csufrSrwkdifcJhbl;qdk&if bmvkd@rwdkifcJhbl;qdkwJh
&Sif;vif;csufwckk a&;om;wifjy&rSmjzpfygw,f?
53
· jzpfyGm;wJhtr_eJ@ywfoufwJhowif;tcsuftvuf - ae@pGJ/ tcsdef/ wnfae&m/ wkdif;jynf/ usL;vGef
wkdufcdkufolta&twGuf/ usL;vGefwkdufckdufoludk usL;vGefcHum,uH&Sifuodrod/ usL;vGefwdkufcdkuf
olemrnf/ usL;vGefcHum,uH&Sifu usL;vGefoleJ@qufpyfywfoufr_&Sdvm;/ &Sd&if b,fvdk qufpyfywf
oufw,f/ (cJGjcm;owfrSwfEkdifwJh oGifjyifvQ%mawG) usL;vGefolta=umif; tao;pdwf azmfjycsufeJ@
jzpfyGm;wJhtr_ta=umif;tao;pdwfazmfjycsufawG? usL;vGefcHum,uH&Sifu vdifuJGjym;r_a=umifh ypfrSwf
xm;cH&w,fvdk@,lq&if ta=umif;jycsufawGudkygxnfhoGif;azmfjy ay;&rSmjzpfygw,f?
· tr_jzpfyGm;+yD;wJhaemufykdif; tm%mykdifawGaqmif&GufcJhwJh aqmif&GufcsufawG/ b,fvdktm%mykdif
awGvJ qkdwmeJ@ b,fwkef;uta&;,laqmif&GufcJhw,fqdkwm
· jzpfyGm;wJhtr_udkodjrifcJhwJh oufaoawGeJ@ ywfoufwJhowif;tcsuftvuf - emrnf/ touf/
qufpyfywfoufyHkeJ@ qufoG,f&efvdyfpm
· owif;tcsuftvufwifjywJh yk~dKvf/ tzJG@tpnf;eJ@ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvuf (xdyfwef;
v#dK@0Suftjzpfxm;&SdrSmjzpfygw,f) qufoG,f&efvdyfpm/ w,fvDzkef;/ zufpf eHywf/ tD;ar;vf vdyfpm
ta&;ay:t,lcHqkdif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu jzpfawmhrSmxif&Sm;wJh +cdrf;ajcmufr_awG/ +cdrf;ajcmufr_udka=umuf&G@HwmawG/ touf&Sif
aexdkifcGifhhudkjcdrf;ajcmufwmawGeJ@ywfoufwJh tr_awGtwGuf ta&;ay:t,lcHawGudk xkwfjyefEkdifygw,f?
tJ'Dvdktr_rsdK;awGrSm txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu tr_eJ@ywfouf+yD; wdusus,fjyef@wJhowif; tcsuftvuf
wifjyzkd@ awmif;cH&Hkwifru tr_ay:rSm oD;jcm;vGwfvyf+yD;bufrvkdufwJh pHkprf;ppfaq;r_awG qufvkyf+yD;
aemufxyfcsdK;azmufr_awG rjzpfatmifeJ@ trsdK;orD;rsm;&J@ vl@tcGifhta&;awG pdwfcsaocsmap&eftwGuf
tjrefqHk;ta&;,laqmif&Gufzkd@udkyg tpkd;&awGudk wkdufwGef;awmif;qkdxm;ygw,f?
ppfwrf;ar;cGef;yHkpHv$m
vdifuJGjym;r_tay:tajccH+yD; trsdK;orD;awGudk t=urf;zufwJhtr_awGudk owif;ykd@wkdif=um;csufawGtwGuf
tr_awGwkdif=um;wifjywmvG,fulacsmarG@apzkd@ txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu (ukvor~vl@tcGifhta&; r[mrif;
}uD;&Hk; tifwmeufpmrsufESm (http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/7/b/women/womform.htm)
ay:rSm&EdkkifwJh) pHðyyHkpHwck jyifqifxm;ygw,f?
taxGaxG
aumfr&SifukdwifwJh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ tpD&ifcHpmrSm trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ oabmobm0
awGeJ@ tJ'gawGeJ@oufqdkifwJh EkdifiHwumpHE_ef;awG/ tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_/ t"Rðyusifhr_/ twif;tusyf
jynfhwefqmvkyfckdif;r_ vlukeful;r_awGtygt0if vl@tzJG@tpnf;twGif;t=urf;zufr_/ tdrfwGif;t=urf;zuf
r_eJ@ywfoufwJh pHjyOya'ðyyHkpH/ vufeufukdifyËdyQtwGif; trsdK;orD;rsm;ukdt=urf;zufr_/ rdom;pktwGif;
54
trsdK;orD;rsm;udkt=urf;zufr_/ tcsKyftaESmiftwGif; trsdK;orD;rsm;udkt=urf;zufr_/ a&$@ajymif;tajccsr_eJ@
vlukeful;r_/ trsdK;orD;rsm; ukd,f0efaqmif - uav;arG;jcif;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; tygt0if uJGjym;jcm;em;wJh
vkyfykdifcGifhawGtm;vHk; tusHK;0ifygw,f? aumfr&SifukdaemufqHkk;wifxm;wJh tpD&ifcHpmrSm txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
utrsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zuf&mus+yD; olwkd@&J@usef;rma&;udk xdcdkufapwJh rdom;pktwGif; ,Ofaus;r_
qdkif&mvufawG@usifhoHk;r_awGukd tav;ay;tm&Hkpdkufxm;ygw,f? trsdK;orD;vdift*F gukdjzwfawmuf (okd@ )
'%f&m&apjcif;/ (rdom;pk) *k%fodQmtwGufowfjzwfjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_t& &efuif;apzdk@
(vmbfxdk;zdk@ ) rdeff;uav;i,frsm;udk vufvJ$ay;urf;jcif;/ (rdef;uav;awGudk) pkef;ua0tjzpf trJvdkufjcif;/
vlwefpm;cJGjcm;a&;pepft&/ tdrfaxmifa&;pepft&/ cJGjcm;qufqHr_Oya'awGt&/ om;OD;pm;ay;vkdcsifwJh
vlr_pepfawGt&/ uef@owfcsKyfcs,fwJh vufawG@usifhoHk;r_awGt&/ trsdK;orD;awG&J@ ukd,f0efaqmif -uav;
arG;jcif;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;awGukd csdK;azmufwJh/ tvStyudk xdcdkufapwJh/ aqGrsdK;awmfolcsif; vdif qufqHapwJh/
pwJh trsdK;orD;awGukd xdcdkufapwJh vufawG@usifhoHk;r_ awGeJ@ ywfoufwJhudPawGudk txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu
xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu tjynfjynfqkdif&mtqifhwifru jynfwGif;tqifh
twGufyg wdkufwGef;t=uHðycsuftajrmuftrsm; xnfhoGif; ed*Hk;csKyfxm;ygw,f?
55
a&S‹aeawG/ w&m;ol}uD;awG&J‹ vGwfvyfcGifhqkdif&m txl;udk,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE INDEPENDENCE OF JUDGES AND LAWYERS
aumfr&SifqkH;jzwfcsuf 1994/ 31 t& qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfjcif;ESifh tvkyfvkyfyHk enf;vrf;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@vkyfief;u (1966) tjynfjynfqkdif&m vlr_a&;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m oabm
wlnDcsuf/ (1985) w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m vGwfvyfcGifhtajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;/ (1990) a&S@aersm;&J@tcef;u¾
tajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;eJ@ (1990) w&m;pJGqdkolrsm;&Jhtcef;u¾ vrf;n$efcsufrsm;&J@ pHE_ef;awGtay: tajccHyg
w,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu tjcm;ukvor~ tzJG@tpnf;awG (Oyrm ukvor~ EkdifiHwum &mZ0wfr_
umuG,fwm;qD;a&;Xme) eJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh ol@vkyfykdifcGihfawGudk qufvufvkyfukdifygw,f?
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&JhvkyfykdifcGifhu atmufygwkd@ukdvkyfaqmif&efjzpfygw,f?
· ol@xHukdwifjywkdifwef;wJh wdkif=um;csufawGudk pHkprf;avhvm+yD; ed*Hkk;csKyfoHk;oyfr_awGudk tpD&ifcHpmrSm
xnfhoGif;azmfjyzkd@
· w&m;pD&ifa&;/ a&SS@aeawGeJ@ w&m;&Hk;wm0ef&SdolawG&Jh vGwfvyfr_tay: wdkufckdufr_awGukdomru
olwkd@&J@ vGwfvyfr_udk jr‡ifhfhwifumuG,fay;r_twGuf &&SdwJhwdk;wufr_awGukd rSwfwrf;ðy trsdK;tpm; cJGzdk@
eJ@ oufqkdifwJhEkdifiHuawmif;cHvmygu t=uHay;0efaqmifr_awG (okd@ ) enf;ynm taxmuftul tyg
t0if wkdufwGef;t=uHðycsufawGay;ykd@zdk@
· w&m;ol=uD;awGeJ@ a&S@aeawG&J@ (trSDtckduif;wJh) vGwfvyfr_ukd jr‡ifhfhwif/ umuG,fay;a&; pOf;pm;csuf
wckeJ@twl ta&;=uD;wJh vuf&Sdtajctaeqdkif&mjyoemawG&Jh pnf;rsOf;awGcsrSwfzdk@ wifjyawmif;cH
csufawG ðyvkyfEkdifzkd@&nf&G,fwJh avhvmoif=um;a&;vkyfaqmifzdk@awGjzpfygw,f?
w&m;ol=uD;awGeJ@ a&S@aeawG&Jh vGwfvyf+yD; bufrvkdufwJhpnf;rsOf;awGrSm atmufygtcsufawG yg0ifygw,f
· vlwdkif; omref (t&yfzuf) w&m;&Hk;awG/ w&m;pD&ifr_awGatmufrSm wnf&Sd+yD;om; w&m;0if vkyfxHk;
vkyfenf;rsm;twkdif; w&m;pD&ifcHEkdifcGifh&&Sd&rSm jzpfygw,f?
· &nf&G,fcsufu w&m;pD&ifa&;eJ@ pJGcsufwif0efaqmifr_&J@ tajctaeeJ@ csdef;qdkcsufawGeJ@ywfouf+yD;
vHkðcHpdwfcs&apzkd@jzpfygw,f?
· xl;jcm;wJhjcGif;csufawGeJ@ywfouf+yD; w&m;ol=uD;awGu aiGa&;a=u;a&;eJ@ywfoufwJh tr_awG twGuf
ravsmfuefwJhOya'awG 'grSr[kwf olwkd@&J@ w&m;pD&ifa&;vkyfief;pOfawG&J@ csefvSyfxm;wmawGtwGuf
w&m;ra=umif;t&/ yk~dKvfa&;uif;vGwfcGifhudkusifhoHk;oifhygw,f
56
· w&m;pJGqdkpD&ifolrsm;taeeJ@vnf; w&m;cHawG&J@&_axmifhuae jrifwwfzkd@vJvkdygw,f/ 'ghtjyif (w&m;cH
awG) olwdk@&J@&ydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;awGudk olwdk@od&Sdem;vnfzkd@today;&ygr,f?
· w&m;r#wr_r&SdwJh pHkprf;ppfaq;r_eJ@ qJGcsufurcdkifrmbl;qdk&if w&m;pGJqdkpD&ifolawGu pJGqdkcsufukd
pwifOD;aqmifwm/ qufvufvkyfaqmifwmrsdK;/ vkyfief;pOfxJrSm&Sdaeapzkd@ óu;pm;tm;xkwfwmrsdK;
rvkyf&ygbl;?
· t&yfzufwm0ef&SdolawG usL;vGefwJh&mZ0wfr_awGukd pJGqdkpD&ifzkd@txl;tm&Hkpkduf&rSm jzpfygw,f?
· oufaotaxmuftxm;awGudk Oya'eJ@ravsmfnDwJh vrf;a=umif;uwqifh&w,fqkd&if oHo,
t0ifcH&ol&J@ vl@tcGifhta&;udk tjyif;txefcsdK;azmufr_yJjzpfygw,f/ pJGqkdpD&ifolawGtaeeJ@ 'Doufao
taxmuftxm;udk 'Dvkdenf;vrf;rsdK; oHk;cJholawGtay:rSm 'grSr[kwf vkyfxHk;twkdif; w&m;&Hk;ukd wifjy
&mrSmom toHk;ðy&rSmeJ@ 'Denf;vrf;udk toHk;ðycJholawGudk w&m;Oya't&pD&ifa&; ukdaocsmapzkd@
vdktyfor#tukefvkyf&rSm jzpfygw,f?
· qif;&Jom;rsm;eJ@ tjcm;tcGifhta&;rJholrsm;tygt0if vltm;vHk;a&S@ae&J@axmufyHhulnDr_ &&SdEkdifcGifh
&Sd&rSmjzpfygw,f? &mZ0wfr_w&m;pD&ifa&;udPawGrSm vltm;vHk;a&S@ae&J@tultnD &&SdEkdifzkd@twGuf
olwdk@&J@tcGifhta&;udk tjrefqHk;awmif;cHwifjy&rSm jzpfygw,f? w&m;0ifOya'a=umif;t& xdxda&muf
a&muf tultnDay;Ekdifzkd@/ &nf&G,fxm;wJhtwkdif; tr_wkdif=um;pJGcsufwifcH&wJhtcg tm;vHk;twGuf
tawG@tñuH&Sd+yD;om; aocsmtr_vdkufay;rJh a&S@aewa,muf&ydkifcGifhh/ wdusvHkavmufwJh tcGifhta&;
awG/ (Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;tm%mydkifawGr=um;EkdifwJhae&m) tjynfht0v#dK@0Sufr_eJ@twl a&S@aeeJ@ qufoG,f
aqmif&GufEkdifzkd@twGuf tcsdefeJ@ taxmuftulðy yPnf;awG&&Sdzdk@vkdtyfygw,f?
· txdef;odrf;cHxm;&olrsm;taeeJ@ tzrf;cH&csdef 'grSr[kwf txdef;odrf;cH&csdefup+yD; ESpf&uftwGif;
a&S@aewa,muftjrefqHk;&&dS&rSmjzpfygw,f
· a&S@aersm;taeeJ@vJ tcsdefeJ@wajy;nDoifhawmfwJh owif;tcsuftvufukd&&Sd&rSmjzpf+yD; 'Dowif;
tcsuftvufudkvnf; jrefEkdifor#tjrefqHkk;&&rSmjzpfygw,f?
· tpdk;&rsm;taeeJ@vnf; a&S@aeeJ@tr_onf=um; qufoG,faqmif&GufcsufawG&J@ v#dK@0Sufr_udk av;pm;
vkdufem&rSm jzpfygw,f?
· tpkd;&rsm;taeeJ@ a&S@aersm;ukd +cdrf;ajcmufzdtm;ay;r_rsm;/ taESmuft,Sufrsm;/ roifhawmfwJh 0if
a&mufpGufzufr_rsm;rSuif;vGwf+yD; olwdk@&J@vkyfief;aqmifwm rsm;udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aqmif&GufEkdifzkd@
aocsmatmif/ olwdk@&Jhtr_onfawGudk t=uHOm%fay;Ekdifzdk@twGuf c&D;oGm;EkdifatmifeJ@ oifhawmfwJh
ta&;,laqmif&GufcsufawGay: wm;jrpfuef@owfcsufawGrvkyfzdk@ ukd tmrcHcsufay;&rSmjzpfygw,f?
57
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
woD;yk~vawGeJ@ywfoufwJh owif;qufoG,fcsuf vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;uawmh tjcm;vkyfief; ,œ&m;awGu
oHk;wJh vkyfxHk;vkkyfenf;awGeJ@qifwlygw,f? 'Dpmwrf; ed'gef; (pm-6) rSmxnfhoGif;yHhykd;xm;wJhtwdkif; tedrfhqHk;
vdktyfwJh tcsuftvufawGeJ@awmh udkufnD&rSmjzpfygw,f?
tr+rsm;udkukdifwG,fjcif;eJ‹ ta&;ay:t,lcHrsm;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu wifjywkdif=um;wJh csdK;azmufr_eJ@ywfoufwJhowif;tcsuftvufawGudk oufqkdif&m
tpkd;&qDudk vJ$ajymif;ay;tyfrSmjzpfygw,f? wifjywkdifwef;csufawGudk pHkprf;ppfaq;zkd@eJ@ xGufvmwJh &vm'f
awGudk ol@qDwifjyzdk@ wkdufwGef;awmif;qdk&if; vkdtyf&if txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu ta&;ay:t,lcHawGudk
aqmif&GufrSmjzpfygw,f?
taxGaxG
w&m;Oya'qdkif&m usifhoHk;r_enf;vrf;wckudk wnfaxmifzkd@twGuf óu;yrf;tm;xkwfr_awGudk qufvkyfzkd@
aumfr&SifudkaemufqHk;wifwJh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@tpD&ifcHpmrSm rSwfcsufay;xm;ygw,f? (w&m;0if ukd,f
pm;ðycGifh&&Sdzkd@udkjiif;y,fwm/ w&m;Oya'abmiftwGif; 'grSr[kwf w&m;0ifeJ@ pJGcsufwifr_ (Oya') qdkif&m
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_rSm vlenf;pkawGeJ@ trsdK;orD;awGtay: cJGjcm;ESdrfhcsqufqHwm/ vGwfvyfr#wwJh
w&m;pD&ifr_ukdjiif;y,fwm/ w&m;pD&ifwJhvkyfief;pOfukd 0ifa&mufpGufzufwm/ w&m;ol=uD;awG/ a&S@aeawG/
w&m;pJGqdkpD&ifolawGudk +cdrf;ajcmufaESmuf,SufwmawG tygt0if) ESdrfhcscJGjcm; qufqHr_awGudk txl;
ukd,fpm;vS,fu ydkrdktm&Hkpkdufr,fvdk@ tpD&ifcHpmrSmazmfjyxm;ygw,f? pufwifbm 11 &uf wkdufcdkufr_awG
t+yD;rSm Oya'qkdif&m pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;awG/ oifhawmfwJhtkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; tpkd;&awGu ta&;,l
aqmif&Gufxm;csufawG&J@ tusdK;oufa&mufr_awGudk *&kwpkduftm&Hkxm;zdk@ &nf&G,fa=umif;ukdvnf; txl;
ukd,fpm;vS,fuazmfjyxm;ygw,f? w&m;pD&ifa&;&J@vGwfvyfcGifheJ@ tpdk;&eJ@ tJef*sDtdkvrf;a=umif;awG
uwqifh&wJh w&m;pD&ifa&;vkyfief;eJ@ywfoufwJh w&m;&Hk;qHk;jzwfcsufawGeJ@ Oya'ðyr_awGudkwifjyzdk@ txl;
ukd,fpm;vS,fu wkdufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
58
vl‹tcGifhhta&;ukd tjynfht0toHk;cs_yD; tqdyfoifhypPnf;awG/ tEW&m,f&SdwJhypPnf;awGeJ‹ pGef‹ypfypPnf;awG
pGef‹ypfr+eJ‹ w&m;r0ifvkyfaqmifr+rsm;&J‹ qdk;&Gm;wJh tusdK;oufa&mufr+rsm;qdkif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THE ILLICIT MOVEMENT
AND DUMPING OF TOXIC AND DANGEROUS PRODUCTS AND WASTES ON THE
ENJOYMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 1995/ 81 t&qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfjcif;ESifh tvkyfvkyfyHk enf;vrf;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@vkyfykdifcGifhu (1948) tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;/ txl;ojzifh
usef;rma&;eJ@ b0aexkdifcGifhqkdif&m vl@tcGifhhta&;tajctaeeJ@ ywfoufwJh (1966) pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;eJ@
,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;rsm;tay:tajccHwJh tjynfjynfqdkif&m EkdifiHa&;eJ@taxGaxGvlr_ tcGifhta&;rsm; qdkif&m
oabmwlnDcsufawGay: tajccHygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@vkyfykdifcGifhu atmufygwkd@ukd azmfaqmif&ef
jzpfygw,f
· tmz&dueJ@tjcm;zGH@òz;qJEkdifiHawGrSm vl@tcGifhta&;ukdtjynfht0toHk;cs+yD; (tcGifhaumif;,l+yD;) txl;
ojzifh vlwdkif;&J@usef;rma&;eJ@ touf&Sifaexdkifr_qkdif&m vl@tcGifhhta&;awGukdxdcdkufwJh tqdyfoifh
yPnf;awG/ tœ&m,f&SdwJh yPnf;awGeJ@ pGef@ypfyPnf;awG w&m;r0ifpGef@ypfr_&J@ tusdK; oufa&mufr_awGudk
pHkprf;avhvmqef;ppfzkd@
· tmz&dueJ@ tjcm;zHG@òz;qJEkdifiHawGrSm tqdyfoifhyPnf;awG/ tœ&m,f&SdwJhyPnf;awGeJ@ pGef@ypfyPnf;
awG w&m;r0ifpGef@ypfr_awGudk/ owif;tcsuftvufpkaqmif;/ qufoG,fwkdif=um;csufawG vQH&,l
pHkprf;ppfaq;/ apmifh=unfhtuJcwf/ qef;ppfoHk;oyfzdk@
· tmz&dueJ@ tjcm;zHG@òz;qJEkdifiHawGrSm tqdyfoifhyPnf;awG/ tœ&m,f&SdwJhyPnf;awGeJ@ pGef@ypfyPnf;awG
w&m;r0ifukeful;r_/ v$Jajymif;ay;ykd@r_eJ@ pGef@ypfwmudk xdef;csKyfzdk@/ av#mhcszdk@eJ@ z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;zkd@ wdus
vHkavmufwJh ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_awGtwGuf wifjyawmif;cHwmawGeJ@ wdkufwGef;t=uHðy wmawG
vkyfaqmifzkd@
· tmz&dueJ@ tjcm;zHG@òz;qJEkdifiHawGrSm tqdyfoifhyPnf;awG/ tœ&m,f&SdwJhyPnf;awGeJ@ pGef@ypfyPnf;
awG pGef@ypfr_ukdusL;vGefaewJh EkdifiHawG/ EkdifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;=uD;awG&J@pm&if;eJ@ 'D&ufpuf,kwfrmwJh
vkyf&yfa=umifh zHG@òz;qJEdkifiHawGrSm (pGef@ypfyPnf;tqdyfoifh+yD;aowJh) aoqHk;ol/ cýmukd,fcGswf,Gif;ol/
xdcdkuf'%f&m&olpm&if;awGudk aumfr&Sifukdwifjyay;&rSmjzpfygw,f
59
2001 ckESpfrSm/ atmufygtcsufawGudk ol@tpD&ifcHpmxJrSmxnfhoGif;zkd@ ,cifwdkufwGef;xm;csuf twdkif;
aumfr&Sifu txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fudk xyfrHwkdufwGef;xm;ygw,f
· tqdyfoifhhyPnf;awG w&m;r0ifpGef@ypfr_a=umifh zGH@òz;qJEkdifiHawGrSm aoqHk;ol/ cýmukd,fcsdK@,Gif;ol/
xdcdkuf'%f&m&olawGeJ@ywfoufwJh us,fjyef@xda&mufwJh owif;tcsuftvuf
· usL;vGefolawG uif;vGwfaewJhjy±em
· usL;vGefcHw&m;cHawGtwGuf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;eJ@ taxmuftulay;a&;
· EkdifiHHqdkif&mxkwfukefawGeJ@ pGef@ypfyPnf;awGjy±em
· pGef@ypfyPnf;jyefvnftoHk;ðya&; [efjypDrHudef;jy±emawG/ (tqdyfoifh) npfnrf;wJh pufr_yPnf;
v$Jajymif;r_awG/ pufr_vkyfief;vkyfaqmifr_awG/ zHG@òz;+yD;EkdifiHawGqDuae zHG@òz;qJEkdifiHawGqDukd a&mufwJh
enf;ynmawG/ tœ&m,frsm;wJh ukefyPnf;awGxkwfvkyfr_eJ@ pGef@ypftnpfta=u;awG/ tqdyfoifhyPnf;
pGef@ypfr_awG/ w&m;r0ifvkyfaqmifr_awGtay: ra&&mrjywfom;wJh EkdifiHwum vkyfaqmifcsufawGeJ@
EkdifiHwumpnf;rsOf;qkdif&m vkyfief;,œ&m;awG&J@ xda&mufr_eJ@ ywfoufwJh uGm[r_awGtwGuf us,fjyef@
xda&mufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawG
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
woD;yk~vawGeJ@ywfoufwJh owif;qufoG,fcsuf vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;uawmh tjcm;vkyfief; ,œ&m;awGu
oHk;wJh vkyfxHk;vkkyfenf;awGeJ@qifwlygw,f? 'Dpmwrf;ed'gef; (pm-6) rSmxnfhoGif;yHhykd;xm;wJh twdkif; tedrfhqHk;
vdktyfwJhtcsuftvufawGeJ@awmh udkufnD&rSmjzpfygw,f?
taxGaxG
touftœ&m,fxdckdufapwJh tqdyfoifhtnpft=u;awGeJ@ tjcm;xkwfukefawG v$Jajymif;o,faqmifr_ukd
qef@usifwJh xda&mufwJhta&;,laqmif&Gufr_ukdtmrcHrJh vkyfief;pOfawG/ tajccHpnf;rsOf;awGeJ@ pHE_ef;awGudk
xda&mufatmifvkyfzkd@ +yD;cJhwJhtpD&ifcHpmawGxJrSm txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu wkdufwGef;aqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f?
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu w&m;r0ifukeful;r_/ EkdifiHwumaumfydka&;&Sif;=uD;awGeJ@ olwdk@&J@ vl@tcGifhta&;tay:
tcGifhaumif;,lwJh vkyfief;pOfawG/ xl;jcm;csufawGay: avhvmqef;ppfcsufawGukdvJ wifjyaqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f?
AifeDZJGvm;tpkd;&u wifjywkdifwef;wJh a'ocHvlrdsK;pkwckuvlawG aoqHk;r_awG/ a&qdk;jyefvnfoef@pifa&;
puf&Hkwckukda&ay;aewJh a&uefwckxJukdpGef@ypfwJh tqdyfoifh pufqDa=umifh pneumoconiosis and silicosis pwJha&m*gawG&+yD; tpmtdrfeJ@ tonf;raumif;wJh jy±emawGcHpm;&vkd@ tdrf,mpDrHudef;wckrSm
aexdkifolawG&J@ wkdifcsufawGtygt0if ol@qDwifwJhtr_awGudk txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpmrSm
rSwfwrf;ðyxm;ygw,f?
60
ynmoif-um;cGifh qkdif&mtxl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 1998/ 33 t&qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfjcif;ESifh tvkyfvkyfyHk enf;vrf;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@vkyfykdifcGifhu (1948) uBmhvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;/ (1966) pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;eJ@
,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;rsm;tay:tajccHwJh tjynfjynfqdkif&m EkdifiHa&;eJ@ taxGaxG vlr_tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m
oabmwlnDcsufawGay: tajccHygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ vkyfaqmifcsufawGuawmh atmufygtwkdif;
jzpfygw,f
· tajccHynma&;ukdoif=um;EkdifcGifhheJ@ 'DtcGifhta&;awGukd taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm ñuH&wJh tcuf
tcJawG tygt0if uBmtESH@twdkif;twmeJ@ ynma&;qkdif&mtcGifhhta&;awGtay: acmwfeJ@tnD
oabmaygufem;vnfr_twdkif;twmukd owif;ykd@zdk@
· r&Sdao;wJh ta&;ay:aqmif&Gufr_tpDtpOfawGcsrSwf&mrSmeJ@ taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm tpdk;&awGudk
axmufyHhulnDr_udkjr‡ifhfhwifzdk@/ vkdtyfaewJh tm;vHk;twGuftcrJhtajccHynma&; pnf;rsOf;awGukd oifh
awmfwJhtcsdefumvtawmtwGif;rSm taumiftxnfazmfa&;udkaocsmapzkd@
· ynma&;rSm vdifcJGjcm;qufqHr_ z,f&Sm;wkdufzsufa&;eJ@ vdift& cJGjcm;pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfr_awGudk txl;
ta&;ay;tm&Hkpkdufzkd@
· trsdK;orD;rsm;&J@tajctaeeJ@ywfouf+yD; aumfr&Sifukd tpD&ifcHpmawGwifEkdifzkd@eJ@ tjcm;oifhawmfwJh
ukvor~vufatmufcHtzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ yHkrSefqufoG,faqG;aEG;r_awG xlaxmifxm;zkd@
· tajccHynma&; oif=um;EkdifrJhe,fy,frSm t=uHay;0efaqmifr_awGeJ@ enf;ynmqdkif&m yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufr_vkyfEdkkifzkd@twGuf jzpfEkdifwJhyHkpHawGeJ@ aiGa=u;taxmuftyHh&if;jrpfawGukd trsdK;tpm;
cJGjcm;owfrSwfzdk@
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
vrf;n$ef&Sif;vif;&m/ vl@tcGifhhta&;vdktyfcsuftwGuf ynma&;enf;vrf;awGeJ@ yg0ifwmawGrSm (wcgwav
olwkd@&J@tcGifhta&;awGudk&if;ESD;+yD;/ &mZ0wf a=umif;t& pJGqkdcH&EkdifwJhtxdpGef@pm;+yD;) vkdufavsmnDaxG&Sdr_eJ@
ta&;ygwJh q&mawG&J@tcef;u¾udk aumfr&SifukdaemufqHk;wifxm;wJh tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm txl;udk,fpm;vS,f
u rSwfcsufðyxm;ygw,f? olwdk@&J@vGwfvyfpGmxifjrif,lqcGifheJ@ azmfxkwfcGifhhawGudk usifhoHk;&mrSm wUokdvf
ygarmQawGeJ@ ausmif;om;awG w&m;cHjzpfEkdif (xdckdufepfemEkdif) +yD; 'Dvkdr=umc% jzpfwmuvJ olwdk@&J@
vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@qkdifwJJh ynma&;a=umifhjzpfygw,f? aemufqufwJGtjzpf 'Dvkdwkdif=um;csufawGvQH&&Sd&if
61
yl;wJGwHk@jyefEkdifatmif txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu vGwfvyfpGm xifjrif,lq/ azmfxkwfykdifcGifhqkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;
vS,f/ vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,folrsm;qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ ndSEd_if;+yD; wkdifyift=uHOm%fay;r_awG
&&SdEkdifatmif pDpOfxm;ygw,f?
taxGaxG
aumfr&SifukdwifwJh txl;udk,fpm;vS,f&J@ tpD&ifcHpmu us,fjyef@wJhe,fy,fav;ckeJ@ ywfoufaqmif&Guf
ygw,f? yxrwckuawmh tao;pdwfus+yD;us,fjyef@wJhpD;yGm;a&; (arc&dkpD;yGm;a&;) (ynma&;twGuf ta=uG;
uif;vGwfcGifhheJ@ taxmuftyHhay;a&;udPawG txl;ukd,fpm;vS,feJ@ uBmhb%f wkdifyifaqG;aEG;csuf tao;pdwf
wcsdK@tygt0if) eJ@ Oya'pnf;rsOf;atmufrSmyg0ifaewJh ynma&; r[mAsL[mawG? 'kwd,wcku cJGjcm;
qufqHr_ wkdufzsufa&;twGuf tcGifhta&;tajccHn$efjycsufawGeJ@ qkdif;bkwfawGwnfaxmifzdk@ tygt0if
ynma&;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;awG aocsmem;vnfoabmaygufvm; apmifh=uyf=unhf&_zkd@? wwd,wcku
ynma&;e,fy,fu vl@tcGifhta&;awG umuG,fapmifhha&Smufzkd@eJ@ aemufqHkk;tcsufuawmh ukd,fhukdukd,f
tm;ukd;wJh toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsdK;awGvkyfzdk@ t=urf;zuf0g'wdkufzsufa&;eJ@ t=urf;zufr_ wm;qD;
a&;twGuf tcuftcJJawGudk aqG;aEG;tajz&Smzkd@tygt0if ynma&;uwqifh vl@tcGifhta&; jr‡ifhwifzdk@awG
jzpfygw,f?
62
a&$‹ajymif;tajccsaexkdifolrsm;&J‹vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF MIGRANTS
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 1999/ 44 t& qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhvJ$tyfjcif;ESifhtvkyfvkyfyHkenf;vrf;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@vkyfykdifcGifhu (1948) tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;eJ@ (1966) pD;yGm;
a&;/ vlr_a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;awGay:tajccHwJh tjynfjynfqdkif&m EkdifiHa&;ESifh taxGaxGvlr_tcGifh
ta&;rsm;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufawGay:tajccHygw,f? txl;udk,fpm;vS,f&J@ t"duvkyfief;awGuawmh
· a&$@ajymif;aexkdifolawG&J@ vl@tcGifhta&;awGukd csdK;azmufr_awGeJ@ywfouf+yD; a&$@ajymif;aexdkifolawG
ukd,fwdkifqDu/ olwdk@&J@rdom;pkawGqDu pwJh oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh &if;jrpftm;vHk;qDuae owif;
tcsuftvufawGawmif;cH &,lzkd@
· b,frSmyJjzpfjzpf a&$@ajymif;aexkdifolawG&J@ vl@tcGifhta&;awGukd csdK;azmufr_awGudk umuG,fzdk@ ukozdk@
twGuf oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh wdkufwGef;t=uHay;csufawG vkyfaqmifzkd@
· 'DudPeJ@ywfoufwJh EdkifiHwumpHE_ef;pHxm;awGudk xdxda&mufa&mufusifhoHk;r_ukd jr‡ifhfhwifzkd@
· a&$@ajymif;tajccsaexkdifolawG&J@ vl@tcGifhta&;awG csdK;azmufwmawGukd z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;zkd@ EkdifiHwum/
wdkif;jynfwckcsif;eJ@ a'oqkdif&mtaetxm;awGt& vufawG@usifhoHk;EkdifwJh ta&;,l aqmif&GufcsufawGukd
wdkufwGef;t=uHðyzdk@
· a&$@ajymif;tajccsol trsdK;orD;awGukd t=urf;zufjcif;eJ@ cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;awG jzpfyGm;wmawGudk
txl;owdðytm&Hkpkdufzdk@eJ@ owif;tcsuftvufawGudk awmif;cHavhvmqef;ppfoHk;oyfwJhtcg vdif
uJGjym;r_qkdif&mtjrifwckudk azmfxkwfaqmif&Gufzkd@
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
yHkrSeftm;jzifh aumfr&Sif&J@tjcm;vkyfykdifcGifh&xm;olawGqDukd txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu t,lcHv$mawGudk v$Jajymif;
ay;tyfEkdifygw,f? a&$@ajymif;aexkdifolawGukdxdckdufapwJh vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_awGukd (vdktyfwJhtcg)
pHkprf;ppfaq;zdk@/ umuG,fwm;qD;zdk@ OD;wnf+yD; txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu ta&;ay:t,lcHawGudk vJ$ajymif;ay;tyf
Ekdifygw,f? OyrmtaeeJ@ 'Dt,lcHv$mawGrSm wOD;wa,mufu 'kQonftjzpf apmifha&Smufr_&&Sdzdk@
awmif;cH wmeJ@ tu,fIae&if;a'o/ EkdifiHukdjyefykd@cH&wJhtcg vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufcH&rJhtœ&m,fawGeJ@
ywfoufwJhtr_awG xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
63
qufoG,fwkdifwef;csufawGrSm atmufygtcsufawGxnfhoGif;azmfjyay;&rSmjzpfygw,f
· jzpfwJhjy±emrSm wOD;wa,muf (okd@ ) tkyfpkwckyg0ifywfoufvm;/ yg0ifywfoufwmu tkyfpkwck
qkd&if trsdK;om;b,fESpfa,muf/ trsdK;orD;b,fESpfa,mufeJ@ uav; (touf 18 ESpfatmuf)
b,fESpfa,muf yg0ifywfoufvJqkdwJhta&twGuf
· jy±emjzpfyGm;wJh wdkif;jynf
· usL;vGefcH&olawG bmvlrsdK;vJ
· emrnftjynfhtpHk/ vlr_a&;tqifhtwef;/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;eJ@ bmv_yf&Sm;r_awGvkyfvJ/ jy±em
jzpfyGm;wJhwkdif;jynfrSm olwkd@&J@taetxm;tqifhtwef; (taxmuftxm;rSwfwrf;rJh/ jzwfoef;oGm;
vmol/ c&D;oGm; (wdk;&pfpf)/ ausmif;om;/ tvkyfvkyfcGifh&ol/ aexdkifol/ 'kQonf/ EkdifiHa&;ckdvH_cGifhh
awmif;cHol/ ,m,DtumtuG,fay;r_ &xm;ol pwJhtcsufawG tygt0if) oufqkdifolawG&J@ukd,fa&;
taxmuftxm; tcsuftvufawG
· wifjywkdifwef;csufyg tusL;vGefcHum,uH&Sif 'grSr[kwf tm%mykdifawGukd b,ft=uHay; wm0efcHu
qufoG,fxm;vJqdkwmeJ@ jzpfwJhtr_&J@ aemufqufwJGtajctaeawGukd &Sif;vif;azmfjycsufawGtyg
t0ifwifjywkdifwef;wJhtr_tcif;jzpfwJh tcsdef/ ae&m eJ@ a'o
· wifjywkdifwef;wJhtr_rSm wm0ef&Sdw,fvkd@,lq&wJh tm%mykdif0efxrf;awG
· usL;vGefcHum,uH&Sif/ ol@rdom;pk 'grSr[kwf ol@ukd,fpm;wifjywkdifwef;olrnfolrqkd aqmif&Guf
xm;wJh tqifhawG
· 'Dvkdwifjywkdifwef;xm;csufawGukd pHkprf;ppfaq;zdk@tm%mykdifawGuaqmif&Gufxm;wJh tqifhawG
· wdkifwef;csufwifoGif;ol&J@ ukd,fa&;taxmuftxm;awG
taxGaxG
aumfr&SifukdwifwJh txl;udk,fpm;vS,f&J@ tpD&ifcHpmu a&$@ajymif;tajccsolawGukd tumtuG,f ay;a&;eJ@
ywfouf+yD; ta&;ygwJhwkd;wufr_ESpfckukd rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygw,f/ tJ'gawGuawmh vlrsdK;a&;0g'/ vlrsdK;a&;t&
cJGjcm;qufqHr_/ wdkif;wyg;om;rkef;wD;r_awGeJ@ aemufqufwJG vlrsdK;a&;wif;rmr_awGudk qef@usifwkdufzsufa&;
uBmhnDvmcHeJ@ &v'ftjzpf 'gbef v_yf&Sm;r_vrf;pOf a=unmcsufeJ@ a&$@ajymif;tajccs tvkyform;awGeJ@
olwdk@&J@rdom;pkawGukdk umuG,fay;a&;tjynfjynfqkdif&m oabmwlnDcsuf 19 =udrfajrmuf twnfðycsufawG
yJjzpfygw,f ('DpmcsKyf touf0ifzdk@ twnfðyr_ 20 vdktyfygw,f)? tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm txl;*&kðyazmfjyxm;wJh
tjcm;pmcsKyfawGuawmh EkdifiHwumqkdif&mtkyfpkzJG@&mZ0wfr_rsm; (rmzD;,m;/ ,mulZm pojzifh) ukd
wkdufzsufa&; ukvor~nDvmcH/ txl;ojzifhrdef;uav;awGeJ@ uav;awGudkypfrSwfxm;wJh vlukeful;r_awGudk
64
zdESdyf/ jypf'%fay; umuG,fwm;qD;a&;pmcsKyf/ ukef;vrf;/ a&vrf;eJ@ ava=umif;vrf;rsm;t& a&$@ajymif;
tvkyform;awG ckd;oGif;r_awGukdwdkufzsufa&; pmcskKyfawGyJjzpfygw,f? wu,fvdk@ 'DpmcsKyfawGukd vufrSwf
rxdk;&ao;&if vufrSwfxdk;twnfðyzdk@ txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu tpdk;&awGukd wkdufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
t=urf;zuform;wdkufzsufa&; aqmif&GufaewJhtqifhawGt& txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu vl@tcGifhhta&;udP
awGrSm EkdifiHwumtaetxm;t&/ txl;ojzifh tydk'fcJG 13 t& vlr_a&;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&;awGtay:
EkdifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuf wkdif;jynfawG&J@yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_/ ta&;ygr_udk *k%fðy&if;tav;xm; tm&Hkpkduf
ygw,f? pufwifbm 11 &ufwkdufcdkufr_awG&J@&v'fawGu vlukeful;jcif;eJ@ a&$@ajymif;tvkyform; ckd;oGif;jcif;/
ae&ma&$@ajymif;tajccsr_eJ@ EkdifiHa&;ckdv_HcGifhawmif;cHr_=um;qufpyfaer_/ a&$@ajymif;tajccs trsdK;orD;awG&J@
tajctaeeJ@ tkyfxdef;olr&SdwJhuav;awG&J@ tajctaeawGeJ@twl txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ t"duOD;pm;ay;
udPawGxJrSm ygvmygw,f?
65
jynfhpHkvHkavmufwJh aexdkifr+tqifhtwef;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;&J‹ tcsufwcsufjzpfwJh
jynfhpHkvHkavmufwJh ae&mxkdifcif;&&SdcGifhqkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE
HOUSING AS A COMPONENT OF THE RIGHT TO AN ADEQUATE
STANDARD OF LIVING
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 2000/ 9 t&qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhESifhtvkyfvkyfyHkenf;vrf;
uBmhvl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf; tydk'fcJG 25 (1)/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_ qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;
tay: EkdifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuf/ tydk'fcJG 11 (1)/ trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: rnfonfhyHkpHrsdK;t&rqkd cJGjcm;
qufqHr_rsm; z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;a&;nDvmcH/ tykd'fcJG 14 (2) (Z)/ uav;tcGifhta&;qkdif&m nDvmcH/ tykd'fcJG
27 (3)/ rnfonfhyHkpHt&rqdk vlrsdK;a&;cJGjcm;qufqHr_rsm;ukd z,f&Sm;&SSif;vif;a&;nDvmcH/ tykd'fcJG 5 (i) tyg
t0if EkdifiHwum aexdkifr_pHE_ef;awGxJrSm owfrSwfxm;wJhtwdkif; jynfhpHkvHkavmufwJh aexdkifr_tqifhtwef;
&&SdcGifhawGxJrSm tusHK;0ifwJh jynfhpHkvHkavmufwJh tdrf,m&&SdydkifcGifh qkdif&mtcsufawGeJ@ qufpyfywfoufwJh
vkyfykdifcGifhukd t"dutm&Hkpdkufxm;ygw,f?
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fukd atmufygtcsufawGvkyfaqmifzdk@twGuf arWm&yfcHxm;ygw,f
· txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ vkyfykdifcGifheJ@ oifhawmfqufpyfwJh uBmtES@H (&ydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfcGifhponf)
tcGifhta&;udk em;vnfoabmaygufr_tajctaeawG Oya'awGeJ@ rl0g'awGtygt0if 'DtcGifhta&;
awGeJ@oufqkdifwJh zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_awGukd owif;ykd@tpD&ifcHzdk@
· tcsif;csif;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_eJ@ 'DtcGifhta&;awGukdvHkðcHpdwfcs&apzkd@ tpdk;&awG&J@óu;yrf;csufawGudk
tm;ay;ulnDr_awGudk jr‡ifhfhwifay;zdk@
· vdift& cJGjcm;r_twGuf tawG;tjrifaumif;wckudk pwifazmfaqmifzdk@
· yHkkrSefawG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_wck xlaxmifzdk@eJ@ tpdk;&awG/ (oifhawmfwJh tzJG@tpnf;awGtygt0if) ukv
or~/ tdrf,mtcGifhta&; e,fy,ftwGif;rSm&SdwJh EkdifiHwumtzJG@tpnf;awG/ tJef*sDtdkawG/ EkdifiH
wum aiGa=u;tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ jzpfEkdifajc&SdwJh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; e,fy,fawGukd aqG;aEG;zdk@eJ@
oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh tcGifhta&;awGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; em;vnfoabmaygufr_ay:rSm wdkufwGGef;
t=uHay;csufawGðyvkyfzdk@
· oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh t=uHay;0efaqmifr_eJ@ enf;ynm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf jzpfEkdifajc
&SdwJh b¾ma&; taxmuftyHhyHkpHawGeJ@ &if;jrpfawGudk trdsK;tpm;cJGjcm;owfrSwfzdk@eJ@
66
· oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh ukvor~vkyfief;awG/ vufawG@e,fajrukdoGm;a&mufr_awG/ EkdifiHqkdif&m
&Hk;awGeJ@ oufqdkifwJh udP&yfawG xnhfoGif;vkyfaqmifa&;udk vG,fulapzkd@
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu ta&;ay:ta&;,lr_ ,œ&m;pepfwckeJ@ jynfhpHkvkHavmufwJh tdrf,m&&SdykdifcGifh qkdif&m
tcGifhta&;udk apmifh=uyf=uD;=uyfzkd@ ar;cGef;v$myHkpHwckudk azmfaqmifaeygw,f? vkyfaqmifyHk vkyfaqmifenf;
pepfukd uJGjym;atmifowfrSwf+yD;wJhtxd tr_awGwifjywkdifwef;wJhtcg vkdtyfcsufawGeJ@ ukdufnDEdkifatmif
tedrfhqHk;vkdtyfcsufawGudk ed'gef; (pmrsufESm 6) rSm yHhykd;ay;xm;ygw,f?
taxGaxG
aumfr&SifukdwifwJh tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu OD;pm;ay;udPawGeJ@ tcuftcJawG jynfhpHk
vHkavmufwJh tdrf,m&&SdykdifcGifhawGay: em;vnfoabmaygufr_ tcuftcJawGukd atmufygtwdkif; cJGjcm;
owfrSwfxm;ygw,f?
· tdrf,meJ@ ajrqdkif&m tcGifhhta&;awGtay: pD;yGm;a&; *vkdb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;&J@ oufa&mufr_
· pdwfcs&wJh aomufa&eJ@ pepfuswJhtnpfta=u; pGef@ypfr_awG&Ekdifr_
· qif;&JrJGawr_
· vdift&cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;
· uav;oli,frsm;ta&;
· twif;tusyfESifxkwfjcif;
· a'ocHawGeJ@ vlrsdK;pkawG&J@tdrf,meJ@ ajrqkdif&mtcGifhta&;awG
· a'owGif;qkdif&m vufawG@toHk;csEkdifr_eJ@ w&m;r#wEkdifr_rsm;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu 'DudPawGukd twGif;usus/ qHk;cef;wkdifatmifavhvmzkd@&nfpl;xm;+yD; tJ*sDtdkawGeJ@
t&yfzuftzJG@tpnf;awGtygt0if aqmif&Gufoltrsm;tjym;eJ@ vufwJGaqmif&GufEkdifzkd@ &nf&G,fygw,f?
67
tpm;taomuf &&SdykdifcGifhqkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE RIGHT TO FOOD
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 2000/ 10 t&qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhESifhtvkyfvkyfyHkenf;vrf;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ vkyfykdifcGifhu (1948) ukvor~ tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;eJ@
(1966) pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;awGtay: tjynfjynfqkdif&m oabmwlnDcsuf
awGu umuG,fay;xm;wJh tcGifhta&;awGtay: tajccHygw,f?
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ vkyfykdifcGifhu atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygw,f
· iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_wkdufzsufa&;twGuf ta&;ay:vdktyfcsufawGtygt0if tpm;tpm&&SdykdifcGifhukd
em;vnfoabmaygufr_awGeJ@ ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGukd &SmazG/ vQH/ wHk@jyefzdk@
· tpkd;&awG/ tpkd;&awG=um;tzJG@tpnf;awG/ tJef*sDtdkawGeJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;wck xlaxmifzkd@/
ukvor~pepfwavsmufvHk; 'DtcGifhta&;awGeJ@ywfouf+yD; vkyfaqmif+yD;xm;wJh tvkyfawGukd
em;vnfoabmaygufwJhtay: wkdufwGef;t=uHay;csufawG ðyvkyfzdk@? 1999 arrSm csrSwfwJh (jynfhpHk
vHkavmufwJh tpm;tpm &&SdydkifcGifhqkdif&m tcGifhta&;u vlwpfa,muf&J@ cJGjcm;r&EdkifwJh arG;&myg
*k%fodQmjzpfwJhtjyif tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;jznfhpGrf;ay;a&;rSm ta&;tygqHk;jzpfw,fvdk@ aumfrwDu
twnfðywJh) pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r _tcGifhhta&;qkdif&m aumfrwD taxGaxGrSwfcsuf trSwf
12 yg0ifygw,f?
· jynfhpHkvHkavmufwJh tpm;tpm&&SdykkdifcGifheJ@ywfoufwJh uBmtESH@ ay:aygufvmaewJh udPawGukd cJGjcm;
owfrSwfzkd@
· aomufoHk;a&eJ@ywfoufwJh udP&yfawGudk tm&Hkpdkufzkd@
· txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ tvkyfxJrSm ywfoufwJh vdifykdif;qkdif&mudP&yfawGukd t"duxm;tm&Hkpkdufzkd@
tpm;tpm&&SdykdifcGifhqkdif&m t"dy`g,fowfrSwfcsuf
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu tpm;tpmqkdif&mtcGifhta&;udk tjrJwrf;/ yHkrSefeJ@ wkduf&dkuft& (okd@ ) aiGa=u;eJ@
0,fwJh enf;vrf;t&aomf4if; vGwfvyfpGm&Edkifr_/ ,Ofaus;r_ xHk;wrf;pOfvmawGt& vlawG&J@ ydkifqkdif
pm;oHk;r_/ &kyfykdif;eJ@ pdwfykdif;qdkif&m aocsmr_/ wOD;csif;t&eJ@ tpktzJG@vkduft&/ ta&twGufeJ@ t&nf
taoG;t& jynfhpHkvHkavmufwJh tpm;tpm jzpfr_ay:rSmrlwnf+yD; a=umuf&HG@xdwfvef@r_uuif;vGwf+yD;
*k%fodQm&SdwJhb0ukd jznfhpGrf;ay;r_tjzpf t"d`g,fowfrSwfygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu 'DtcGifhta&;udk
68
em;vnfEkdifzkd@twGuf &SdaewJhtcuftcJ ckepfckudk trsdK;tpm;cJGowfrSwfxm;ygw,f?
· uBmhukefoG,fa&; zHG@òz;r_eJ@ qufEG,faewJhjy±emawG/ txl;ojzifh zHG@òz;qJEkdifiHawG&J@ pkdufysdK;a&;
rl0g'awG/ uBmhukefoG,fa&;tzJG@tpnf;=uD;&J@wm;jrpfydwfyifr_awGeJ@ tJ'ga=umifhuBmhawmifykdif;EkdifiH
awGrSmjzpfwJh umv&Snf=umtm[m&rjynfh0r_awGeJ@ iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_awG
· jyifyaºu;jrDudPeJ@tJ'g&J@ (tjynfjynfqdkif&maiGa=u;&HyHkaiGtzJG@=uD;&J@ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;qkdif&m n‡dE_dif;
tH0ifapa&; rl0g'awGeJ@ tJ'ga=umifhjzpfwJh aºu;&SifEkdifiHHawGrSm t[m&csdK@wJhr_awGeJ@ r=umc%jzpfwJh
t[m&pHE_ef;rjynfhrDr_awG tygt0if) tpm;tpmvHkavmufr_tay: tusdK;oufa&mufr_awG
· rsdK;ADZajymif;xm;wJhtyifawG/ uBmhajrmufjcrf;u pkdufysdK;pD;yGm;a&;&J@ EkdifiHwumw&m;0ifrlykdifcGifh t&
ykdifqkdifr_awG/ tpm;tpm&ekdifr_ukdaESmuf,Sufwm;qD;r_awGtygt0if ZD0enf;ynm zHG@òz;wkd;wufr_awG
· ppfyJGawGeJ@ 'gawG&J@ tpm;tpm vHkðcHpdwfcs&r_ukd ysufpD;xdcdkufapwJh &v'fawG
· vmbfay;vmbf,lr_awG
· ajrykdifqkdifr_enf;vrf;eJ@ todtrSwfðyr_
· trsdK;orD;rsm;udkk cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;eJ@ tJ'g&J@ tusdK;oufa&mufr_tjzpf tpm;tpmtcGifhta&;udk
em;vnfr_qkdif&m&v'f awGjzpfygw,f?
tr+rsm;ukdukdifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;eJ‹ ta&;ay:toem;cHpmrsm;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu tpm;tpmqkdif&mtcGifhta&;rsm; csdK;azmufr_awGeJ@ywfouf+yD; tJef*sDtdkrsm;xHrS
owif;tcsuftvuf&,lygw,f? 'Dtr_awGeJ@ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvuf tao;pdwfawGudk aumfr&Sif
ukdwifwJh tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fuxnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'DvkyfykdifcGifhu awmfawmfav;
opfaewJhtwGuf vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;ukd azmfaqmifaeqJyJ&Sdygao;w,f? ed'gef; (pmrsufESm 6) rSmazmfjyxm;wJh
twkdif; tedrfhqHk;tajccHtcsuftvufawGeJ@ jynfhpHk&rSmjzpfygw,f?
taxGaxG
aumfr&SifukdaemufqHk;wifwJhtpD&ifcHpmxJrSm txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu wdkif;jynftaetxm;t& txl;Oya'
uwqifh tpm;tpmtwGuf w&m;r#wr_/ tpm;tpmqkdif&m oifhawmfwJhtcGifhhta&;awG &Ekdifr_ukd
&Sif;vif;azmfjy&if; tpm;tpmtwGuf w&m;r#wEkdifr_ tcGifhta&;awGukd aqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f? tjynfjynf
qkdif&m vlom;csif;pmemwJh Oya'awGt& tpm;tpm&&SdydkifcGifheJ@ tjynfjynfqkdif&m vlom;csif; pmemwJh
Oya'&J@ pnf;rsOf;Oya'awGcsdK;azmufcH&wJhtr_awGudkvJ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;ygw,f? tpD&if
cHpmu EkdifiHwumukefoG,fa&;ukdavhvmoHk;oyf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@ta&;,lr_awGa=umifh tpm;tpm&&Sd
ykdifcGifhawGxdcdkufr_awGudk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfygw,f?
69
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu EdkifiHawGu t[m&rjynfh0r_eJ@ iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_awGudk tjrefqHk;av#mhcszdk@ ckdifrm
jywfom;wJh tqifhawGvkyfaqmifzkd@/ tpm;tpm&&SdydkifcGifheJ@ywfouf+yD; trsdK;om;Oya'awGjyXmef;zkd@ jznfh
qnf;zkd@eJ@ 'DOya'awG&J@r#wr_ (wnf&Sdoifhw,fqkdwm) ukd todtrSwfðyzdk@ wdkufwGef;t=uHðy xm;ygw,f?
vufeufukdifyËdyQtajctaeawGtwGif; tpm;tpm&&SdykdifcGifhukd av;pm;zkd@twGuf tjynfjynfqkdif&m
vlom;csif; pmemaxmufxm;wJh Oya't& wm0ef&Sdaer_ukd rvJGraoG vdkufemaqmif&Gufzkd@ twGuf tpkd;&awG
udkwdkufwGef;xm;ygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m tcGifhta&;awG
twGuf tjynfjynfqkdif&m oabmwlnDcsuftwGuf pmcsKyfrl=urf;ukd csrSwftoHk;ðyzdk@ukdvnf; wkdufwGef;xm;
ygw,f?
70
vl‹tcGifhta&;umuG,folrsm;twGuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf&J‹ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON
HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 2000/ 61 t&qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhESifhtvkyfvkyfyHkenf;vrf;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@vkyfykdifcGifhu (1998) vl@tcGifhhta&;awGeJ@ tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhawGudk umuG,fzkd@eJ@
jr‡ifhfhwifzkd@zJG@pnf;xm;+yD; tjynfjynfqkdif&m twkdif;twmt& todtrSwfðyxm;wJh (vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,f
apmifha&Smufolrsm;tjzpf od=uwJh) woD;yk~vrsm;/ tzJG@tpnf;rsm;/ vl@tzJG@tpnf; tpdwftykdif;rsm;&J@
tcGifhta&;eJ@ wm0ef0W&m;a=unmcsufay:rSm tajccHygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ t"duvkyfaqmifcsuf
awGu atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygw,f?
· vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhawGukd umuG,fjr‡ifhfhwifzkd@twGuf wOD;csif;t&jzpfap/ tzJG@tpnf;
rsm;eJ@ yl;aygif;+yD;jzpfap vkyfaqmifaeol rnfolrqkd&J@ tajctaeeJ@ ywfoufwJh owif; tcsuftvufukd
&SmazG/ vQH&,l/ avhvmoHk;oyf wHk@jyefzdk@
· a=unmpmwrf;ukd xdxda&mufa&muf taumiftxnfazmf jznfhpGrf;zdk@eJ@ jr‡ifhfhwifzkd@twGuf tpkd;&awGeJ@
tjcm;pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;eJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;eJ@ awG@qHkn‡dE_dif;a&;vrf;a=umif;awG wnfaxmifzdk@
· vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,folrsm;ukd umuG,fapmifha&Smufzkd@twGuf xda&mufwJhr[mAsL[mawG wdkufwGef;
t=uHay;zkd@eJ@ tJ'DwkdufwGef;t=uHay;csufawGudk aemufuvkduftaumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufzkd@awG
jzpfygw,f?
tr+wckcsif;pDudkavhvmqef;ppfjcif;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fqDukdwifoGif;wJh qufoG,fwkdif=um;csufawGrSm atmufygtao;pdwf tcsufawG yg0if&rSm
jzpfygw,f
· usL;vGefcHum,uH&SifeJ@ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvuf - emrnf/ touf/ vdif/ tvkyftukdif/
aexkdif&ma'o/ (&Sdr,fqdk&if) usL;vGefcH um,uH&SifywfoufaewJh vl@tcGifhta&;udPawG vkyfukdifwJh
tzJG@tpnf;/ toif;/ tkyfpk/ 'DtzJG@tpnf;/ toif;/ tkyfpkawGukd OD;aqmifaeolawG&J@ emrnfawG/
wOD;csif;vkyfaqmifwJJh vl@tcGifhta&;tvkyfawG&J@ oabmobm0awG
· vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_u tzJG@tpnf;wckukd OD;wnfwmqdk&if - tzJG@tpnf;&J@emrnf/ 'DtzJG@
tpnf;uvkyfukdifwJh vl@tcGifhta&;tvkyfawG&J@ oabmobm0/ 'Dtvkyf&J@ oufa&mufwJh twkdif;
twm (a'owGif;/ wkdif;jynfwGif;/ tjynfjynfqkdif&mpojzifh)/ tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&;tzJG@awGeJ@ yg0if
71
ywfoufr_/ (&Sdr,fqkd&if) tzJG@tpnf;ukd OD;aqmifaeol&J@emrnf
· csdK;azmufr_eJ@ywfoufwJhowif;tcsuftvuf - ae@pJG/ ae&m/ jzpfyGm;wJhjy±emtwGuf &Sif;vif;
azmfjycsuf/ cHpm;&wJh/ +cdrf;ajcmufcH&wJh csdK;azmufr_&J@ oabmobm0? owif;tcsuftvufu wkdifwef;
wJh csdK;azmufr_eJ@ aqmif&GufcJhwJhvl@tcGifhta&;vkyfief;awG=um; qufpyfywfoufr_ukd azmfjy&rSmjzpf
ygw,f?
· csdK;azmufr_rSm vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,folawGudk wOD;csif;t& 'grSr[kwf tzJG@vkduf zrf;qD;wmawG/
axmifoGif;tusOf;cswmawGygae&if - yg0ifywfoufwJh tm%mykdifawG&J@ taxmuftxm; tcsuf
tvufawG/ zrf;qD;wJh ae&meJ@ &ufpJG/ csdK;azmufwJhtr_eJ@ywfoufwJJh zrf;qD;r_&J@ aemufqufwJG
tajctaeawG/ pJGcsufawG&J@oabmobm0/ (&Sdr,fqdk&if) oHk;xm;wJhw&m;0ifjyXmef;Oya'awG/ wOD;
csif;eJ@ tzJG@vkduf&ifqkdifae&wJh jzpfEdkifajc&SdwJh jypf'%fawG/ xdef;odrf;xm;wJhae&m/ (odr,fqdk&if)
xdef;odrf;xm;wJh tcsdefumv/ rdom;pk0ifawG 'grSr[kwf Oya'a=umif;t& tultnD (a&S@ae) eJ@ awG@qHk
Ekdifr_/ tkyfcsKyfa&;t&eJ@ w&m;pD&ifa&;t& ajz&Sif;ukor_ &SmazG&&SdEkdifzkd@aqmif&GufcJhwJh tqifhawG/
&&Sdxm;wJh ajz&Sif;ukkor_&J@oabmobm0/ vkyfaqmifxm;wJh w&m;0ifzJG@pnf; aqmif&GufcsufawGeJ@
'DvkyfaqmifcsufawG&J@ &v'fawGudk xnfhoGif;azmfjyay;&rSmjzpfygw,f?
· vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_ 'grSr[kwf qufpyfywfoufwJh tvkyfawGvkyfaqmifvkd@
'grSr[kwf 'DvkyfaqmifcsufawG&J@ aemufqufwJGawGa=umifh vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,folukd w&m;&Hk;
awGrSm pJGcsufwifxm;w,fqkd&if - w&m;pD&ifr_&J@ ae@pJGeJ@wnfae&m/ tr_ukd=um;emwJh w&m;&Hk;
trnfeJ@ vdyfpm/ oifhawmfoufqkdifwJh t,lcHwifoGif;r_qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awG/ wOD;csif;
'grSr[kwf tkyfpkvkduf&ifqkdifae&wJh jypf'%fawG
· usL;vGefolrsm; - (odEkdifr,fqdk&if) emrnf/ vHkðcHa&;wyfzJG@ tzJG@0ifvm;/ &mxl;tqifh/ vkyfaqmif
csufawG/ olwdk@yg0ifwJhtzJG@cJG eJ@ wm0ef/ t&yfzuf umuG,fa&;tzJG@u tzJG@0ifqkd&if/ jynfol@ppfvm;/
tjcm;tzGJ@awGuvm;/ vufeufukdiftzJG@ wckckuvm;qdkwmeJ@ 'DtzJG@awGeJ@ tpkd;&b,fvdkqufpyf
ywfoufw,fqkdwJh tao;pdwftcsuftvufawG
· wkdif=um;csufukdwifoGif;+yD;+yDvm;qkdwmeJ@ywfoufwJh oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh owif;tcsuf tvuf
awGtygt0if wkdif;jynfwGif;tqifht& ajz&Sif;ukor_&SmazGzkd@ &nf&G,fwJh usL;vGefcH um,uH&Sif/
'grSr[kwf tzJG@tpnf;awGukd,fpm; aqmif&Gufxm;wJh tqifhawG
· oufqkdifwJh tm%mykdifawG aqmif&Gufxm;wJh tqifhawG - pHkprf;ppfaq;r_udk pwifaqmif&Guf
xm;vm;/ vkyfxm;w,fqdk&if b,ftm%mykdifuvkyfwmvJ/ wkdif=um;csuf wifjywkdifwef;csdefrSm vkyfxm;
+yD;om; pHkprf;ppfaq;r_awG&Jh@ wdk;wufr_tajctae/ pHkprf;ppfaq;r_udk pJGcsufawGrSmeJ@ tjcm;ta&;,lr_
awGrSm toHk;ðyxm;vm;/ toHk;ðyxm;w,fqkd&if t+cdrf;ajcmufcHae&wJholukd umuG,fay;zdk@ aqmif&Guf
csuf&v'fawGu bmvkd@auseyfp&m &v'frjzpfwmvJqdkwJhtcsufawG yg0ifygw,f?
· csdK;azmufr_u jzpfyGm;wJhjy±emwckeJ@ wkduf&dkufqufpyfraeayr,fhh rl0g'awG/ tajctaeawG/
72
vufawG@usifhoHk;r_awG 'grSr[kwf Oya'awGu vl@tcGifhta&; jr‡ifhwifr_/ umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_ (okd@ )
oabmaygufem;vnfr_awGudk xdcdkufapw,fqkd&if 'DvkdtajctaeawG/ rl0g'awG/ vufawG@usifhoHk;r_
awG 'grSr[kwf Oya'awG/ cJGjcm;ESdrfhcsqufqHcH&jcif;eJ@ &v'ftjzpfcHpm;&wJh qkd;usdK;&J@ oabmobm0awG/
rl0g'awG vufawG@usifhoHk;r_awGay: tajccH+yD; vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fapmifha&SmufolawGukd [ef@wm;zkd@/
tcuftcJjzpfapzdk@ toHk;ðywJhenf;vrf;awG/ 'Dtajctaeukd tajz&Smukpm;zdk@twGufvkyfxm;wJh jzpfEkdif
ajc&SdwJh ta&;,l aqmif&GufcsufawG/ 'DtajctaeawG/ rl0g'awG/ vufawG@usifhoHk;r_awGukd ajymif;vJ
ypfzkd@ wOD;csif;t& 'grSr[kwf tkyfpkvdkuft& aqmif&Gufxm;wmawG/ 'grSr[kwf a=unmcsufeJ@ 0da&m"d
jzpfaewJh Oya'awGudkajymif;vJypfzkd@ tp&SdwmawGeJ@ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGudk xnfhoGif;
azmfjy&rSm jzpfygw,f?
ta&;ay: t,lcHqdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;
umuG,f[ef@wm;EkdifavmufwJh xl;jcm;wJhtr_awGtwGuf txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu ta&;ay: t,lcHqdkif&m
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;yHkpHwckukd wnfaxmifxm;ygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fvQH&&SdwJh ,Hk=unfEkdifavmufwJh
owif;tcsuftvuf (vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufol/ vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fapmifha&SmufwJh
tzJG@tpnf;eJ@ ywfoufwJhtajctae 'grSr[kwf tr_udkazmfjyxm;wJh tJ'Dowif; tcsuftvuf) tay:
rlwnf+yD; ta&;ay:t,lcHcsufwckudk pwifvkyfaqmifygw,f? twnfðycsuf&xm;wJh owif;tcsuftvuf
ukd wdkif=um;csufyg usL;vGefcHum,uH&SifawGeJ@ olwdk@&J@ aqGrsdK;om;csif;awGqDur[kwfyJ owif;&if;jrpfawG
qDuae &SmazG&,l+yD; ta&;ay:t,lcHukd tpkd;&qDukdykd@ygw,f?
tr+rsm;ukdukdifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;eJ‹ tpkd;&wHk‹jyefcsufrsm;
ta&;ay:eJ@ omrefqufoG,fta=umif;=um;csuf ESpfrsdK;pvHk;&&SdwJh tpkd;&awGudk tjynfhpHkqHk; owif;tcsuf
tvufawG txl;udk,fpm;vS,fqDukd wifjyaxmufyHhay;zdk@/ oifhawmfwJh pHkprf;ppfaq;r_awG aqmif&Guf+yD;wJh
tcg jyefvnfta=umif;jyefzdk@ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu wkdufwGef;xm;ygw,f? ta=umif;jyefcsufu tm;&aus
eyfp&mr&Sdbl;qdk&if txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu tpkd;&&J@wHk@jyefcsufawGukd (um,uH&SifawGeJ@ owif;&if;jrpf
awGqD) vJ$ajymif;ay;ykd@+yD; usL;vGefcHum,uH&SifqDua&m tjcm;owif;&if;jrpfawGqDuyg owif;tcsuf
tvuf&SmazG&,l+yD; auseyfzG,f&mwHkjyef ta=umif;=um;csuf&wJhtxd tr_udk qufvufvkyfaqmifygw,f?
taxGaxG
aumfr&SifukdwifwJh 2002 ckESpftwGuf tpD&ifcHpmrSm vl@tcGifhhta&; umuG,folawGudk xdcdkufapwJh/ vl@
tcGifhta&; umuG,fjr‡ifhfhwifr_ukd t[ef@twm;jzpfapwJh vufawG@aqmif&GufcsufawG/ rl0g'awGeJ@ Oya'
awGukd jyefvnfoHk;oyfzkd@ tpkd;&awGudktm;ay;wJhenf;vrf;awGudk txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu trsdK;tpm;cJG
&Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;ygw,f? vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fapmifha&SmufolawG&J@ tcGifhta&;awGukd t=urf;zuf
csdK;azmufr_awGu jzpfxGef;qJ'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHawG/ 'Drkdua&pDqdkif&mtzJG@tpnf;awG/ xHk;wrf;pOfvmawG/
vufawG@usifhoHk;r_awG oufwrf;&Snf=um xlaxmifxm;+yD;om; EkdifiHawGtygt0if uBmtESH@tjym;u EkdifiH
awGrSm jzpfyGm;w,fqkdwm rSwfcsufðyxm;ygw,f? vl@tcGifhhta&; umuG,fapmifha&SmufolawGudk wdkufcdkufwJh
73
pufwifbm 11 &uf wkdufckdufr_awG&J@ oufa&mufr_awGeJ@twl t=urf;zuf0g' qef@usifa&;eJ@ trdsK;om;
vHkðcHa&;Oya'awG jyXmef;taumiftxnfazmfwmawG&J@ &v'ftjzpf tjcm;tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@twl vl@tcGifh
ta&;umuG,f apmifha&SmufolawG ypfrSwftxm;cH&wmawGukd txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu txl;tm&Hkpkduf
aqG;aEG;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif trsdK;orD;vl@tcGifhhta&;umuG,fapmifha&SmufolawG&J@ tcuftcJawG txl;ojzifh
vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_rSm trsdK;orD;rsm;tjzpfyg0ifaer_&J@ xl;jcm;csufawGukd txl;ukd,fpm;
vS,fu tav;xm; wifjyxm;ygw,f? 'DudPeJ@ywfouf+yD; txl;vkyfief; ,œ&m;ESpfck aqmif&GufwJJhtzJG@
tpnf;ESpfckudk OD;pm;ay;tjzpfowfrSwfcsifa=umif; txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu azmfjyygw,f/ yxrwcku
trsdK;orD; vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,fapmifha&Smufolrsm;eJ@ 'kwd,wcku a'ocH vlrsdK;pkawG&JhtcGifhta&;ukd
umuG,fapmifha&SmufolawG jzpfygw,f? tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fapmifha&SmufolawGudk
tultnDay;axmufyHhzkd@ txl;udk,fpm;vS,ftwGuf tydkaqmif; owif;tcsuftvuf&if;jrpftjzpf
aqmif&GufEkdifzkd@twGuf a'oqkdif&m/ wkdif;jynfqkdif&meJ@ tjynfjynfqkdif&m taetxm;awGt& yHkpHawG
wnfaxmifzkd@ wkdufwGef;t=uHay;csufawGvJ yg0ifygw,f?
74
a'ocHvlrsdK;pkawG&J‹ tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhawGeJ‹ vl‹tcGifhta&;tajctaeqdkif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 2001/ 57 t&qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
ukvor~u a'ocHvlrsdK;pkawGeJ@ ywfoufwJhudPawGrSm 1970rSm (tJ'Dtcsdefu) vlenf;pkawGukd umuG,f
a&;eJ@ vlenf;pkawGtay: cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;ukd wm;qD;zkd@aumfrwDcJGukdzJG@pnf;+yD; tJ'DaumfrwDcJGu vlenf;pkawG
udk cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;ukd avhvmtajz&Sma&;ukd qufvkyfzkd@twGuf txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fcef@tyfzdk@ wdkufwGef;
axmufcHwJh tcsdefup+yD; yg0ifywfouf aqmif&GufcJhygw,f? a'ocHvlrsdK;pkawGtwGuf tvkyftzJG@ (WGIP)
udk a'ocHvlrsdK;pkawG&J@ vl@tcGifhta&;ukdumuG,fapmifha&Smufzdk@/ jr‡ifhfhwifay;zkd@vkyfwJh wdk;wufr_awGukd
jyefvnfqef;ppfzdk@&nf&G,f+yD; aumfrwDcJG&J@ taxmuftulðytzJG@cJGtjzpf 1982 rSm pwifzJG@pnf; xlaxmifcJhyg
w,f? (WGIP) u “ukvor~ a'ocHvlrsdK;pkrsm;&J@ tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m a=unmcsufrl=urf;” ukdjyifqif
xm;+yD; tJ'gudk aumfr&Sif&J@ vufatmufcHtvkyftzJG@wcktjzpf owfrSwfygw,f? vwfwavmrSmawmh
tjynfjynfqkdif&m tvkyform;nDvmcH trSwf 169 uom a'ocHvlrsdK;pkqdkif&m tcGifhta&;awGudk aqmif&Guf
aewJh wckwnf;aom w&m;0if vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf jzpfaeygw,f?
vkyfykdifcGifhESifh tvkyfvkyfyHkenf;pepf
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ vkyfykdifcGifhawGuawmh atmufygtwkdif;jzpfygw,f
· a'ocHvlrsdK;pkawG&J@ tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhawG/ vl@tcGifhta&;awG csdK;azmufcH&wmeJ@ywfouf+yD;
tpkd;&awG/ a'ocHvlrsdK;pkawGudk,fwkdif/ olwkd@&J@tokdif;t0kdif;awG tzJG@tpnf;awGtygt0if oifhawmf
avsmufywfwJh owif;&if;jrpftm;vHk;qDuae owif;tcsuftvuf/ qufoG,fwkdif=um;csufawG
pkaqmif;zkd@/ awmif;cHzdk@/ vQH&,lzdk@eJ@ tvJtvS,fðyzdk@
· a'ocHvlrsdK;pkawG&Jh tajccHtcGifhta&;awGeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;awGcsdK;azmufcH&wmukd tajz&Sm ukozdk@eJ@
umuG,fay;zdk@twGuf oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_awG/ vkyfaqmif csufawGtwGuf
wkdufwGef;t=uHðycsufawGeJ@ wifjyawmif;cHcsufawGazmfjyzdk@
tr+wckcsif;pDudk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu tr_awGukdifwG,fzkd@twGuf enf;vrf;wckukd azmfaqmifaeygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tjcm;
vkyfief;pepfawGu xlaxmifxm;+yD;om; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGudkvJ vdkufemvkyfaqmifr,fvkd@ azmfjyxm;
ygw,f? qufoG,fwkdifwef;csufawGu ed'gef; (pmrsufESm 6) rSmazmfjyxm;wJh tedrfhqHk;vkdtyfcsufawGeJ@
jynfhrD&r,fvdk@ azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
75
taxGaxG
aumfr&Sifukd txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu wifoGif;wJh yxrOD;qHk; tpD&ifcHpmukd tykdif;av;ykdif; cJGjcm;xm;ygw,f?
· a'ocHvlrsdK;pkawG&J@ vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; ukvor~pepfatmufrSm vkyfaqmifwJh vkyfief;awG
tay: tusOf;csKyf oHk;oyfcsuf
· vuf&SdjzpfyGm;aewJh a'ocHvlrsdK;pkawG&J@ jy±emawGeJ@ t"duudPawG
· a'ocHvlrsdK;pkawG&J@ tajctaeywfoufwJh qufoG,fwkdif=um;csufawG&J@ tusOf;csKyfoHk;oyfcsuf
· txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fqufvkyfrJh a&S@vkyfief;pOfrl=urf;wkd@ jzpfygw,f
ajrykdifqkdifr_/ e,fajr/ ywf0ef;usifeJ@ obm0&if;jrpf/ w&m;0ifvrf;a=umif;t& jzpfyGm;wJh jy±emawG/ w&m;
pD&ifa&;eJ@tkyfcsKyfa&;/ qif;&JrJGawr_/ aexdkifr_tqifhtwef;/ zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_/ bmompum;/ ,Ofaus;r_eJ@
ynma&;/ ukd,fykdiftpkd;&/ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;rSmyg0ifaqmif&Gufr_eJ@ ukd,fh=uRmukd,fzefwD;ykdifcGifh
tp&SdwmawGeJ@qufpyfywfoufwJh a'ocHvlrsdK;pkawG&J@ tcGifhta&;awGyg0ifwJh t"duudPawGudkvJ txl;
ukd,fpm;vS,fu &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;ygw,f? txl;ojzifhtrsdK;orD;rsm;/ uav;oli,frsm;yg0ifywfoufwJh
cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;eJ@ bufvkdufjcif; (ab;z,fxm;jcif;)/ txl;ojzifh jynfwGif;jy±emawGeJ@ t=urf;zufr_
awGrSm a'ocHvlrsdK;pkawGxdcdkufvG,fwJh udPawGu xyfcgwvJvJ jzpfaewJh jy±emjzpfygw,f? 'DtajccHay:
rlwnf+yD; txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu ol@&J@a&S@vkyfief;pOfawGtwGuf txl;tm&Hkpkdufp&mtjzpf udP&yfckepfckukd
wifjyawmif;cHxm;ygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh
· zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_pDrHudef;awGtwGuf tcsuftvufawG
· wdkif;jynftaetxm;t& vuf&SdOya'ðya&;qdkif&m jznfhpGrf;aqmif&Gufr_awGudk owfrSwfqHk;jzwf
csufawG
· w&m;pD&if tkyfcsKyfa&;abmiftwGif; a'ocHvlrsdK;pkrsm;&J@ vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&mudP&yfrsm;
· ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;
· a'ocHvlrsdK;pk0ifuav;oli,frsm;/ txl;ojzifhrdef;uav;i,frsm;eJ@ywfoufwJh vl@tcGifhta&;
udP&yfrsm;
· txl;ojzifh EkdifiHa&;eJ@vlr_tcGifhta&;awGudk jznfhpGrf;aqmif&Gufa&;eJ@ ywfoufwJh qHk;jzwfcsufcswJh
vkyfief;pOfawG/ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhqkdif&m pDrHcef@cJGr_awG/ tkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ rl0g'csrSwfa&;awGrSm a'ocH
vlrsdK;pkrsm;&J@ yg0ifaqmif&GufcsufawGeJ@
76
· cJGjcm;ESdrfhcsqufqHwJh yHkpHta[mif;eJ@ topfawG jzpfygw,f?
txl;ojzifhh a'ocHvlrsdK;pkawG&J@ toif;awG/ tzJG@tpnf;awGu txufazmfjyxm;wJh udP&yfawGtwGuf
yg0ifulnDr_awG/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_awGukd txl;wvnf óuqkda=umif; txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu azmfjyxm;
ygw,f?
77
Summary of Thematic Mechanismswhich do not take up individual cases
ukd,fh-urRmukd,fzefwD;ydkifcGifht& vlrsdK;pktcGifhta&; toHk;csjcif;ukd pGufzufjcif;[ef‹wm;jcif;eJ‹
vl‹tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufwJh enf;vrf;wcktjzpf a-u;pm;ppfom;rsm; toHk;ðyr+qdkif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE USE OF MERCENARIES AS A
MEANS OF VIOLATING HUMAN RIGHTS AND IMPEDING THE
EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT OF PEOPLES TO SELFDETERMINATION
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 1987/ 16 t&qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifheJ‹ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
a=u;pm;ppfom; toHk;ðyr_awGeJ@ywfouf+yD; tpkd;&awG/ txl;ðytzJG@tpnf;awG/ tpkd;&awG=um; tzJG@tpnf;
awGeJ@ tJef*sDtdkawGqDuae todtrSwfðyEkdif/ vQHEkdifavmufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGukd vQH&&SdEkdifzdk@/
&SmazGEkdifzdk@ a=u;pm;ppfom;rsm;qdkif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fukd vkyfykdifcGifhay;xm;ygw,f?
aumfr&Sifukd aemufqHk;wifxm;wJh tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu txl;ojzifh tmz&durSm +yD;cJhwJh
ESpftwGif;jzpfcJhwJh t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_awGtay: oHk;oyfcsufwck xnfhoGif;wifjyxm;ygw,f? a=u;pm;
ppfom;toHk;ðyr_/ (vufeuf0,fzkd@twGuf) txl;ojzifhpdefeJ@ tjcm;ausmufrsuf&wemrsm; ul;oef;a&mif;
0,fr_awGtygt0if tif*kdvm/ uGef*kd 'Drdku&ufwpf&Dywfbvpf/ qD,m&mvD,Gef; EkdifiHawGrSm jzpfaewJh
jy±emawGukdvJ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu tav;xm;aqG;aEG;ygw,f? t=urf;zuf0g'eJ@ a=u;pm;ppfom;
awG=um;qufqHa&;eJ@ pufwifbm 11 &ufwkdufcdkufr_awGudkvJ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu aqG;aEG;wifjy xm;yg
w,f? a=u;pm;ppfom;opfpkaqmif;r_/ toHk;ðyr_/ aiGa=u;axmufyHhr_eJ@ avhusifhay;r_awGudkqef@usifwJh
tjynfjynfqkdif&mnDvmcH oabmwlnDcsuf toufoGif;a&;udkvJ tm;ay;óuqkdygw,f?
2001 ckESpf ZM0g&DvrSmusif;ycJhwJh u|rf;usifolrsm;tpnf;ta0;u txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@vkyfykdifcGifh ukd csJ@xGif
zkd@vdktyfa=umif; tom;ay;aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? ukd,fh=uRmukd,fzefwD;ykdifcGifh yg0ifwJh xHk;wrf;pOfvm csOf;uyfr_eJ@
a=u;pm;ppfom;opfpkaqmif;wJh yk~vduvHkðcHa&;vkyfief;awGeJ@ a=u;pm;ppfom;awGusL;vGefwJh &mZ0wfr_awG
ta&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; pOf;pm;p&mawGyg0ifwJh csOf;uyfr_=um; xl;jcm;csufawGukd &SmazGazmfxkwf+yD; txl;ukd,f
pm;vS,f&J@ vkyfykdifcGifhukdus,fjyef@atmif csJ@xGifoifhw,fvkd@ 'Dtpnf;ta0;u t=uHðyygw,f? tykd'fcJG 47
uaexkwf,lxm;wJh “a=u;pm;ppfom;” toHk;tE_ef;tay: t"d`g,fzGifhqkdcsuf xJrSm &nf&G,fcsuf/ v_H@aqmfr_/
(tca=u;aiG) b,fvkday;vJ/ vkyfaqmifcsuftrsdK;tpm;eJ@ bmvlrsdK;vJ qdkwmawGudk xnfhoGif;oifhw,fvkd@
tcef; (2)
tr+wckcsif;pDudk udkifwG,fjcif;r&SdwJh t"duvkyfief;
pepf,EW&m;rsm;tay: tusOf;csHK;oHk;oyfcsuf
78
u|rf;usifolawGu t=uHðyygw,f?
a=u;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;qkdif&m u|rf;usifolawG&J@ yxrqHk;t=udrftpnf;ta0;u 'Dta=umif;t&meJ@ ywfouf
+yD;ykdaumif;rGefwJh w&m;0ift"d`g,fzGifhqkdr_twGuf ta&;ygwJhaygif;pyfyHhydk;r_awG ðyvkyfygw,f? tJ'Daygif;pyf
yHhykd;r_awGxJrSm owfrSwfxm;wJhtoHk;tE_ef;u a=u;pm;ppfom;ukd yk~dKvfwOD;wa,muftjzpf omruyJ
a=u;pm;0g'tjzpf/ a=u;pm;qdkif&m v_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ywfoufwJh EkdifiHawGeJ@tpkd;&awG/ tzJG@tpnf;awG&J@wm0ef
0W&m;awG v$rf;ðcHxm;wJh ykdrdkus,fjyef@wJh udP&yfwcktjzpfowfrSwfzdk@awGyg0ifygw,f? 'D (a=u;pm;) v_yf&Sm;r_
awGu jynfwGif;jynfy yËdyQawG&J@ta&;ygwJh tcsuftvufwckwifru ukd,fh=uRm ukd,fzefwD;ykdifcGifheJ@
vl@tcGifhta&;awGtay: enf;vrf;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmt& tusdK;oufa&mufygw,f? a=u;pm;wpfa,muf
qkdwm ppfa&;ppf&mrSm u|rf;usifESH@pyfolwa,muf/ 'grSr[kwf vufeufu&d,mtoHk;ðyr_ rSmu|rf;usifESH@pyfol
wa,mufjzpf+yD; tJ'Du|rf;usifr_awGudk (ol@ukdtca=u;aiGeJ@ ) iSm;&rf;ol (t=urf;zuf enf;vrf;rsm;t&eJ@
w&m;r0if vufeufukeful;r_enf;vrf;rsm;t& EkdifiHwEkdifiHtwGif; ukd,fh=uRm ukd,fzefwD;ykdifcGifhukd xdcdkufapwJh/
w&m;0iftkkyfcsKyfykdifcGifh& tpkd;&ukd rwnfr+idrf jzpfapwJh/ tajccHtkyfcsKyfa&; taqmuftODawGukd ysufpD;apwJh/
vltrsm;udk xdckdufemusifapwJh) rnfoltwGufrqdk jyefvnftoHk;csolawG tjzpfowfrSwfxm;ygw,f?
xl;jcm;uJGjym;wJh udP&yfuawmh tca=u;aiGay;urf;r_yJjzpf+yD; tJ'gu a=u;pm;wa,muf[m &mZ0wfr_awG
usL;vGefzdk@eJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;udk xdcdkufapwJh vkyfief;awGvkyfzkd@ tca=u;aiGay; iSm;&rf;cH&ol wa,muftjzpf
vkyfaqmifcsuf oabmobm0ukd cJGjcm;owfrSwfxm;ygw,f?
79
a'owGif; twif;tusyfae&ma&$‹ajymif;cH&olrsm;qkdif&m
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf&J‹txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL
ON INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 1992/ 73 t&qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhESifh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
wnf&SdqJEkdifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;/ vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;wJh Oya'awGeJ@ 'kQonfqkdif&m Oya'awG/
a'owGif;twif;tusyf ae&ma&$@ajymif;cH&ol (IDPs) awGukd umuG,fapmifha&Smufzkd@ 'DOya'awG&J@ vufawG@
toHk;csEkdifr_eJ@ pHE_ef;awGtygt0if a'owGif;twif;tusyf ae&mtajymif;cH&ol (IDPs) awG&J@ vl@tcGifhta&;
udPawGeJ@ ywfoufwJhowif;tcsuftvuftjrifawGukd tpkd;&awGqDu &SmazGawmif;cHzdk@ aumfr&Sif&J@
awmif;qkdcsuft& 1992 rSm ukvor~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfu 'DvkyfykdifcGifhukd pwifxlaxmifay;cJh
ygw,f?
pHE_ef;ðy w&m;0ifvkyfief;abmifwck zHG@òz;wkd;wufatmif xlaxmifa&;u ukd,fpm;vS,f&Jhta&;=uD;wJh tvkyf
tpdwftykdif;wck jzpfygw,f? a'owGif; twif;tusyfae&ma&$@cH&olrsm;qkdif&m vrf;n$efrl0g'rsm;&J@ w&m;0if
pHE_ef;awGtay: pkkpnf;avhvmoHk;oyfxm;wJh tykdif;ESpfykdif;yg tpD&ifcHpmukd txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu xkwfa0
jzef@csdxm;ygw,f? txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ pkpnf;avhvmoHk;oyfxm;csuf yxrykdif;u vlawGae&m a&$@ajymif;
cH&wmeJ@csufcsif; tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&;/ vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;wJh Oya'awGeJ@ 'kQonf
qdkif&m Oya'awGeJ@ywfoufwJh pnf;rsOf;awGukd qef;ppfavhvmxm;ygw,f? avhvmr_u tusOf;csKyf oHk;oyf
xm;wmu wnf&SdqJOya'u a'owGif;twif;tusyfae&ma&$@cH&wJhudPawGukd oifhawmfovkd vkyfaqmifwJh
tcsdefeJ@ wjydKifwnf; (IDPs) awGudk xdxda&mufa&muf umuG,fay;zkd@ Oya'a=umif;t& ysufuGufr_&J@
&v'ftjzpf uGm[csufawGeJ@ tvkyfrjzpfwJh tykdif;awGvnf; ay:xGufvmygw,f?
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ pkpnf;avhvmoHk;oyfxm;csuf 'kwd,ykdif;u w&m;vufvGwf ae&majymif; cH&olawGukd
umuG,fay;a&;eJ@ywfoufwJh w&m;0if&v'fawGukd tav;xm;qef;ppfxm;wJhtjyif tjynfjynfqdkif&m
Oya'pnf;rsOfawGun$efjywJh taxGaxGpnf;rsOf;wckt& cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;ay: tajcrcHwJh/ w&m;vufvGwf
vkyfwmr[kwfwJh twif;tusyfae&ma&$@ajymif;r_uvJ jcGif;csuft& jzpfyGm;Ekkdifw,fvkd@ &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;
ygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'DumuG,fwm;qD;r_u azmfjyrxm;wJh em;vnfoabmaygufr_om jzpfygw,f? pkpnf;a
vhvmoHk;oyfxm;csufawGtay: tajccHwJh vrf;n$efrl0g'awGu (IDPs) awGukd tumtuG,fay;a&;eJ@
axmufyHhulnDa&;awGeJ@ywfoufwJh oifhawmfavsmufywfwJhrl0g' trsm;tjym;ukd pkpnf;ckdifrmapygw,f?
a'owGif;ae&ma&$@ajymif;r_qkdif&m uBmvHk;qkdif&mjy±emtwGuf pepfwuswHk@jyefaqmif&Gufcsuf twGuf
wdk;wufr_wckuawmh a'owGif;twif;tusyfae&majymif;a&$@jcif;twGuf uBmvHk;qkdif&m owif;tcsuf
tvufpDrHcef@cJGa&;pepf (http://www.idpproject.org) wckwnfaxmifjcif;yJjzpfygw,f?
80
aumfr&SifukdaemufqHk;wifxm;wJhtpD&ifcHpmxJrSm txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu txl;ojzifh vrf;n$efrl0g'awG
jr‡ifhfhwifa&;eJ@ywfoufwJh pHowfrSwfcsufvkyfief;abmif/ xda&mufwJhtzJG@tpnf;qkdif&m vkyfief;abmifwck
wnfaxmifa&;wkd;wufr_/ tpD&ifcHpmawGxJrSmygwJh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&J@ uGif;qif;aqmif&Gufcsuf tusOf;
csKyfeJ@ okkawoevkyfaewJh udP&yftopfawG&J@ tusOf;csKyfoHk;oyfcsufawGudk xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
tJ'gawGxJrSm a'owGif;twif;tusyfae&majymif;cH&wJh tajctaeawGtay: EkdifiHqkdif&m wHk@jyefcsufawG
tay: Ed_if;,SOfoHk;oyfcsufawG/ a'owGif;ae&majymif;a&$@cH&olawGeJ@ywfouf+yD; a'oqkdif&mtzJG@tpnf;
awG&J@aqmif&GufcsufawGtay:oHk;oyfcsufawG/ (IDPs) awGudPawGeJ@ ywfoufaewJh vHkðcHa&;tzJG@tpnf;
awG&J@ tcef;u¾tay:oHk;oyfcsufawG/ (IDPs) awGeJ@ 'kQonfawGukd umuG,fay;rJh ydkrdkus,fjyef@wJh
tkyfcsKyfa&;awGxlaxmifzkd@ pwJhtcsufawG yg0ifygw,f? tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl@tzJG@tpnf;twGuf vkdtyfcsuf
awGeJ@ a'owGif;twif;tusyfae&majymif;a&$@cH&olawGudPukd wdus+yD; tav;teufxm;wJh wHk@jyefaqmif
&GufcsufawG wnfaxmifzkd@ ukd,fpm;vS,fu xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
81
uav;oli,frsm;eJ‹ vufeufukdifyVdyuQqdkif&m taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf&J‹txl;udk,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL
FOR CHILDREN AND ARMED CONFLICT
taxGaxGnDvmcHqHk;jzwfcsuf A/RES/51/77 t&qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhESifh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
1996 rSm ukvor~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf&J@ ('DudPeJ@ywfouf+yD;) yxrOD;qHk;oD;jcm; vGwfvyfwJh
u|rf;usifolu vufeufudkifyËdyQ&J@ uav;oli,frsm;tay:tusdK;oufa&mufr_ tpD&ifcHpmudk taxGaxG
nDvmcHukd wifoGif;cJhygw,f? wHk@jyefcsuftaeeJ@ 'DudPukd qufavhvmzdk@twGuf txl; ukd,fpm;vS,fwa,muf
cef@tyfzkd@ taxGaxGnDvmcHu taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfukd awmif;qkdygw,f? tJ'ga=umifhh taxGaxGtwGif;
a&;rSL;csKyf&J@ vufeufukdifyËdyQeJ@ uav;oli,frsm;qkdif&m txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu tjcm;t"du vkyfief;pepf
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;awGeJ@rwlyJ =um;jzwftpD&ifcHpmwapmifukd aumfr&Sifukdwif&wJhtcsdefrSm t"dutpD&ifcHpm
ukdtaxGaxGnDvmcH ESpfpOftpnf;ta0;ukd wifjy&ygw,f?
vuf&Sdtxl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu vufeufukdifyËdyQawGrSm uav;oli,frsm; yg0ifywfoufr_udk qef@usif
wkdufzsufzdk@ tpkd;&awG/ ukvor~vkyfief;pepfawG/ vlr_tzJG@tpnf;awG/ woD;yk~vawGtygt0if qufpyf
ywfoufoltm;vHk; av;euf+yD;pepfuswJh óu;pm;tm;xkwfr_wckvkyfzkd@ vdktyfw,fvdk@ rSwfcsuf ðyxm;ygw,f?
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu vufeufukdifyËdyQawGrSm yg0ifywfoufaewJh uav;oli,frsm; tusdK;twGuf
umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;eJ@ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;awGudk jr‡ifhfhwifay;zdk@pHE_ef;awG/ EkdifiHHa&;eJ@ vlom;csif;pmem
axmufxm;wJh r[mAsL[mawGudk aygif;pyfay;+yD; OD;aqmifvkyfukdifoGm;r,fvkd@ azmfjyygw,f?
aumfr&Sifukd aemufqHk;wifoGif;xm;wJh txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f&Jh tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm vufeufukdifyËdyQawGrSm
uav;oli,frsm; yg0ifywfoufaer_ uav;oli,frsm;&J@ vl@tcGifhhta&;qdkif&m nDvmcHtwGuf oabmwl
nDcsufpmcsKyfeJ@ 2001 ckESpfrSm csrSwfcJhwJh xl;jcm;xda&mufvSwJh vHkðcHa&;aumifpDqHk;jzwfcsuf (qHk;jzwfcsuf
1379) ukd vufawG@taumiftxnfazmf vkyfaqmifzkd@twGuf EkdifiHwumvkyfaqmifcsuf pepfawGudk ckdifrm
atmifvkyfzdk@ vdktyfa=umif;ukdvJ rSwfcsufðyazmfjyxm;ygw,f? +idrf;csrfa&;vkyfief;pOftwGif; uav;oli,f
umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcsufawGeJ@ ukvor~+idrf;csrf;r_ xdef;odrf;a&;wyfzJG@ukd uav;
oli,frsm;tm; umuG,fapmifhha&Smufa&;twGuf avhusifhay;zkd@OD;wnfwJh yHkrSefv_H@aqmf aqmif&GufcsufawG&J@
wkd;wufr_awGtay:vJ txl;udk,fpm;vS,fu tpD&ifcHxm;ygw,f? (olwdk@&Jhwm0ef0W&m;awGeJ@ yg0ifywf
oufr_awGukdqef@usifcsKd;azmuf+yD;) vufeufukdifyËdyQawGrSm yg0ifywfoufaewJh tzJG@awG&J@ ðyrlcsufawGukd
pepfwus apmifh=uyf=unfh&_zkd@/ twnfðyzdk@eJ@ tpD&ifcHzkd@enf;vrf;awGudk pl;prf;&SmazGzdk@ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu
t=uHðycsufawGudkazmfjyxm;ygw,f? vufeufukdifyËdyQawG&J@ qdk;usdK;ukdcHpm;&wJh uav;oli,fawGeJ@
ywfoufwJh owif;tcsuftvufawGudk &SmazGpkaqmif;zkd@twGuf okawoe uGef,ufwck xlaxmifa&;rSmvJ
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu yg0ifaqmif&Gufaeygw,f?
w&m;r#wr_eJ@ Oya'a=umif;t&w&m;0ifjzpfr_awG&&Sdzdk@ vkyfief;pepfawGxJrSm uav;oli,fawGudk umuG,f
82
apmifha&Smufr_/ tem*wf t=uHay;0efaqmifcsufawGeJ@ vwfwavmvkyfaqmifxm;+yD;om; tvkyfay: tajccHr_
jypf'%frSuif;vGwfcGifhh tp&SdwmawGeJ@ywfouf+yD; txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu ckdifrmwJh vkyfaqmifcsufawG&J@
wkd;wufr_ pJGcsufwifolrsm;twGuf vrf;n$efcsufawG/ bufrvdkufwJh aumfr&SifemawG/ wckckusL;vGefxm;wJh
uav;oli,fawGeJ@ tvkyfwJGvkyfay;r,fh pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;rSL;awG/ w&m;ol=uD;awG/ jzpf+yD;cJhwJhjy±emawG&J@
oufaoawG/ ppf&mZ0wfr_qdkif&m w&m;pD&ifr_eJ@ bufrvdkufwJh aumfr&Sif 0efxrf; awGtwGuf avhusifha&;
pDrHudef;awG/ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; pDrHudef;awGeJ@ jypfr_usL;vGefol vli,fawGudk apmifh=unfha&;eJ@ a&&Snf
aemufqufwJG vkyfaqmifa&;awG tp&Sdojzifhh awGrSmyg0ifulnDr,fvdk@ tpD&ifcHygw,f?
aemufqHk;taeeJ@ (2002 ckESpf arv 8 &ufuae 10 &ufae@txdusif;ycJ@wJh) jyefvnf tpDtpOf qJGxm;wJh
ukvor~taxGaxGnDvmcH&J@ uav;oli,fqdkif&m txl;aqG;aEG;yJGrSm vufeufukdifyËdyQawGeJ@ aemuf
qufwJGudPawGrSmyg0if ywfoufaewJh uav;oli,fawGudk umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;twGuf xl;jcm;
xda&mufwJh wkd;wufr_awG aocsmapa&;twGuf ol@&J@xyfwvJvJ yg0ifywfoufaqmif&Gufr_awGudk txl;
ukd,fpm;vS,fu tpD&ifcHygw,f?
83
tvGeftrif;qif;&JrJGawr+eJ‹ vl‹tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u|rf;usifol
INDEPENDENT EXPERT ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND EXTREME POVERTY
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 1998/ 25 t&qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifheJ‹ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJhu|rf;usifolukd atmufygvkyfykdifcGifhawGay;tyfxm;ygw,f
· wdkif;jynfwckcsif;qkdif&meJ@ tjynfjynfqkdif&m vufawG@vkyfaqmifcsufaumif;awGudk taxmuftxm;
cJGjcm;owfrSwfjcif;tygt0if vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fjcif;/ jr‡ifhfhwifjcif;eJ@ tvGeftrif; qif;&JrJGawr_
wkdufzsufa&;wdk@=um;qufqHa&;udk tuJjzwfowfrSwfzdk@
· u|rf;usifol&J@c&D;pOfawGtwGif; vkyfaqmifcJhwmawGtygt0if tqif;&JqHk;vlawGeJ@ vlxktzJG@ tpnf;
awGukd olwkd@aexdkif&ma'orSm olwkd@&J@tawG;tjrifawGudk azmfxkwfjyozdk@/ udk,fhtcsif;csif; jyefvnf
pkpnf;zdk@/ jynfwGif;vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&m tzJG@tpnf;tpdwftykdif;awGrSm yg0ifaqmif&Gufzkd@twGuf
wkdifyift=uHay;r_awGvkyfaqmifzdk@
· w&m;vGefqif;&JrJGawr_udk ausmfv$m;vGefajrmufzkd@twGuf r[mAsL[mawGeJ@ tJ'Dr[mAsL[mawG&J@
vlr_a&;t&tusdK;oufa&mufr_awGudk pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;zdk@
· w&m;vGefqif;&JrJGawr_udkwkdufzsufzkd@ taumif;qHk;aompDrHudef;awGudk trsdK;tpm;cJGjcm;owfrSwfzdk@
tawG;tjrifawGeJ@twl tjynfjynfqkdif&mb¾ma&;tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@
· 2002 ckESpftwGuf&nf&G,fpDpOfxm;wJh qif;&JrJGawr_wkdufzsufa&; ukvor~yxrq,fpkESpftwGuf
vrf;ckvwf (5ESpfajrmuftjzpf) tuJjzwfowfrSwfjcif;rSm yg0ifaqmif&Gufzkd@
aemufxyfESpfESpfoufwrf;twGuf jyefvnftoufoGif;jcif;eJ@twl vlrsdK;a&;0g'/ vlrsdK;a&;t& cJGjcm;ESdrfhcs
qufqHjcif;/ wkdif;wyg;om;a=umuf&G@Hrkef;wD;jcif;eJ@ aemufqufwJG vlrsdK;a&;wif;rmr_rsm;qkdif&m uBmhvHk;
qkdif&mnDvmcH&J@ &v'fawGeJ@/ 2002 ckESpfaESmif;ykdif;rSm (awmiftmz&duEkdifiH) *sdK[efeufpfbwfòrd@rSm usif;yrJh
a&&SnfzHG@òz;wkd;wufr_qkdif&mnDvmcHudk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufzkd@ aumfr&Sifu oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh
u|rf;usifolukd wdkufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
aumfr&SifukdaemufqHk;wifxm;wJh tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u|rf;usifolu EkdifiHawGeJ@ tjynfjynf
qdkif&mb¾ma&;tzJG@tpnf;awG&J@ qif;&JrJGawr_wkdufzsufa&;rl0g'awG/ tjynfjynfqkdif&mtzJG@tpnf;awG&J@
rl0g'awG/ OD;pm;ay;awGeJ@ pDrHudef;awG&J@wlnDwJh vkdtyfcsufawGtay: oHk;oyfxm;csufudk tajccH+yD; wkdufwGef;
t=uHay;xm;ygw,f? EkkdifiHqkdif&meJ@ tjynfjynfqkdif&m vufawG@usifhoHk;r_aumif;awGeJ@ tjynfjynfqkdif&m
aiGa=u;&HyHkaiGtzJG@eJ@ awG@qHkn‡dEd_if;zdk@ vkdtyfcsufawGudk trsd;tpm;cJGjcm;owfrSwfzdk@udk oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh
u|rf;usifolu tm&Hkpdkuf wifjyxm;ygw,f?
84
tpD&ifcHpmu EkkdifiHawG/ wkdif;jynfwGif;qdkif&mtJef*sDtdkawG vl@tcGifhta&;tzJG@tpnf;awGqDuae &&Sdxm;wJh
ar;cGef;v$myHkpHawGudk wHkjyefxm;csufawGeJ@ awG@qHkn‡dEd_if;xm;csufawGay:rSm tajccHygw,f? oufqkdifwJh
tkyfpkawG&J@ pdwf&if;t&yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_awG/ A[kdcsKyfukdifr_ avsmhcsa&;rl0g'awGu qif;&JrJGawr_
tajctaeawGtwGuf ckdifrm+yD;tajccHuswJh wHk@jyefcsufukd axmufyHhay;tyfEkdifygw,fvkd@ u|rf;usifolu
aumufcsufqJGxm;ygw,f?
tpD&ifcHpmu qif;&JwJhvlawG (w&m;0if/ w&m;r0if/ oabmqütavsmuf/ twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;/
&mZ0wfr_t&/ vlukeful;r_t& a&$@ajymif;aexkdifr_awGtygt0if) ae&majymif;a&$@r_awGudkvnf; tao;pdwf
oHk;oyfxm;ygw,f? qif;&Jom;awG a&$@ajymif;tajccsaexdkifr_&J@ odomxif&Sm;wJhaemufqufwJG tajctae
awGukd rSwfcsufðyxm;wJhtjyif oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJhu|rf;usifolu (vlawGxGufoGm;wJh) a&$@ajymif;r_jzpfwJh
EkdifiHawGeJ@ vlawGvQHxm;&wJhEkdifiHawG&J@ rl0g'awG wJGzufyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@vdktyf+yD; a&$@ajymif;aexdkifol
(tenf;qHk;w&m;r0ifol) awGtwGuf tenf;qHk;tjzpf vlr_a&; tumtuG,fukd wkd;csJ@ay;zkd@ tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm
rSwfcsufcsxm;ay;ygw,f?
qif;&JJrJGawr_wkdufzsufzkd@twGuf n‡dEd_if;ta&;,laqmif&GufcsufawG a'oqkdif&meJ@ wkdif;jynf taetxm;t&
aemufqufwJGtajctaeawG oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh tjynfjynfqkdif&mrl0g'awGeJ@ r[mAsL[mawGudkvJ
OD;aqmifOD;&Gufðy v_H@aqmfygw,f? tjynfjynfqkdif&m yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;eJ@ zHG@òzd;wkd;wufr_ taxmuftul
awGu EkdifiHawGeJ@vltkyfpkawG&J@ odomxl;jcm;wJh vdktyfcsufawGeJ@ udkufnD&r,fhtjyif vl@tcGifhta&;ukd
usifhoHk;aewJh xdcdkuftvG,fqHk; (tm;enf;wJh) woD;yk~vawGeJ@ tkyfpkawGtwGuf t&nftaoG;owfrSwf
+yD;om;awGukd vufawG@toHk;csEkdifzdk@tay: tajccHwJhtcsufawGeJ@vJ ukdufnD&rSmjzpfygw,fvkd@ u|rf;usif
olu axmufjyxm;ygw,f? oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJJhu|rf;usifolu 2001 arrSm bkdvD;AD;,m;eJ@ 2001 Zlvkdifuae
=o*kwftxd bDeif;EkdifiHwkd@udk vnfywfcJh+yD; 'Dc&D;pOfawG twGuftpD&ifcHcsufu (oD;jcm;jzef@a0ayr,fh)
aumfr&SifudkwifwJh tpD&ifcHpmxJrSmyg0ifygw,f?
85
zHG‹òzd;wdk;wufr+tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u|rf;usifol
INDEPENDENT EXPERT ON THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 1998/ 72 t&qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf
vkyfykdifcGifhESifh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf pOfqufrjywfwkd;wufzdk@&nf&G,fwJh 'DzHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_u us,fjyef@wJh pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/
,Ofaus;r_eJ@ EkdifiHa&;jzpfpOfawGjzpfw,fvkd@ taxGaxGnDvmcHu todtrSwfðy&if; 1986 rSm zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_
tcGifhta&;qkdif&ma=unmcsufudk csrSwfcJhygw,f? ckepfESpft=umrSmawmh aumfr&Sifu oHk;ESpfoufwrf;&SdwJh
zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_tcGifhta&;qkdif&m tvkyftzJG@udkzJG@pnf;cJhygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf ESpf=udrfawG@qHkn‡dE_dif;/ tpD&ifcHpm
ESpfapmifwifoGif;EkdifcJhwJh/ u|rf;usifolawGyg0ifzJG@pnf;xm;+yD; tpkd;&csif; tjyeftvSefqufoG,fwJh (tvkyf)
tzJG@udkzJG@pnf;cJhygw,f?
1998 rSmawmh zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_ tcGifhta&;awGudk taumiftxnfazmfEkdifa&;twGuf eufeuf&_dif;&_dif; avhvm
pl;prf;zdk@ aumfr&Sifu vkyfief;pepfESpfck xlaxmifcJhygw,f/ tJ'gawGuawmh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u|rf;usifoleJ@
(tJef*sDtdkawGeJ@ aqG;aEG;yJGawG usif;y+yD; vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifukd tpD&ifcHpmawGwif&wJh) tvkyftzJG@wkd@
jzpfygw,f? tJ'D tvkyftzJG@&J@ vkyfykdifcGifhu atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygw,f?
· zHG@òz;wkd;wufr_tcGifhta&;awG taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf aqmif&GufcsufawG&J@ wkd;wufr_awGukd
apmifh=unfhqef;ppfzkd@
· EkdifiHawG/ tjynfjynfqkdif&m tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ tJef*sDtkdawGu wkdif=um;wifoGif;wJh tpD&ifcHpmawGeJ@
tjcm;owif;tcsuftvufawGudk jyefvnfqef;ppfzdk@eJ@
· aumfr&Sifukd tpnf;ta0;tvdkuf tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;zkd@wdk@jzpfygw,f?
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJhu|rf;usifolwa,mufu zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_tcGifhta&;awG taumiftxnfazmfa&;qdkif&m
vuf&Sdwdk;wufr_ avhvmqef;ppfcsufawGukd tvkyftzJG@ESpfpOftpnf;ta0;rSm wufa&mufwifjyzdk@twGuf
vkyfykdifcGifh&&Sdygw,f? u|rf;usifolu wdk;wufr_jzpfpOfwckeJ@ 'DjzpfpOftwGuf taumif;qHk; taumiftxnf
azmfa&;pepftjzpf wifoGif;xm;wJh zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_ tcGifhta&;awGrSmyg0ifwJh tajccHtcsufawGudk azmfxkwf
xlaxmifxm;wJh tpD&ifcHpmav;apmif wifoGif;cJhygw,f?
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJhu|rf;usifol&J@ tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm zHG@òz;wkd;wufr_tcGifhta&;udk taumiftxnfazmfa&;
wkd;wufr_awGukd avhvmqef;ppfcsufwckeJ@ vlwOD;csif;&J@ a&G;cs,fykdifcGifhawGeJ@ t&nftaoG;awGudk jr‡ifhfhwif
ay;jcif;tm;jzifh tcGifhta&;awGukd em;vnfoabmaygufapwJh xl;jcm;wJh zHG@òz;wdk;wufa&;jzpfpOftjzpf zHG@òz;
wkd;wufr_tcGifhta&;awGukd jr‡ifhfhwifwkd;csJ@a&;wkd@udkxnhfoGif;azmfjyxm;ygw,f? zHG@òz;a&;jzpfpOfu yGifhvif;r_/
yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_/ tm;ukd;Ekdifr_/ cJGjcm;ESdrfhcs qufqHjcif;r&Sdr_/ r#wr_awGtay: tajccHwJh tcGifhta&; tajccH
86
zHG@òz;wkd;wufa&;eJ@twl yl;aygif;aqmif&GufwJh v_yf&Sm;r_ pDrHudef;wckudk tajccHoifhw,fvkd@ u|rf;usifolu
tckdiftrmwifjyxm;ygw,f?
pwkˆajrmufeJ@ aemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpmu txl;ojzifhjynfwGif;eJ@ tjynfjynfqkdif&m tcef;u¾awGt& zHG@òz;
wkd;wufr_ tcGifhta&;taumiftxnfazmfa&; enf;vrf;awGukd OD;pm;ay;azmfjyxm;ygw,f? oD;jcm;vGwf
vyfwJh u|rf;usifolu zHG@òz;wkd;wufa&;pDrHudef;awGukd tjynfjynfqdkif&mu ukd,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ oufqkdifwJh zHG@
òz;qJEkdifiHawG=um;u “zHG@òz;wdk;wufa&;tpktzJG@” uwqifh taumiftxnfazmf&rSm jzpfw,fvkd@ wkdufwGef;
t=uHðyxm;ygw,f? tJ'Dvkd zHG@òz;wkd;wufa&; tpktzJG@awGatmufrSm EkdifiHwumvl@tzJG@tpnf;u t&if;
tjrpfawGyHhykd;/ ukefuspm;&dwfawG r#a0uscHwJhtcsdefrSm zHG@òz;qJEkdifiHawGuvJ jynfwGif;twdkif;twmt&
wm0ef&SdaewJh vl@tcGifhta&;udPawGudk jznfhpGrf;aqmif&GufoGm;&rSm jzpfygw,f?
87
jynfyaºuG;jrDeJ‹ rl0g'ndSEd+if;ajymif;vJapa&; oufa&mufr+qdkif&m oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u|rf;usifol
INDEPENDENT EXPERT ON THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL
ADJUSTMENT POLICIES AND FOREIGN DEBT
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 2000/ 82 eJ‹ 2000/ 109 t&eJ‹ (vkyfykdifcGifhESpfck yl;aygif;xm;wJh)
aumfr&SifqHk;jzwfcsuf 2001/ 30 t& qHk;jzwfcsrSwfonf?
vkyfykdifcGifhESifh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
'DvkyfykdifcGifhu rl0g'n‡dE_dif;ajymif;vJa&;qkdif&m oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJhu|rf;usifoleJ@pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_
qdkif&mtcGifhta&;awGukd tjynfht0toHk;csr_eJ@ EkdifiHjcm;aºu;+rD oufa&mufr_qkdif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
wkd@&J@ yl;aygif;xm;wJhtvkyf&J@ &v'fyJjzpfygw,f? EkdifiHjcm;aºu;+rDeJ@ rl0g'n‡dE_dif;ajymif;vJa&;wkd@ tcsif;csif;
qufpyfaewJh oabmobm0awGukd pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&if; txl;udk,fpm;vS,feJ@ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u|rf;usif
olwkd@u aumfr&Siftpnf;ta0;ukd tmz&durSm HIV/AIDS ul;pufa&m*gawG jyef@yGm;wJhudPrSm aºu;xl
aewJh qif;&JwJhEkdifiHawG (HIPC) a=umifh wGef;tm;ay; OD;aqmifovkdjzpfr_awG/ [Gef'l;&yfpfeJ@ Ekdifum&m*Gm
ekdifiHawGrSm rpfcsf[m&Dudef;rkefwkdif; wkduf+yD;aemufykdif; jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;awGeJ@ tjynfjynfqkdif&m
tvkyform;tzJG@tpnf;u usif;ycJhwJh 1999 uav;oli,fvkyftm; toHk;csr_ tqdk;qHk;yHkpHqkdif&mnDvmcH
tp&Sdojzifhwdk@udk csdwfqufwifjy&if; “aºu;+rDav#mfypfa&;eJ@ vlr_&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_” vkd@ trnfay;xm;wJh yl;wJG
tpD&ifcHpmwapmifwifoGif;cJhygw,f?
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJhu|rf;usifol&J@ vkyfykdifcGifhu atmufazmfjyyg xl;jcm;wJhe,fy,fawGudk txl;tm&Hk pdkuf&if;
aumfr&Sifukdwif&wJh ESpfpOftpD&ifcHpmukdjyifqifzdk@jzpfygw,f
· EkdifiHjcm;a=uG;jrD&J@ tusdK;oufa&mufr_awGeJ@ txl;ojzifh zHG@òz;qJEkdifiHawGrSm pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;eJ@
,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;awGtygt0if vl@tcGifhta&;awGukd tjynfht0toHk;csjcif;tm;jzifh 'DtusdK;
oufa&mufr_awGudk &ifqkdifzkd@csrSwfcJhwJhrl0g'awG
· yk~vdutcef;u¾tjyif tjynfjynfqkdif&mb¾ma&;tzJG@tpnf;awG zHG@òz;qJEkdifiHawG txl;ojzifh
tqif;&JqHk;eJ@ a=uG;xlaewJhEkdifiHawGrSm 'DtusdK;oufa&mufr_awGukdavsmhcsypfzkd@tpkd;&awGu aqmif&Guf
cJhwJhta&;,laqmif&GufcsufawG
· zHG@òz;wdk;wufr_topfawG/ vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ rl0g'n‡dE_dif;ajymif;vJa&;vrf;pOfawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tjynf
jynfqkdif&m b¾ma&;tzJG@tpnf;awG/ tjcm;ukvor~vufatmufcH tzJG@tpnf;awG/ tpdk;&awG=um;
tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ tJef*sDtdkawGuvkyfaqmifwJh ta&;,laqmif&GufcsufawG/ OD;aqmifv_@Haqmfaqmif
&Gufr_awG
· +yD;cJhwJhESpftwGif; vkyfykdifcGifh&xm;olawG=um; tajymif;tvJwcka=umifh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u|rf;usif
olu 2002 ckESpftwGuftpD&ifcHpm wifjyEkdifjcif;r&SdcJhygbl;? oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u|rf;usifolukd ESpfpOf
88
tpD&ifcHpm rdWLwapmifukd (vl@tcGifhta&;tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ tjynfjynfqkdif&m b¾ma&;tzJG@tpnf;
awG=um; awG@qHkn‡dEd_if;a&; qufvkyfzkd@twGuf tajccHtjzpf aqmif&GufEkdifzkd@twGuf) rl0g'n$dE_dif;ajymif;
vJa&;vrf;pOfawGeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;awGtwGuf rl0g'vrf;n$efcsufawG
tao;pdwfazmfjyaygif;pyfzdk@ wnfaxmifzJG@pnf;xm;wJh (tJef*sDtdkawGeJ@aqG;aEG;yJGawGusif;y+yD; vl@tcGifh
ta&;aumfr&Sifukd tpD&ifcHpmawGwif&wJh) tvkyftzJG@ukdwifjyzdk@ aumfr&SifucsrSwfwJh qHk;jzwfcsuf
xJrSm wkdufwGef;xm;ygw,f? tjcm;udP&yfawG=um;rSm (aumfr&Sif) qHk;jzwfcsufu EkdifiHawG/ tjynf
jynfqdkif&m b¾ma&;tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ yk~vduu¾awGukd zHG@òz;qJEkdifiHawG txl;ojzifh HIV/AIDS ul;pufa&m*gawG&J@ '%fukdcH&wJhEkdifiHawG&J@ ta=uG;jy±emukkdav#mhcsypfzkd@/ tJ'Dvkd vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh
b¾ma&;&if;jrpfawGukd usef;rma&;/ jynfolvlxkkw&yfvHk;twGuf okawoeeJ@ xdawG@ukor_ vkyfEkdif
rSmjzpf+yD; tifrwefa=uG;xlaewJh qif;&JwJhEkdifiHawG wifaewJhta=uG;awGukd ododomom av#mhcsypfzkd@/
'grSr[kwfvHk;0av#mfypfzkd@twGuf pOf;pm;Ekdifzkd@ obm0ab;tœ&,fawGeJ@ jynfwGif;ppfawGt+yD;rSm
ay:xGufvmwJh emvefxpEkdifiHawGudk OD;pm;ay;EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f?
89
tjrifhqHk;&&SdEkdifwJh pdwfykdif;eJ‹&kyfykdif;qkdif&m usef;rma&;tqifhtwef;ukd
vlwdkif;tjynfht0 toHk;csEkdifcGifhqdkif&m txl;ukd,fpm;vS,f
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE RIGHT OF EVERYONE TO THE
ENJOYMENT OF THE HIGHEST ATTAINABLE STANDARD OF
PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH
qHk;jzwfcsuf 2002/ 31 xJrSm aumfr&Sifu tjrifhqHk;&&SdEkdifwJh &kyfykdif;eJ@pdwfykdif;qdkif&m usef;rma&;tqifhtwef;
ukd tm&HkpdkufOD;pm;ay;zkd@twGuf oHk;ESpfoufwrf;&Sd vkyfief;pepfwckukd xlaxmifxm;ygw,f? uBmhukvor~
vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m tjynfjynfqkdif&m oabmwlnDcsuf/
uav;oli,f tcGifhta&;qkdif&mnDvmcH/ trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: cJGjcm;ESdrfhcsqufqHr_ yHkkpHtm;vHk;ukd z,f&Sm;
wkdufzsufa&; nDvmcHeJ@ vlrsdK;a&;t& cJGjcm;ESdrfhcsqufqHr_yHkpHtm;vHk;ukd z,f&Sm; wdkufzsufa&;eJ@ cJGjcm;ESdrfhcs
qufqHrcH&zkd@ tcGifhta&;qdkif&mawG&J@ tusdK;oufa&mufr_ jzpfwJh'DtcGifhta&;ukd txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fu
t"dutm&HkpkdufrSmjzpfygw,f?
txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fukd atmufygudPawG vkyfaqmifzkd@ vkyfykdifcGifh ay;tyfxm;ygw,f
· tjrifhqHk;&&SdEkdifwJh pdwfykdif;eJ@&kyfykdif;qkdif&m usef;rma&;tqifhtwef;ukd vlwdkif;tjynfht0 toHk;cs
EkdifcGifhukdem;vnfoabmaygufa&;twGuf tpkd;&awG/ tpkd;&awG=um; tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ tJef*sDtkdawG
tygt0if oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh &if;jrpftm;vkH;qDuae owif;tcsuftvufawG awmif;cH/ pkaqmif;/
&,l/ zvS,fzdk@
· tpkd;&awG/ oufqkdifwJh ukvor~vufatmufcHtzJG@tpnf;awG/ txl;tzJG@tpnf;awGeJ@ pDrHudef;awG/
txl;ojzifh HIV/AIDs twGuf uBmhusef;rma&;tzJG@=uD;eJ@ ukvor~yl;aygif;aqmif&GufwJh pDrHudef;/
tJef*sDtdkawGeJ@ tjynfjynfqdkif&m b¾ma&;tzJG@tpnf;awGtygt0if oifhawmfavsmufywfol tm;
vHk;eJ@ yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifEkdifrJh e,fy,ftm;vHk;twGuf yHkkrSefawG@qHkn‡dE_dif;r_/ aqG;aEG;r_wck vkyfaqmifzkd@
· ('DtcGifhta&;awG) taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf jynfwGif;wifru tjynfjynfqkdif&m tae
txm;t&yg ñuHawG@&wJhtcuftcJawG/ ('DtcGifhta&;awGukd) tjynfht0 toHk;csr_awGtwGuf tusdK;
tjrwft&SdqHk; vkyfief;&yfawG/ Oya'awG/ rl0g'awGeJ@ vufawG@usifhoHk;r_aumif;awGtygt0if txufrSm
pm&if;vkdufazmfjyxm;wJh 'DtcGifhta&;awGeJ@oufqkdifwJh zHG@òz;wkd;wufr_awGt& tjrifhqHk;&&SdEkdifwJh
pdwfykdif;eJ@ &kyfykdif;qkdif&m usef;rma&;tqifhtwef;ukd uBmtESH@rSm vlwdkif; tjynfht0 toHk;csEkdifcGifhukd
em;vnfoabmaygufapa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; tpD&ifcHzdk@
tcef; (3)
vkyfydkifcGifhtopf
NEW MANDATE
90
· tjrifhqHk;&&SdEkdifwJh pdwfykdif;eJ@&kyfykdif;qkdif&m usef;rma&;tqifhtwef;ukd uBmtESH@rSm vlwdkif;tjynfh
t0 toHk;csEkdifcGifhukdem;vnfoabmaygufapa&;ukd umuG,fwm;qD;zkd@/ jr‡ifhfhwiftm;ay;zdk@twGuf
oifhawmfwJhta&;,laqmif&Gufr_awG wkdufwGef;t=uHay;&ef
'DudPeJ@ywfouf+yD; vdif (cJGjcm;r_) t& xifjrifcsufwck azmfxkwfwifjyzkd@eJ@ uav;oli,frsm;&J@ vkdtyfcsuf
awGeJ@ywfouf+yD; *&kkpkdufzdk@ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fukd arWm&yfcHxm;ygw,f? vlrsdK;a&;0g'/ vlrsdK;cJGjcm;ESdrfhcs
qufqHjcif;/ wkdif;wyg;om; rkef;wD;a&;eJ@ aemufqufwJG vlrsdK;a&;wif;rmr_qef@usifa&; uBmhnDvmcHu
csrSwfvkdufwJh 'gbefa=unmcsufeJ@ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;pDrHudef;t& oifhawmfavsmufywfwJh rl=urf;awGukd
toufoGif;&efeJ@ aemufxyfusif;yrJh aumfr&Sifpnf;a0;yJGukd tpD&ifcHpm wapmifwifzkd@ txl;ukd,fpm;vS,fukd
wkdufwGef;xm;ygw,f?
qufoG,fwdkif-um;&ef txl;toHk;0ifaom vdyfpmtcsdK‹
Secretariat of the Committee against Torture Ms Mercedes MORALES FERNANDEZ Tel: (41 22) 917 9139, Fax: (41 22) 917 9022, E-mail: [email protected]
Secretariat of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Ms Wan-Hea LEE Tel: (41 22) 917 9154, Fax: (41 22) 917 9022, E-mail: [email protected]
Secretariat of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Ms Christine BRAUTIGAM, Chief of the Womenís Rights Section Tel: (1 212) 963 3162, Fax: (1 212) 963 3463, E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw
Secretariat of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Ms Nathalie PROUVEZ Tel: (41 22) 917 9309, Fax: (41 22) 917 9022, E-mail: [email protected]
Secretariat of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families Ms Carla EDELENBOS Tel: (41 22) 917 9241, Fax: (41 22) 917 9022, E-mail: [email protected]
Secretariat of the Committee on the Rights of the Child Ms Maja ANDRIJASEVIC-BOKO Tel: (41 22) 917 9216, Fax: (41 22) 917 9022, E-mail: [email protected]
Secretariat of the Human Rights Committee Mr Patrice GILLIBERT Tel: (41 22) 917 9332, Fax: (41 22) 917 9022, E-mail: [email protected]
91
Mr Markus SCHMIDT Petitions Unit The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights United Nations Office at Geneva 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected]
Ms Christine BRAUTIGAM, Chief of the Womenís Rights Section Division of the Advancement of Women 2 UN Plaza DC/2-1228 New York, NY 10017 United States of America Tel: (1 212) 963 0535, Fax: (1 212) 963 3463, E-mail: [email protected]
Thematic mandates Information on each thematic special procedure mandate is available at www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/special/themes.htm Adequate housing Special Rapporteur: Mr Miloon KOTHARI (India) Secretariat: Mr Bahram GHAZI Tel: (41 22) 917 9177, Fax (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected]
Adverse effects of the illicit movement and dumping of toxic and dangerous products and wastes on the enjoyment of human rights Special Rapporteur: Mr Okechukwu IBEANU(Nigeria) Secretariat: Mr Eric MONGELARD Tel: (41 22) 917 9447, Fax: (41 22) 917 9014, E-mail: [email protected] Arbitrary detention (Working Group) Chairperson-Rapporteur: Ms Leila ZERROUGUI (Algeria), Mr Tam•s B¡N (Hungary), Ms Manuela Carmena CASTRILLO (Spain), Mr Seyyed Mohammad HASHEMI (Islamic Republic of Iran), Ms Soledad VILLAGRA DE BIEDERMANN (Paraguay) Secretariat: Mr Miguel DE LA LAMA Tel: (41 22) 917 9289, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related Intolerance Special Rapporteur: Mr Doudou DI»NE (Senegal) Secretariat: Ms Gloria CARRERA Tel: (41 22) 917 9120; Fax: (41 22) 917 9013, E-mail: [email protected]
92
Effects of economic reform policies and foreign debt on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights Independent expert: Mr Bernards Andrew NYAMWAYA MUDHO (Kenya) Secretariat: Mr Jens-Uwe SCHUTZ Tel: (41 22) 917 9657, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected]
Enforced or involuntary disappearances (Working Group) Chairperson-Rapporteur: Mr Santiago CORCUERA CABEZUT (Mexico), Mr Joel ADEBAYO ADEKANYE (Nigeria), Mr Darko G÷TTLICHER (Croatia), Mr Saeed Rajaee KHORASANI (Islamic Republic of Iran), Mr Stephen J. TOOPE (Canada) Secretariat: Ms Tanya SMITH Tel: (41 22) 917 9176, Fax: (41 22) 917 9005, E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions Special Rapporteur: Mr Philip ALSTON (Australia) Secretariat: Ms Lydie VENTRE Tel: (41 22) 917 9313, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Freedom of religion or belief Special Rapporteur: Ms Asma JAHANGIR ( Pakistan ) Secretariat: Mr Neal GILMORE Tel: (41 22) 917 9827, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Secretariat: Mr Michael WIENER Tel: (41 22) 917 9159, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Human rights and extreme poverty Independent Expert: Mr Arjun SENGUPTA (India) Secretariat: Mr Jens-Uwe SCHUTZ Tel: (41 22) 917 9657, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Human rights defenders Special Representative of the Secretary-General: Ms Hina JILANI (Pakistan) Secretariat: Ms Melinda CHING SIMON Tel: (41 22) 917 9140, Fax (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Human rights of internally displaced persons Representative of the Secretary-General: Mr Walter KƒLIN (Switzerland) Secretariat: Mr Moetsi DUCHATELLIER Tel: (41 22) 917 9369, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Human rights and international solidarity Independent Expert: Mr Rudi MUHAMMAD RIZKI (Indonesia) Secretariat: To be appointed
93
Human rights of migrants Special Rapporteur: Mr Jorge A. BUSTAMANTE (Mexico) Secretariat: Ms Sepideh MOHADJER Tel: (41 22) 917 9687, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected]
Independence of judges and lawyers Special Rapporteur: Mr Leandro DESPOUY (Argentina) Secretariat: Ms Valentina MILANO Tel: (41 22) 917 9253, Fax (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Minority issues Independent Expert: Ms Gay MCDOUGALL (United States of America) Secretariat: Mr Graham FOX Tel: (41 22) 917 9640, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Secretariat: Mr Erik FRIBERG Tel: (41 22) 917 9645, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] People of African descent (Working Group) Chairperson-Rapporteur: Mr Peter Lesa KASANDA (Zambia), Mr Joe FRANS (Sweden), Mr George N. JABBOUR (Syrian Arab Republic), Ms Irina ZLATESCU (Romania) Secretariat: Ms Marie Dominique MORNET Tel: (41 22) 917 9221, Fax: (41 22) 917 9050, E-mail: [email protected] Promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism Special Rapporteur: Mr Martin SCHEININ (Finland) Secretariat: Ms Sonia CRONIN Tel: (41 22) 917 9160, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Right to education Special Rapporteur: Mr Vernor MU—OZ VILLALOBOS (Costa Rica) Secretariat: Ms Myriam TEBOURBI Tel: (41 22) 917 9330, Fax: (41 22) 917 9010, E-mail: [email protected] Secretariat: Ms Vivian ALARCON LOZANO Tel: (41 22) 917 9377, Fax: (41 22) 917 9005, E-mail: [email protected] Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health Special Rapporteur: Mr Paul HUNT (New Zealand) Secretariat: Ms Dragana KORLJAN Tel: (41 22) 917 9721, Fax: (41 22) 917 9010, E-mail: [email protected] Right to food Special Rapporteur: Mr Jean ZIEGLER (Switzerland) Secretariat: Ms Federica DONATI Tel: (41 22) 917 9496, Fax: (41 22) 917 9018, E-mail: [email protected]
94
Right to freedom of opinion and expression Special Rapporteur: Mr Ambeyi LIGABO (Kenya) Secretariat: Mr Luca LUPOLI Tel: (41 22) 917 9324, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Secretariat: Ms Adriana ARVIZU ZARRALUQUI Tel: (41 22) 917 9198, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography Special Rapporteur: Mr Juan Miguel PETIT (Uruguay) Secretariat: Mr Thierry DEL PRADO Tel: (41 22) 917 9232, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people Special Rapporteur: Mr Rodolfo STAVENHAGEN (Mexico) Secretariat: Mr Luis RODRIGUEZ-PINERO Tel: (41 22) 917 9134, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment Special Rapporteur: Mr Manfred NOWAK (Austria) Secretariat: Mr Safiruddin SYED Tel: (41 22) 917 9230, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Secretariat: Ms Birgit KAINZ Tel: (41 22) 917 9704, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Trafficking in persons, especially in women and children Special Rapporteur: Ms Sigma HUDA (Bangladesh) Secretariat: Ms Rachel RICO Tel: (41 22) 917 9392, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Trans-national corporations and other business enterprises Special Representative of the Secretary-General: Mr John RUGGIE(United States of America) Secretariat: To be appointed Use of mercenaries as a means of impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self- determination Chairperson: Ms Amada BENAVIDES DE P...REZ (Colombia) Secretariat: Ms Audrey RINALDI Tel: (41 22) 917 9705, Fax: (41 22) 917 9018, E-mail: [email protected] Secretariat: Mr Erik FRIBERG Tel.: (41 22) 917 9645, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Violence against women, its causes and consequences Special Rapporteur: Ms Yakin ERT‹RK (Turkey) Secretariat: Mr Jan HESSBRUEGGETel: (41 22) 917 9192, Fax: (41 22) 917 9010,
95
E-mail: [email protected] Secretariat: Ms Halida NASIC Tel: (41 22) 917 9675, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Country mandatesCountry mandatesCountry mandatesCountry mandates
Information on each country-specific special procedure mandate is available at www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/special/countries.htm Belarus Special Rapporteur: Mr Adrian SEVERIN (Romania) Secretariat: Mr Dimiter CHALEV Tel: (41 22) 917 9135, Fax: (41 22) 917 9039, E-mail: [email protected] Burundi Independent Expert: Mr Akich OKOLA (Kenya) Secretariat: Mr Rosevel Pierre LOUIS Tel: (41 22) 917 9667, Fax: (41 22) 917 9014, E-mail: [email protected] Cambodia Special Representative of the Secretary-General: Mr Yash Ghai (Kenya) Secretariat: Mr Naresh PERINPANAYAGAM Tel: (41 22) 917 9822, Fax: (41 22) 917 9014, E-mail: [email protected] Cuba Personal Representative of the High Commissioner for Human Rights: Ms Christine CHANET (France) Secretariat: Mr Norberto FRYDMAN Tel: (41 22) 917 9248, Fax: (41 22) 917 9013, E-mail: [email protected] Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Special Rapporteur: Mr Vitit MUNTARBHORN (Thailand) Secretariat: Mr H. STENMAN Tel: (41 22) 917 9128, Fax: (41 22) 917 9018, E-mail: [email protected] Democratic Republic of the Congo Independent Expert: Mr Titinga FrÈdÈric PAC...R... (Burkina Faso) Secretariat: Mr Paul d'AUCHAMP Tel: (41 22) 917 9428, Fax: (41 22) 917 9039, E-mail: [email protected] Haiti Independent Expert appointed by the Secretary-General: Mr Louis JOINET (France) Secretariat: Mr Norberto FRYDMAN Tel: (41 22) 917 9248, Fax: (41 22) 917 9013, E-mail: [email protected]
Liberia Independent Expert: Ms Charlotte ABAKA (Ghana) Secretariat: Ms Cathrine SCHEFU
96
Tel: (41 22) 917 9284 Fax: (41 22) 917 9039, E-mail: [email protected] Myanmar Special Rapporteur: Mr Paulo SÈrgio PINHEIRO (Brazil) Secretariat: Ms A. RYAN Tel: (41 22) 917 9323, Fax: (41 22) 917 9018, E-mail: [email protected] Occupied Palestinian Territories Special Rapporteur: Mr John DUGARD (South Africa) Secretariat: Ms Darka TOPALI Tel: (41 22) 917 9243, Fax: (41 22) 917 9018, E-mail: [email protected] Somalia Independent Expert appointed by the Secretary-General: Mr Ghanim ALNAJJAR (Kuwait) Secretariat: Ms Gloria NWABUOGU Tel: (41 22) 917 9394, Fax (41 22) 917 9050, E-mail: [email protected] Sudan Special Rapporteur: Ms Sima SAMAR (Afghanistan) Secretariat: Ms Christina Saunders Tel: (41 22) 917 9411, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Uzbekistan Independent Expert: Ms MichËle PICARD (France) Secretariat: to be appointed
Secretariat of the Human Rights Council: Mr Eric TISTOUNET Tel: (41 22) 917 9319, Fax: (41 22) 917 9011, E-mail: [email protected] Mr Guenaddi LEBAKINE Tel: (41 22) 917 9328, Fax: (41 22) 917 9011, E-mail: [email protected] Ms Luciana CASTANON Tel: (41 22) 917 9219, Fax: (41 22) 917 9011, E-mail: [email protected] Thematic Working Groups of the Human Rights CouncilThematic Working Groups of the Human Rights CouncilThematic Working Groups of the Human Rights CouncilThematic Working Groups of the Human Rights Council Open-ended working group on an optional protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Secretariat: Mr Niels HALSTEEN Tel: (41 22) 917 9124, Fax: (41 22) 917 9002, E-mail: [email protected] Working group on the effective implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action Secretariat: Ms Marie-Dominique PERRET
97
Tel: (41 22) 917 92 21, Fax: (41 22) 917 9050, E-mail: [email protected] Working group on the right to development Secretariat: Ms Kitty Margret ARAMBULO Tel: (41 22) 917 9278, Fax: (41 22) 917 9022, E-mail: [email protected]
Secretariat of the Sub-Commission: Mr Guenaddi Lebakine Tel: (41 22) 917 9328, Fax: (41 22) 917 9011, E-mail: [email protected]
Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery (Pre-sessional, established in 1974, mandate indefinite) Mr Ibrahim SALAMA (Africa), Ms Halima Embarek WARZAZI (alternate) Mr Abdul SATTAR (Asia), Ms Chin Sung CHUNG (alternate) Ms Iulia-Antoanella MOTOC (Eastern Europe), Mr G•sp•r BÕRO (alternate) Mr Paulo SÈrgio PINHEIRO (Latin America), Ms Florizelle OíCONNOR (alternate) Mr Marc BOSSUYT (Western Europe and Other States), Mr Emmanuel DECAUX (alternate) Secretariat: Ms Moetsi DUCHATELLIER Tel: (41 22) 917 9369, Fax: (41 22) 917 9006, E-mail: [email protected] Secretariat: Ms Cecilia MOLLER Tel: (41 22) 917 9265, Fax: (41 22) 917 9010, E-mail: [email protected] Working Group on Communications (Post-sessional, confidential procedure, meets after the session of the Sub-Commission, reports to the Commissionís Working Group on Situations) Ms Halima Embarek WARZAZI (Africa) Mr Shiqiu CHEN (Asia) Mr Vladimir KARTASHKIN (Eastern Europe) Mr Miguel ALFONSO MARTÕNEZ (Latin America) Ms FranÁoise Jane HAMPSON (Western Europe and Other States) Secretariat: Ms Maria ECHAZU Tel: (41 22) 917 9169, Fax: (41 22) 917 9011, E-mail: [email protected] Working Group on Indigenous Populations (Pre-sessional, established in 1982, mandate renewable annually) Ms Christy Ezim MBONU (Africa), Mr Ibrahim SALAMA (alternate) Mr Yozo YOKOTA (Asia), Ms Yoko HAYASHI (alternate) Mr G•sp•r BÕR” (Eastern Europe), Ms Iulia-Antoanella MOTOC (alternate) Mr Miguel ALFONSO MARTÕNEZ (Latin America), Mr Janio Iv•n TUN”N VEILLES (alternate) Ms FranÁoise Jane HAMPSON (Western Europe and Other States), Ms Kalliopi KOUFA (alternate) Secretariat: Ms Isabell KEMPF Tel: (41 22) 917 9343, Fax: (41 22) 917 9010, E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
98
Working Group on Minorities (Sessional, established in 1995, mandate indefinite) Mr Mohamed Habib CHERIF (Africa), Ms Christy Ezim MBONU (alternate) Mr Soli Jehangir SORABJEE (Asia), Mr Abdul SATTAR (alternate) Mr Vladimir KARTASHKIN (Eastern Europe), Ms Victoria SANDRU-POPESCU (alternate) Mr JosÈ BENGOA (Latin America), Ms Florizelle OíCONNOR (alternate) Mr Gudmundur ALFREDSSON (Western Europe and Other States), Ms Kalliopi KOUFA (alternate) Ms MarÌlia SANDENBERG ZELNER GON«ALVES (Latin America and the Caribbean) (alternate member of the Sub-Commission) Ms Kalliopi KOUFA (Western Europe and Other States) Secretariat: Mr Robert HUSBANDS Tel: (41 22) 917 9290, Fax: (41 22) 917 9050, E-mail: [email protected] Secretariat: Ms Lisa OLDRING Tel: (41 22) 917 9406, Fax: (41 22) 917 9010, E-mail: [email protected] Secretariat of the Working Groups Mr Guennadi LEBAKINE Tel: (41 22) 917 9328, Fax: (41 22) 917 9011, E-mail: [email protected] Secretariat: Ms Fiona BLYTH-KUBOTA Tel: (41 22) 917 9204, Fax: (41 22) 917 9010, E-mail: [email protected] Secretariat: Mr Pablo ESPINIELLA Tel: (41 22) 917 9413, Fax: (41 22) 917 9010, E-mail: [email protected] Social Forum (Pre-sessional) Ms Christy Ezim MBONU, Mr Ibrahim SALAMA (Africa) Ms Chin Sung CHUNG, Mr Abdul SATTAR (Asia) Mr G•sp•r BÕR”, Ms Iulia-Antoanella MOTOC (Eastern Europe) Mr JosÈ BENGOA, Ms Florizelle OíCONNOR (Latin America), Mr Paulo SÈrgio PINHEIRO, Mr TUN”N VEILLES (alternates) Mr Gudmundur ALFREDSSON, Mr Marc BOSSUYT (Western Europe and Other States) Secretariat: Mr Mohammad Shervin MAJLESSI Tel: (41 22) 917 9617, Fax: (41 22) 917 9010. E-mail: [email protected] Working Group on the Administration of Justice (Sessional, 2005)19 Ms Lalaina RAKOTOARISOA (Africa) Mr Yozo YOKOTA (Asia) Ms Iulia-Antoanella MOTOC (Eastern Europe) Mr Janio Iv•n TUN”N VEILLES (Latin America and the Caribbean) Ms FranÁoise Jane HAMPSON (Western Europe and Other States) Secretariat: Mr Robert HUSBANDS Tel: (41 22) 917 9290, Fax: (41 22) 917 9050, E-mail: [email protected]
99
Working Group on Transnational Corporations (Sessional, 2005)20 Mr El-Hadji GUISS... (Africa) Ms Chin Sung CHUNG (Asia) Mr G•sp•r BÕR” (Eastern Europe) Mr Miguel ALFONSO MARTINEZ (Latin America and the Carribean) Mr Gudmundur ALFREDSSON (Western Europe and Other States) Secretariat: Ms Lene WENDLAND Tel: (41 22) 917 9299, Fax: (41 22) 917 9010, E-mail: [email protected] Working Group on Combating Terrorism (Sessional, 2005) 21 Mr Ibrahim SALAMA (Africa) Mr Shiqiu CHEN (Asia) Mr G•sp•r BÕR” (Eastern Europe) Ms MarÌlia SANDENBERG ZELNER GON«ALVES (Latin America and the Caribbean) (alternate member of the Sub-Commission) Ms Kalliopi KOUFA (Western Europe and Other States) Secretariat: Mr Robert HUSBANDS Tel: (41 22) 917 9290, Fax: (41 22) 917 9050, E-mail: [email protected] Secretariat: Ms Lisa OLDRING Tel: (41 22) 917 9406, Fax: (41 22) 917 9010, E-mail: [email protected] Secretariat of the Working Groups Mr Guennadi LEBAKINE Tel: (41 22) 917 9328, Fax: (41 22) 917 9011, E-mail: [email protected]
Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Ms Elsa STAMATOPOULOU, Chief 2, UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, United States of America Tel: (1 917) 367 5100, Fax: (1 917) 367 5102 E-mail: [email protected], or www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii Mr Yao N'GORAN, Chief NGO Unit Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Social Policy and Development, 2, UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, United States of America Tel: (1 212) 963 3175, Fax: (1 212) 963 3062, E-mail: [email protected]