umts outdoor rf design guidelines v4.1_ external version

Alcatel-Lucent - Proprietary - Use pursuant to Company instruction

UMT/DCL/APP/035539 V4.1/ Standard 21/JUL/2011 Page 1/95

UMTS OUTDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINES

Document number: UMT/DCL/APP/035539 Document issue: V4.1/ Document status: Standard Date: 21/JUL/2011

External document Alcatel, Lucent, Alcatel-Lucent and the Alcatel-Lucent logo are trademarks of Alcatel-Lucent. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners The information presented is subject to change without notice. Alcatel-Lucent assumes no responsibility for inaccuracies contained herein. Copyright 2010 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.

Contains proprietary/trade secret information which is the property of Alcatel-Lucent and must not be made available to, or copied or used by anyone outside Alcatel-Lucent without its written authorization

Not to be used or disclosed except in accordance with applicable agreements.

UMTS OUTDOOR DESIGN GUIDELINES



TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 OBJECT 5 1.2 SCOPE OF THIS DOCUMENT 5 1.3 AUDIENCE FOR THIS DOCUMENT 5 2 PRE-SALES PHASE OVERVIEW 6 2.1 TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS 8

Services availability: 8 2.2 LINK BUDGET & CAPACITY OVERVIEW 9

2.2.1 Uplink available path loss calculation 9 2.2.2 Capacity R99 10

2.2.2.1 Uplink 10 2.2.2.2 Downlink 11

3 HSXPA 12 3.1 HSDPA 12

3.1.1 UPLINK IMPACT 12 3.1.2 DOWNLINK IMPACT 13

3.1.2.1 HS-SCCH 13 3.1.2.2 CPICH dimensioning with HSDPA 14

3.1.3 MUG tables 15 3.2 HSUPA 17

3.2.1 UL IMPACT 17 3.2.1.1 Description 17 3.2.1.2 Analysis on different environments 18

3.2.2 DL IMPACT 18 3.2.3 THROUGHPUT CALCULATION 19

3.3 HSXPA CARRIER DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY 20 4 UMTS FREQUENCY SPACING REQUIREMENTS WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 21

4.1.1 UMTS & GSM 21 4.1.2 UMTS & CDMA 24 4.1.3 UMTS & UMTS 24 4.1.4 SOLUTIONS TO FREE FREQUENCY BAND 25

5 900 MHZ 26 5.1 ANTENNA SHARING SOLUTIONS 26

5.1.1 Dual Duplexer solution 26 5.1.1.1 Description 26

Impact on the link budget 27 Drawbacks 27

5.1.1.2 2G Equipment requirements 28 5.1.2 UMTS900-GSM900 Twin TMA combiner solution 30

Drawbacks 31 5.1.3 Double dual antenna solution 32

5.2 LB COMPARISON UMTS900/UMTS2100 33 5.2.1 Description 33 5.2.2 Comparison between 2100MHz and 900MHz for TMA recommendations 34

5.3 LB COMPARISON GSM900 VS UMTS900 34




5.4 UMTS900 VS UMTS2100 PERFORMANCES COMPARISON 35 5.4.1 COVERAGE COMPARISON 35 5.4.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON 37

5.4.2.1 Assumptions 37 5.4.2.2 Performances improvement 38

5.4.3 UMTS900 DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY 39 5.4.3.1 Dense Urban / Urban 39

Hot spot 39 UMTS900 sites deployed to ensure better deep indoor RSCP and complete 2100MHz layer (case3) 40 UMTS900 deployed to ensure a better deep indoor RSCP and same capacity than 2100MHz layer 40

5.4.3.2 Suburban/Rural 40 6 CAPACITY & COVERAGE IMPROVEMENT SOLUTIONS 42 6.1 RF SOLUTION FOR COVERAGE IMPROVEMENT 42

6.1.1 Height tower increase: 42 6.1.2 Space diversity: 42 6.1.3 4 way receivers 42 6.1.4 RRH vs Macro-Node B 43 6.1.5 REPEATER 44 6.1.6 SMALL CELL LAYER 46 6.1.7 EXTENDED & ULTRA-EXTENDED CELL SOLUTION 46 6.1.8 SAME CELL RADIUS WITH UL LOAD INCREASE (HSUPA) 47

6.1.8.1 4 way receivers 47 6.1.8.2 21 dBi antennas 47 6.1.8.3 UMTS 900 49

6.2 RF SOLUTIONS FOR CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT 49 6.2.1 TX DIVERSITY FEATURE 50 6.2.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON BETWEEN 1, 2&3 CARRIERS CONFIGURATIONS 50 6.2.3 Dual Cell 51 6.2.4 RRH vs Macro-NodeB 53 6.2.5 UMTS900 implementation 54 6.2.6 MICRO-CELL LAYER 54

6.3 SITE SECTOR INCREASE 54 6.4 SITE DENSIFICATION 54 7 RADIO DESIGN METHOD FOR MACRO-CELL NETWORK 56 7.1 OVERVIEW 56 7.2 MACRO-CELL SITE ACQUISITION 57

7.2.1.1 Site survey 57 7.2.1.2 Antenna characteristics & tilt optimization max values 58 7.2.1.3 Co-sitting 59

7.3 RNP MAIN INPUTS 61 7.3.1 GEOGRAPHICAL DATABASES 61

7.3.1.1 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) 62 7.3.1.2 CLUTTER 63 7.3.1.2.1 Raster 63 7.3.1.2.1.1 Clutter definition 64 7.3.1.2.1.2 Data extraction method 65 7.3.1.2.2 Building outlines 66 7.3.1.2.3 Databases usage recommendations 66

7.3.2 PROPAGATION MODEL 67 7.3.2.1 CW calibration measurements 67




7.3.2.2 STANDARD PROPAGATION MODEL 68 7.3.2.3 Ray tracing Models 68

Volcano propagation model 69 Winprop propagation model 69

7.3.3 ENGINEERING MARGINS ANALYSIS 69 7.3.3.1 COMMON PARAMETERS 70 7.3.3.1.1 Standard parameters 70 7.3.3.1.2 Shadow margin and penetration losses 71 7.3.3.1.2.1 Link Budget approach 71

7.3.3.1.2.1.1 Shadow margin calculation for QoC 71 7.3.3.1.2.1.2 Indoor/Incar penetration losses 71

7.3.3.1.2.2 Fast fading margin 71 7.3.3.1.3 UPLINK BUDGET 72 7.3.3.1.3.1 Environment parameters 72 7.3.3.1.3.2 UL radio performances 72

7.3.3.1.3.2.1 TMA impact on NF and UL losses 73 7.3.3.1.4 DOWNLINK BUDGET 74 7.3.3.1.4.1 Max power, Pilot dimensioning & common channels settings 74

7.3.3.1.4.1.1 Max power setting 74 Global recommendations 74 Special case: several MCPA per sector with different number of carriers (STSR2+1) 74

7.3.3.1.4.1.2 CPICH power calculation 75 7.3.3.1.4.1.3 UL/DL Unbalanced 76 7.3.3.1.4.1.4 Common Channels power setting 76

7.3.3.1.4.2 Power overhead (SHO margin) 78 7.3.3.1.4.3 Parameters and assumptions 78

7.4 DIMENSIONNING SERVICE RECOMMENDATIONS & TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS 79 7.4.1 DIMENSIONING SERVICE 79 7.4.2 TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS 79

7.5 RF DESIGN TARGETS 80 7.5.1 RSCP target 81 7.5.2 Ec/Io target 82 7.5.3 UL/DL effective service area & user rejection 83 7.5.4 Polluted area & overlap analysis 83 7.5.5 Overshooting and post azimuth/tilt optimization analysis 84

7.6 OPTIMIZATION 84 7.6.1 Methodology 84 7.6.2 Optimization phases 86

7.6.2.1 Pre-optimization method & constraints with RNP and ACP tools 86 7.6.2.2 Neighboring plan / Scrambling Code plan: 88

Planning strategy: 89 Same site scrambling code strategy (tcell parameter setting) 90

7.6.2.3 Optimization and validation based on RF field analysis 90 7.7 OUTDOOR MICRO-CELL LAYER DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY 91

7.7.1 Antennas 91 7.7.1.1 Types and using 91 7.7.1.2 Height 92 7.7.1.3 Carrier strategy allocation 92 7.7.1.3.1 Shared carrier with macro-layer 92

Link budget balance 93 7.7.1.3.2 Dedicated carrier 93

8 ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS 95




1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Object

This document describes the process of dimensioning and designing the radio system of a UMTS network. It provides a detailed presentation of the different steps to perform. The studies have been detailed in documents or presentations which are mentioned in this document and referenced at its end.

1.2 Scope of this document

This document contains

UMTS radio design process

Design solutions for coverage and capacity problems

1.3 Audience for this document

The audience for this document is the people involved in:

Radio Network design and Planning

Radio Network engineering

Radio Network optimization




2 PRE-SALES PHASE OVERVIEW

This section is an overview of the different stages to go through in order to perform a complete radio planning of an UMTS network. As in GSM design this process is mainly divided in three phases:

The radio and traffic assumption definition The cell count estimation and the strategy definition The radio network simulation and optimization

NOTE:

In the case of an existing operator, reusing sites (for economical and administrative reasons) has a great impact on the cell planning process and can lead to a large increase on the total number of sites.




Figure 1: Radio planning process




The assumptions used for the design of an UMTS network will have a large impact in the final radio planning results.

Depending on the target quality of service, the service availability, the number of carriers available and the traffic forecast, the number of sites can dramatically be increased by a factor 2 or even more.

These assumptions should thus be specified in close relation with the customer needs, keeping in mind all the possible implications in terms of cost, design constraints and global quality.

2.1 TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS

The traffic assumptions for a W-CDMA network are necessary to define the coverage objectives together with the offered capacity.

Both are closely linked, and the size of a cell will depend on the services provided, but also on the total number of captured users.

The traffic assumptions should be based on the busy hour, that is, the average traffic during the busiest hour of the day.

It will describe, for each service (Speech, CS/ PS, data rate) the offered traffic density (in Erlang per /km or duration of communication per hour per km for circuit switched data and speech, and kbps/km for packet switched data).

Services availability:

The first requirement is to define the services which should be supported by the network.

The UMTS specification proposes several services such as voice service, different data rates in circuit switched mode (Long Constraint Delay mode), and in packet mode (Unconstraint Delay Data).

Each of these services requires different radio quality in terms of Eb/N0, and will have different impact on the design.

In most of the cases the services required are: speech, PS64, CS64, PS128, PS384, HSDPA and HSUPA.

The second step is to define:

Analyze areas

User characteristics (speed, call profile.) should be defined for each area




Quality of service required

Quality of coverage required per service

The cell count estimation is based on the link budget results.

It will help to determine if the design assumptions are not too constraining in terms of number of sites, and if the traffic assumptions will be met.

It also helps to evaluate the limitation of the network, and gives baselines for the design strategy. As in GSM, a W-CDMA network can be coverage or capacity limited.

Coverage limitation means that the total number of cells is determined by the target quality of coverage.

Capacity limitation means that the final cell count is determined by the traffic assumptions.

When coverage limited, the noise rise assumption given (UL Interference margin) in the link budget can be relaxed.

The design should then be done in order to meet exactly the coverage requirements, in order to minimize the number of sites.

When capacity limited, different solutions may be chosen, such as increasing the noise rise level (load) in the link budget, resulting in reducing the size of the cells, adding a new carrier, or implementing a second layer (small cells).

These solutions will depend on the target offered capacity. They will be treated in the design strategy section.

2.2 LINK BUDGET & CAPACITY OVERVIEW

2.2.1 Uplink available path loss calculation

The link budget helps to determine the UL available path loss in a cell for a given service at a required quality of coverage, in a given environment, for a given capacity.

Link budget is essentially used in pre-sales, in order to calculate the Node B and site number for the analyzed area.

The LB allows:

For each service, calculate the design threshold, based on engineering margin

Cell radius calculation for each environment type, using a propagation model




This will be used to define the number of sites necessary.

Several parameters like shadowing margin, Eb/N0, orthogonality factor, UL load .are re-used in post-sales phase.

The default propagation model is Okumura Hata model @ 900MHz, or 850MHz and Cost-Hata@1800MHz to 2100MHz. The cell size of the dimensioning service, for a given environment, will then be used for the cell count estimation.

2.2.2 Capacity R99

In the link budget is given the estimated uplink capacity per cell, given the noise rise. It is based on the N-pole capacity equation:

2.2.2.1 Uplink

The number of simultaneous connected users, for a given service, that can be served per UMTS cell carrier, in the uplink, is given by the N-pole capacity equation:

Where Npole is the theoretical maximum uplink capacity of a CDMA system,

N is the actual capacity corresponding to the uplink cell load XUL Here N represents the number of simultaneously active users.

X UL uplink cell load = Actual number of users / Maximum number of users. Typically, UL cell load = 65%, corresponding to 4.5dB noise rise.

f is the ratio between intercell and intracell interference

C/I= (Eb/No) / PG is the ratio of signal over interference + Noise target to reach a given BLER quality for the service,

Eb/No is the UL performance requirement and PG the processing gain (ratio between the service bit rate and the 3.84Mcps chip rate.

( ) ( )

++= ICf

XN UL/11

.1

( ) ( )

++= ICfN

pole

/11

.11




In this formula, all the parameters are service or environment dependent.

It should be noted here that the number of radio links available in a cell is dependent on the loading of the cell, which is determined by the RF designer in the link budget. Based on this loading the interference margin is automatically processed in the tool, in order to determine the total margin to be applied in the cell.

2.2.2.2 Downlink

A downlink capacity equation is also available. It characterizes the fact that the total power available in the base station PA is shared between the power used for common channels, the power reserved for SHO, and all the users.

The following formula gives a simplified approach to derive the DL capacity per service type.

With

)(iAF : Activity factor MeanFDL : mean ratio between interference extra-cell and intra-cell typically equal to 0.6 - 0.8

PwrCCCH : Total power used for common channels SharedPwr : Power reserved for SHO

PLTotalMeanDL : mean DL path loss from Node-B connector to UE antenna )(iPG : processing gain

SHOG : is the average gain obtained on the Eb/No due to uplink reselection diversity in soft handoff.

( )

PLTotalMeanDLNoiseThUEPAOFMeanFDL

SharedPwrPwrCCCHPAGiPG

(i)NE

OF

iAFiCapacitySectorDL

SHO

Target0

b

++

+

=

.)(

)(

)(1)(

1




3 HSxPA

3.1 HSDPA

The general approach is to assign a lower priority to HSDPA service than to the R99 ones.

HSDPA introduces new common channels HS-DPCCH in UL and HS-SCCH in DL. This part analyzes the impact of these channels and, also presents the throughput calculation method.

3.1.1 UPLINK IMPACT

The introduction of a new UL common channel induces a new spread signal value weight hs for HS-DPCCH added to existing R99 spread signal value weight c for DPCCH, and d for DPDCH. This has a direct impact on the PDCH UL power calculation, and on the UL Eb/No values.

The PDCH power calculation is given by the following formula

The Eb/No loss created by HS-DPCCH is given by the following formula:

The Eb/No loss values calculated for each UL R99 service are the following ones. These losses must be added UL Eb/No values for only HSDPA users in the cell and not all the cell users.

+++= 222

22

log10LOSShscd

cd

++++= 222

22

log*10)()(hsdc

dcDCH dBerMaxUETxPowdBP




Figure 2: HS-DPCCH Impact on UL iCEM Eb/N*

Figure 3: HS-DPCCH impact on UL xCEM Eb/No

3.1.2 DOWNLINK IMPACT

3.1.2.1 HS-SCCH

HS-SCCH is power controlled. It is calculated, based on an iterative process using the table below.

CQI Power relative to CPICH Power (dB)

1 7 0

8 9 -3

10 12 -5

13 30 -8

Figure 4: HS-SCCH Power Control

Eb/No loss (dB) for iCEM

PS64 1.9

PS128 1

PS384 0.4

Eb/No loss (dB) for xCEM

PS64 0.9

PS128 0.55

PS384 0.3




In 9955, the HS-SCCH power control has not been implemented like this. The HS-SCCH power control is based on Ec/No calculation, and the user had to specify an Ec/No target value. The Ec/No formula is the following one.

10/_10/_ 101...).

101.(

/

gainRxdivnSCCHHSBSgainRxdivi

e

SCCHHS

LPPPII

PNoEc++

=

With

PHS-SCCH: HS-SCCH power

L: path loss between MS and Node B

Ie: extra-cell interference (R99+HSDPA)

Ii: intra-cell interference

: orthogonality factor Pn: noise power

Pn = kTB +NF with k = 1.38.10-23 J/K, T = 293K, B = 3.84MHz, NF: mobile noise figure

PBTS: total transmitted power

: advance receiver gain

After many simulations, based on the same path loss matrix, with our internal RF simulator, and comparison with 9955 results, the Ec/No target value which provides realistic results in term of cell throughput, throughput distribution, and area where HSDPA is supported is the following one.

Ec/No= -13dB

3.1.2.2 CPICH dimensioning with HSDPA

The aim is to have the same equivalence path loss point in UL and DL between two cells.




3.1.3 MUG tables

In order to calculate cell throughput in 9955, MUG tables have been extrapolated from Alcatel-Lucent RF simulator considering 55% of PedB profile and 45% of PedA profile.

MUG tables have been done for two cases

Only UE category 12 are simulated

Nb of users Dense urban/urban

3km/h Suburban 50km/h Rural 120km/h

1 1.00 1.00 1.00

2 1.62 1.48 1.39

3 1.77 1.62 1.39

4 1.86 1.65 1.40

5 1.92 1.68 1.40

6 1.94 1.69 1.43

7 1.94 1.70 1.44

8 1.95 1.70 1.45

9 1.95 1.71 1.46

10 1.95 1.71 1.46

11 1.95 1.71 1.46

12 1.95 1.71 1.46

13 1.95 1.71 1.46

14 1.95 1.71 1.46

15 1.95 1.71 1.46

16 1.95 1.71 1.46

17 1.95 1.71 1.46

18 1.95 1.71 1.46

19 1.95 1.71 1.46

20 1.95 1.71 1.46

Figure 5: MUG table for UE category 12 simulations




Several UE categories can be simulated

Nb of users Dense urban/urban

3km/h Suburban 50km/h Rural 120km/h

1 1.00 1.00 1.00

2 1.47 1.29 1.27

3 1.49 1.31 1.30

4 1.49 1.31 1.30

5 1.51 1.31 1.30

6 1.52 1.32 1.31

7 1.53 1.36 1.31

8 1.55 1.36 1.32

9 1.58 1.37 1.33

10 1.58 1.38 1.34

11 1.58 1.38 1.34

12 1.58 1.38 1.34

13 1.58 1.38 1.34

14 1.58 1.38 1.34

15 1.58 1.38 1.34

16 1.58 1.38 1.34

17 1.58 1.38 1.34

18 1.58 1.38 1.34

19 1.58 1.38 1.34

20 1.58 1.38 1.34

Figure 6: MUG table for all UE categories simulations




3.2 HSUPA

The general approach is to assign a lower priority to HSUPA service than to the R99 ones.

HSUPA is only available on carriers where HSDPA is supported.

HSUPA introduces new channels

E-DPCCH in UL,

UL dedicated traffic channel: E-DPDCH

E-AGCH (Absolute Grant Channel), E-HICH (HARQ Indicator Channel) and E-RGCH (Relative Grant Channel) in DL

This part analyzes the impact of these channels and the throughput calculation method

3.2.1 UL IMPACT

3.2.1.1 Description

The UL impact is very important.

As HSDPA, HSUPA has a lower priority compared to R99.

E-DCH traffic is assigned the unused UL load up to the max. A R99 call can not be dropped due to an UL load increase caused by HSUPA.

However, an increase in E-DCH RoT is comparable to an increase of R99 RoT (since R99 UEs must transmit at higher level to be received correctly by NodeB), which if UL iRM Scheduling is activated could cause the downgrade of high speed UL PS calls (e.g. PS384 downgraded in PS128).

The Node-B noise figure is required in order to estimate correctly the UL load. It is highly important to have a good reference value for the Node-B noise as it is the main input for UL load computation

In R99/R5 networks, the design is usually done assuming 3dB max UL load (50% UL load).

In order to support high E-DCH throughput, this value should be increased, drawback is:

Coverage reduction for R99 traffic (mix carrier) considering the same R99 dimensioning service without downgrading

Higher interference

In order to limit the amount of interference, correct neighboring declaration is needed => UL RSSI cleaning strategy required




The UL load recommended for HSUPA is 75%, so 6dB, in order to have good throughputs, which can induce a reduction on R99 UL coverage for mixed carrier configuration.

3.2.1.2 Analysis on different environments

This is confirmed by simulations on different environments Results obtained:

Dense Urban Urban Suburban

% UL load 50% 65% 75% 50% 65% 75% 50% 65% 75% % of area supported for each UL load

(delta between supported service area supported @ 50% UL load & with other %of UL load) UMTS 2100 93% 88%

(-5%)83%

(-10%) 91% 86%

(-5%)76%

(-15%) 91% 84%

(-6%) 70%

(-21%)

Figure 7: UMTS2100 study results

Based on these results, increasing the UL load to 75% reduces significantly the network service area, and has a direct impact on the QoC and QoS.

In such cases a user which was able to establish a call at cell edge with 50% UL load; will have a high risk of CAC failure at the same position with 75% UL load.

3.2.2 DL IMPACT

1 E-AGCH is enough for early deployment. In case there are two users, 2 TTI will be necessary to grant both users.

1 E-RGCH is enough (up 15 signatures). The E-RGCH power is negligible, it carries one bit per user signature

The activity factor of the E-AGCH and E-HICH should be low in early E-DCH deployment.

E-AGCH is not transmitted all the time (as for the HS-SCCH). Once the user is granted, E-AGCH is not transmitted again.

A fix power is reserve at the RNC level for DL E-DCH channels. This power is preempted from HSDPA max power and is taken into account in the R99 RNC CAC.




Power rel. to CPICH [dB]

E-AGCH -2.5 dB

per user signature

E-HICH -8.0 dB

per user signature Figure 8: HSUPA DL power settings

The maximum HSDPA power signaled to the Node-B will be reduced.

The R99 CAC will reject R99 calls earlier than before in case of highly loaded cell.

2100MHz Node-B 45W PA

30 m cable + 0.4dB jumper Speech CS 64 PS 64 PS 128 PS 384

Without HSUPA DL CCH impact 273kbps 565.8kbps 604.9kbps 681.5kbps 840.4kbps

With HSUPA DL CCH impact 246.7kbps 511.2kbps 546.4kbps 615.6kbps 759.1kbps

DL capacity decrease due to HSUPA

-9.6% -9.6% -9.6% -9.6% -9.6%

Figure 9: DL capacity loss due to HSUPA

9.6% capacity is a worst case, as it takes into account cells full loaded all the time. Around 5% capacity loss can be expected, in standard case. This has been confirmed by studies and detailed in document R24.

3.2.3 THROUGHPUT CALCULATION

With HSUPA, the shared resource in the uplink is noise rise.

Based on the following inputs, the HSUPA throughput is calculated.

Max UL noise rise (R99 + HSUPA)

Eb/No target table extracted from R&D simulations

For each cell, the remained UL noise rise available is evaluated, considering R99 has the highest priority.

Based on this, the path loss prediction, the UE power acceptable is evaluated in order to respect the max UL load in the cell.

Then with the intra cell and extra cell interferences calculation, the max Eb/N0 value is calculated per HSUPA mobile.




The throughput is obtained with the correspondence table between Eb/No value and Throughput.

3.3 HSxPA carrier deployment strategy

ALU HSxPA implementation recommendations on existing R99 outdoor networks are the following ones:

:2 carriers available o 2 shared carrier R99 & HSxPA

3 carriers available o Option 1

1 carrier R99 2 shared carriers R99 & HSxPA

or

o Option 2: 3 shared carriers R99 & HSxPA




4 UMTS Frequency spacing requirements with other technologies

4.1.1 UMTS & GSM

UMTS allocated band is inside GSM or TDMA band

3GPP recommends blocking -47dBm GMSK signal with a 2.8MHz offset in UL, and -56dBm in DL.

To guarantee these recommendations, frequency spacing must respect 2.8MHz frequency spacing should be respected between UMTS and TDMA or GSM Technologies. This is corresponding to 200kHz frequency gap.

TCH on the 5 first adjacent channels

Figure 10: Frequency spacing rule between an UMTS carrier and TDMA band

For both case analyzed below the degradation target is to have a sensitivity degradation less than 0,5dB or a capacity loss lower than 5%.

Recommendations below have been done considering hopping TCH as GSM adjacent channels of UMTS900 band.

The best way to optimise frequency band used is to implement UMTS band in sandwich mode like above

UMTS band positioning:

In order to avoid interferences provided by:

UE transfer from BCCH to TCH over the UMTS band,

Hopping between TCH over the UMTS band




The GSM channels adjacent of the UMTS band must support TCH with frequency hopping.

Below two cases are analyzed case where GSM and UMTS are co-localized on a same site and case where they are not and so the worst configuration then is when GSM cell edge is close to UMTS site

We have now two types of filters in our product,

Standard filter whose attenuation starts at 2.2MHz offset from center frequency which provides an attenuation higher than 50dB after 2.4MHz frequency offset from center frequency

Reduced filter whose attenuation starts at 2.0MHz offset from frequency band center and provides more than 50dB attenuation after 2.2MHz frequency offset from frequency band center. The impact reduced filter in DL is negligible

None co-located case:

Standard filter

ALU recommendation is to have 2,6MHz frequency offset

This implies that 5MHz must be free in upper or lower edge of the operator GSM frequency band.

Reduced filter


This implies that 4.6MHz must be free in upper or lower edge of the operator GSM frequency band.

Co-located case:

Standard filter used in NodeB

Frequency hopping is done over less than 10 frequencies


This implies that 4.6MHz must be free in the GSM frequency band on the area where UMTS is deployed.

For the surrounded area of UMTS900/GSM900 cluster where only GSM900 is deployed, a 2.2MHz frequency offset is sufficient; this induces to free 4.2MHz.




GSM uses all 900MHz band

Figure 11: Illustration of the buffer zone

Frequency hopping is done over more than 10 frequencies


This implies that 4.2MHz must be free in upper or lower edge of the operator GSM frequency band.

Reduced filter used in NodeB

ALU recommendation is to have 2,2MHz frequency offset without any frequency hopping constraint

This implies that 4.2MHz must be free in the GSM frequency band on the area where UMTS is deployed.

In order to avoid interferences between GSM900 area where all operator 900MHz band is used and UMTS900 cluster, it is necessary to have a dead zone around UMTS900 cluster where only channels which respect the previous recommendations are used.

This dead zone is not homogeneous because generally environment is not homogeneous, as sites can be positioned on a small mountain, so they have more coverage impact than those in city center.




For this reason the rule to respect to define sites where all 900MHz band of an operator can be used without impact UMTS900 cluster is the following one:

Lets consider cell A as a UMTS900 cell of a UMTS 900MHz cluster, and cell B a GSM900 cell to re-use channels inside UMTS900 band. BCCH cell B must respect

For RSCPcellA -100dBm: DL Rxlev_cellB RSCPcellA -10dB

4.1.2 UMTS & CDMA

3.385MHz frequency spacing should be respected between UMTS and CDMA frequency band

3.385MHz

270 kHz

Figure 12: Frequency spacing rule between an UMTS carrier and a CDMA carrier

4.1.3 UMTS & UMTS

5MHz frequency spacing should be respected between two UMTS frequency band

Figure 13: Frequency spacing rule between two UMTS carriers

The following curves have been established considering the Tx filter and Rx filter of ALU product. They show the capacity loss vs the frequency offset between two adjacent UMTS frequency bands.




Figure 14: UMTS capacity vs adjacent UMTS interferer spacing (MHz) for co-located case (doted line) and not co-located case

4.1.4 SOLUTIONS TO FREE FREQUENCY BAND

Several solutions are proposed for having 4,2MHz (co-located case) or 5MHz free (non co-located case)

Fine GSM frequency plan with AFP tool

Decrease C/I targets but still maintain network quality

Increase the GSM1800 capacity by modifying the frequency plan to reduce the traffic on GSM900. This can be possible when inter-site GSM 900 is in the same order than the GSM1800, so generally in dense urban/urban.

Re-optimize the GSM900 frequency plan, in order to reduce the band used




5 900 MHZ

900 MHZ has been created in order to support UMTS technology in rural areas as 2100MHz necessitates too many sites compared to 900MHz.

Anyway reusing GSM frequency band for UMTS imposes some frequency spacing rules.

We also see in this part what we can expect with 900 MHZ in rural environments and in dense urban/urban environments where the limitation is essentially due to interferences.

5.1 ANTENNA SHARING SOLUTIONS

All the solutions specified here for antenna sharing between UMTS900 and GSM900 are also available for other frequencies like UMTS850/GSM850 or UMTS1900/GSM1900.

5.1.1 Dual Duplexer solution

5.1.1.1 Description

GSM and UMTS emissions must be separated to avoid inter-modulation. This solution is a Full band solution which means there is no need of frequency planning.

GSM BTS receives the RX signals of the both networks (high linearity LNA)

Attenuators allow reducing the UMTS signals, to be compatible with UMTS Node B.

UMTS Node B is in mode mix TMA. DC Blocks are used on the two 3G ways.




Figure 15: Dual duplexer description

Impact on the link budget DL impacts:

Nothing in GSM (if GSM is transmitted on one antenna port before UMTS900 implementation)

0.5dB loss (0.7 max) in UMTS

UL impacts:

1 dB loss on GSM (not critical if DL limited)

0.3 dB on UMTS M&D

Drawbacks

UMTS900 and GSM900 transmissions must use separated antenna ports

If GSM transmissions done on the two antenna ports before UMTS900 implementation then new Hybrid duplexer risk to be required: 3 dB impact on the GSM link budget.

o To correct this, the solutions are:

Increase PA power




Increase antenna gain RF cables shared in emissions and reception

GSM and UMTS cable length must be identical GSM BTS and UMTS Node-B must be at the same distance from the antenna

Cabinets must be close from each other

5.1.1.2 2G Equipment requirements

Whatever the site configuration, RF interface have to be met in any case

GSM specs 3GPP TS 05.05 are applicable UMTS specs 3GPP TS 25.104 are applicable

UMTS BTS performance shall not be degraded by 2G BTS

Alcatel-Lucent defines a system requirement, that translates into 2G BTS requirements and Dual-duplexer requirements.

RX_link definition is part of system specification:

Without TMA

Figure 16: Configuration without TMA

RX_link = Dual-duplexer+W4+2G BTS+W5+Dual-duplexer+W6




With TMA

Figure 17: Configuration with TMA

RX_link = TMA+W2+Feeder+W3 +Dual-duplexer+W4+2G BTS+W5+ Dual-duplexer+W6

The 2G BTS must be able to receive useful signal in UMTS Bandwidth

In this band the following criteria must be respected, by the 2G BTS

Gain RX_link 9 dB 1.5 dB

NF < 3.5 dB

at BTS input access < 5 dB (DDM in TMA Mode)

UMTS blocking level

In RX Band at @ 10 MHz - 40 dBm

Out of RX band @ 20Mhz - 15 dBm




5.1.2 UMTS900-GSM900 Twin TMA combiner solution

GSM and UMTS emissions are separated.

Figure 18: example of UMTS-GSM combiner type

The combiner must be placed at BTS level and not at antenna level in order to avoid doubling the cables along the pylon

Several way of implementation

Case1: no existing TMA on GSM site, 2 options: Option 1 :TMA supported by GSM BTS

Configure BTS UMTS is in mode mix TMA. TMA required for UMTS900 UMTS-GSM combiner can be configured in active

mode with 9dB to 10dB TMA gain depending on the product

The impact on the link budget is DL impacts: 0.5dB loss in UMTS &GSM UL impacts: 0,4dB loss in UMTS &GSM

Figure 19: Configuration with UMTS-GSM combiner only

Option2: TMA not supported by GSM BTS Configure BTS UMTS is in mode no TMA.




UMTS-GSM combiner can be configured in passive mode

The impact on the link budget is DL impacts: 0.5dB loss in UMTS &GSM UL impacts: 4.5dB loss in UMTS &GSM

Case2: Existing TMA on GSM site, Solution 1:

Remove TMA and implement UMTS-GSM combiner in active mode to obtain the same configuration than case 1 option 1 configuration analysed above

Solution2: if TMA is not removed BTS UMTS is in mode mix TMA. UMTS-GSM combiner should be configured in passive mode Impact on the link budget DL impacts: 0.5dB loss in UMTS &GSM UL impacts:

4.5dB loss for GSM compare to configuration before UMTS900 implementation

UMTS: no loss compared to a configuration without TMA

Figure 20: Configuration with existing TMA and GSM combiner

Drawbacks UMTS900 and GSM900 transmissions must use separated antenna ports

If GSM transmissions done on the two antenna ports before UMTS900 implementation then new Hybrid duplexer risk to be required: 3 dB impact on the GSM DL link budget

Some GSM BTS can not manage TMA; an attenuator must be added when combiner is used in active mode with 8dB gain




5.1.3 Double dual antenna solution

Figure 21: Double dual antenna

Currently this type of antenna exists only in 900MHz band, but RFS, and power wave are studying to combine 900MHz, and 1800-2100MHz band, in order to have a solution for bi-band or tri-band antennas.

Advantages:

Tilt can be changed independently per sector without any impact on the existing sites

Max efficiency if well installed

No signal mixed on the same antenna (avoid blocking, or inter-mod problems)

The RF problems are minimized.

Same pylon than a standard dual antenna can be used

No impact on GSM even if GSM900 used two antenna ports before UMTS900 implementation which is not the case for combiner solutions

Drawbacks:

Antenna width 1.5 larger which induces a highest wind loading than a single antenna. The pylon must support it

Number of cables along pylon are doubled




5.2 LB COMPARISON UMTS900/UMTS2100

5.2.1 Description

The table below summarizes the different parameters change between 900MHz and 2100 MHz.

+ qualify a gain provides by 900MHz compared to 2100MHz

- qualify a loss provides by 900MHz compared to 2100MHz

The propagation path loss comparison has been done using calibrated models in different environments and also based on field measurements.

45W MCPA output power is used at 2100MHz and 55W SCPA is used at 900MHz.

Rural Suburban Dense urban /Urban

Radio propagation path loss + 7 dB + 8dB + 10dB

Node-B sensitivity -0,5dB

Node-B antenna gain -1 dB -1 dB -1 dB

UE antenna gain 0 dB 0 dB 0 dB

Feeder losses + 3dB/100m

PA power difference +1dB

UE noise figure (DL only) - 3 dB -3dB -3 dB

Penetration losses ( incar for rural,

indoor for urban, suburban) +2dB +2dB +2dB

Figure 22: parameters comparison between 900MHz & 2100MHz

Based on this table, the following gain can be expected, for

40 meters cable length in rural,

30 meters cable length in dense urban, urban, suburban




Configurations Rural

Incar/outdoor Suburban Dense urban /Urban

2100 MHz with TMA and

900MHz without TMA

+6,5 dB/+4,5dB in UL

+7dB/+ 5dB in DL

+ 7,5dB in UL

+ 7,5 dB in DL

+10,5dB in UL

+10,5 dB in DL

2100 MHz without TMA and

900MHz without TMA

+9 dB/+7dB in UL

+6 dB/+4dB in DL

+ 9,5dB in UL

+6,5dB in DL

+12,5dB in UL

+9,5dB in DL

Figure 23: 900MHz gain expected per environment

5.2.2 Comparison between 2100MHz and 900MHz for TMA recommendations

TMA impact is the UL cables losses reduction.

In rural environments, UMTS 900 should be positioned on GSM 900 sites, and the aim is to have the same coverage. As GSM900 do not have any TMA, it seems not necessary to use one for UMTS.

If 900 MHz should replace a 2100MHz site in order to extend coverage, TMA using is not necessary.

Based on the previous table, the comparison between 900MHz and 2100MHz with TMA, for 40m cable length in rural area, shows 3 dB UL gain with 900MHz configuration. Such difference represents more than 70m 7/8 cable length. So 900MHz configuration does not require TMA since 7/8 cable length do not exceed 110m.

For urban areas TMA are used at 2100MHz to increase chances to cover deep indoor areas, but with 900MHz, the TMA using is not necessary as the indoor coverage is ensure due to the lower frequency.

5.3 LB COMPARISON GSM900 vs UMTS900

The both link budget have been compared for rural environment considering the following assumptions:

UE antenna gain: 0dBi

Slant loss: 2.5dB

7/8 cable length: 40m

Node B antenna gain: 17 dBi




GSM UE output power: 2W and 0.8W

UMTS UE output power: 24dBm

Avalable pathloss Voice available path

loss (dB)

CS 64 available path loss

(dB)

GSM900

UE output power: 2W

(PA 30W/ PA 60W)

143,9/ 144,5

GSM900

UE output power: 0.8W 140,5

UL load: 30%

UMTS900 144 141,5

UL load: 50%

UMTS900 142.5 140

Figure 24: UMTS900 link budget comparison with GSM900

Based on the previous analysis, TMA is required in order to ensure same coverage as GSM900 in case where UL CS64 is the dimensioning service.

For an UL load higher than 30%, a TMA is required for UMTS900 to reach the same coverage radius than with GSM900.

5.4 UMTS900 vs UMTS2100 PERFORMANCES COMPARISON

5.4.1 COVERAGE COMPARISON

The impact of 900 MHz on the number of sites compared to 2100 MHz has been simulated with 9955. The design approach is exactly the same than for 2100MHz, but the UL dimensioning service could be PS64 in rural, and PS128 in urban.




Based on this study, a 40% reduction on the number of sites can be expected with 900 MHz compared to UMTS 2100, in rural environment.

900 MHz allows deploying sites at the same positions than GSM 900 ones. 900 MHZ antennas can re-use GSM900 antennas with dual duplexer using without impacting significantly GSM900 cell radius.

With this solution, the azimuths and tilts can not be changed without impacting GSM900 network.

T The study done is summarized below.

18 sites, 48 cells for 300km

Inter-site distance around 7km

Mean antenna height: 40m

Dimensioning service considered is: CS64 UL.

10% CPICH power ratio

36dBm output cabinet pilot power at 900MHz

35 dBm output cabinet pilot power at 2100MHz

The RSCP targets to guarantee CS64 UL service are

-92 dBm at 900MHz

-94,5 dBm at 2100MHz




Figure 25: RSCP curves for the different configurations

5.4.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON

5.4.2.1 Assumptions

A study based on simulations has been done in order to show the impact and possible benefits of UMTS 900 compared to UMTS 2100, for R 99, HSDPA and HSUPA.

Several assumptions have been done in order to guarantee a correct performance comparison between UMTS2100 and UMTS900.

This study has been done based on the same R99 call profile, on urban environment

Different cases of UMTS900 sites deployment have been considered:

Case 1: Same number of site between UMTS 900 & UMTS 2100. This case characterise a dense UMTS900 deployment in urban area

Case 2: Number of UMTS900 sites deployed must be sufficient to support the same R99 traffic density over the same area. This case characterise a mature UMTS900 deployment in urban area

Case 3: Number of UMTS900 sites deployed must be sufficient in order to guarantee the same CPICH QoC than with UMTS2100.

The UMTS 900 sites are positioned only where there are UMTS2100 existing sites. Only electrical tilt can be changed.




The main RF assumptions are detailed in the following table:

UMTS 2100 UMTS 900

Node-B Antenna Gain [dBi] 18 17

Node-B Noise Figure [dB] 2.5 3

Cable Losses [dB per 100m] 7 3.8

PA [W] 45 (i.e. 45.2dBm output cabinet)

55 (i.e. . 46.1dBm output cabinet)

CPICH Tx Power 10% * PA

TMA Used Not used

Body Loss [dB] Speech: 3dB, Data: 1dB

UE Antenna Gain [dBi] 0

UE Noise Figure [dB] 7 10

Figure 26: Assumptions

5.4.2.2 Performances improvement

Case1

R99 capacity gain with UMTS900 (Dense urban/ suburban) + 20%/ +40%

HSDPA mean cell throughput gain with UMTS900 (Dense urban/ suburban)

+ 21%/28%

E-DCH mean cell throughput gain with UMTS900 (Dense urban/ suburban)

+ 5%

Difference of area supported with 75% UL load between UMTS900 and UMTS2100 (Dense urban/ suburban)

+ 15%/+20%

Figure 27: Case1 results




Case2

Site reduction with UMTS900 for a same capacity network (Dense urban/ suburban)

29% / 44%

HSDPA mean cell throughput gain with UMTS900(Dense urban/ suburban) 16% / 21%

E-DCH mean cell throughput gain with UMTS900 (Dense urban/ suburban) + 5%

Difference of area supported with 75% UL load between UMTS900 and UMTS2100 (Dense urban/ suburban)

12% / 20%


Case3

Site reduction for a same pilot QoC (Dense urban/ suburban) 58%/ 48%

R99 capacity gain with UMTS900(Dense urban/ suburban) -60% / -20%

HSDPA mean cell throughput gain with UMTS900 (Dense urban/ suburban) 16% /21%

E-DCH mean cell throughput gain with UMTS900 ( Dense urban/ suburban) + 1%

Difference of area supported with 75% UL load between UMTS900 and UMTS2100 ( Dense urban/ suburban)

7%/12%


Based on these results, our recommendation is to start a deployment in UMTS900, in order to support same pilot QoC like case3, then to evaluate to case2, if the traffic demand increase.

The improvement from case2 to case1 doesnt seem significant and required 30% more sites.

5.4.3 UMTS900 DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY

5.4.3.1 Dense Urban / Urban

Three scenarios can be considered

Hot spot y UMTS 900 could be deployed in limited area, in order to

Improve deep indoor penetration




Improve capacity

UMTS900 sites deployed to ensure better deep indoor RSCP and complete 2100MHz layer (case3) y This ssolution allows having a homogenous layer with around 50% less sites than

2100MHz layer.

y It supports HSUPA max throughput without coverage reduction, and also a better HSDPA cell throughput.

y This solution is appropriate for an earlier phase which requires only deep indoor coverage improvement but not necessarily a capacity improvement, as the traffic density supported is 40% to 58% less than 2100MHz layer.

UMTS900 deployed to ensure a better deep indoor RSCP and same capacity than 2100MHz layer y Deployment to support same traffic density than 2100MHz layer ( case2)

Solution for mature network Required 25% less sites than 2100MHz layer Improve HSUPA max throughput area Improve HSDPA cell throughput and traffic density

5.4.3.2 Suburban/Rural

Deployment to support same RSCP distribution than 2100MHz layer (Suburban)

Recommended to have a homogenous layer with at least 48% less sites Support HSUPA max throughput without coverage reduction

Better HSDPA cell throughput

Best compromise as the traffic density supported is between 20% less than 2100MHz layer

Deployment without any existing UMTS layer

Suburban y Deploy the number of sites required to reach -95dBm RSCP value over 95% of

the area. Re-use a maximum of existing GSM sites

Rural




y Re-use GSM900 sites in order to deploy UMTS900 layer which complete UMTS2100 layer essentially deployed in urban areas.




6 CAPACITY & COVERAGE IMPROVEMENT SOLUTIONS

6.1 RF solution for coverage improvement

This part details basic solutions to improve coverage, essentially for rural.

6.1.1 Height tower increase:

The coverage gain expected is between 15% (from 30m to 40m) to 40% (from 30m to 60m).

The drawback of this solution is the cost, and the difficulty to negotiate some sites over 40 meters.

6.1.2 Space diversity:

It cancels the slant polar loss which provides 1.5 dB gains in urban and 2.5 dB gain in rural, but requires at least a 10 wavelength spacing between antennas. So it can only applied in rural due to the lack of place and the difficulty of adding an antenna on the roof tops in urban areas.

6.1.3 4 way receivers

The gain expected by 4 way receiver is around 2 dB in uplink, but it requires:

4 Vpolar antennas per sector which is not realistic even in rural or 2 Xpolar antennas.

2 ddm per sector are required

Cable length must be identical between each way

But in that case, 4 way receivers just cancel slant polar loss, and it is as efficient as space diversity.

The only way to have an improvement compare to space diversity solution is to use 21 dBi H65 antenna, which is possible only in rural, and at 2100MHz.

These antennas are only available in Xpolar. The combination with such antennas and 4 way receiver gives a better improvement than space diversity.




6.1.4 RRH vs Macro-Node B

This is a good solution to eliminate cables losses for any rural site.

It can be easily applied in chain configuration along railways, motorways as optical fiber is available.

For coverage comparison two cases have been analyzed, considering the UL coverage limitation

Macro without TMA vs RRH

The UL path loss difference between Node-B configuration and RRH configuration is equal to the cable losses between Node-B cabinet and 7/8 top mast connector.

Generally based on same UL service with same antenna type:

RRH cell radius configuration > Node-B cell radius configuration is except if

RRH - antenna connector cable losses= Node-B- antenna connector cable losses

Macro with TMA vs RRH

UL cable loss with TMA is 0.8 dB (0.4dB due to jumper between TMA an antenna, 0.4 dB between Node-B and TMA) for any cable length.

Generally based on same UL service with same antenna type:

RRH cell radius configuration = Node-B cell radius only if

RRH - antenna connector cable losses < 0.8 dB

As 0.4 dB jumper loss can not be reduce, the cable losses which can be add between RRH and antenna should be lower than 0.4 dB.

Based on this the max cable length between RRH and jumper supported in order to have RRH 20W cell radius configuration = Node-B cell radius configuration, is 6m.

In case of the cable is higher than 6m which can happen if the pylon can not support RRH + antennas then RRH can be positioned at the same area than Node-B, with a TMA; so the cell radius is the same than with the Node-B configuration




Figure 30: Node-B and RRH configurations

6.1.5 REPEATER

Repeater can be used to extend coverage in all environment types, but the approaches are different.

In rural, repeaters are used to resolve hole of coverage problems, due to local obstacles. Generally RF repeaters are used particularly in hilly environment, as optical fibers are not available.

The requirements for RF repeaters in rural conditions are:

To be in LOS conditions with Source Node-B




Highly Directive donor antenna in LOS

High Output Power Repeater for big cell range

RX diversity increases UL available path loss

Repeaters can also be used in urban environment. The aim is to resolve local hole of coverage or to enhance indoor coverage.

Repeater should not be linked to a cell already full loaded.

RF repeater UL and DL gains should be set taking into account the following aspects:

UL repeater gain increase risks decreasing Node-B sensitivity

A repeater placed far from the Node-B needs to have a high UL gain in order to be able to transmit and receive signal.

The aim is to find the best compromise in order to extend coverage enough without polluting Node-B.

The repeater should be placed not at cell border but before: leads to better signal for users at cell border (TX Power saved) and reduces desensitization effect

The gains are set to ensure the coverage expected, and not necessarily at maximum output power (to limit noise rise)

The rule to avoid an UL interference increase due to repeater using is to have NodeBrepeaterrepeaterULrepeater lossCouplingGNoise __ _/)*( equals to 0dB in order to have

repeaterowrepeaterwith NoiseNoise _/_ = This rule is also written with another equation: ULDonorBSt GGLGG ++= (in dB) With

BSG : Node-B antenna gain

DonorG : Donor antenna gain

ULG : UL repeater gain set L : path loss between Node-B antenna and the Donor antenna

tG must be equal to 0 dB in order to avoid interference increase at the Node-B level.

The % of capacity improvement is directly linked to the % of traffic in the area covered by the repeater compared to the traffic supported by the serving cell.




6.1.6 SMALL CELL LAYER

Small cell layer can be deployed on same carrier than macro-cell layer in urban area, in order to extend coverage.

To avoid interference and decrease macro-call network quality The constraint is to have a macro-cell RSCP signal level lower than a given level which depends on the small cell power , in order to avoid interference and decrease macro-call network quality.

Based on this, the shared channel between macro and small cell layers can be done only to resolve hole of coverage problems, and capacity problems but only on areas with RSCP




To avoid the earth interference on the radio link the transmitter and receiver must be in visibility (LOS).

Considering a 200km flat environment and a receiver height between 1.5m and 2m, the transmitter height must at least have the following values in order to ensure the different cell radius.

Cell radius 50km 60km 70km 80km 100km 150km

Transmitter antenna

height @2100MHz 90m 140m 200m 250m 400m 900m

Transmitter antenna

height @900MHz 70m 100m 140m 200m 350m 800m

Figure 31: Transmitter height required in flat environment to support long cell radius

6.1.8 SAME CELL RADIUS WITH UL LOAD INCREASE (HSUPA)

The UL load increase has a direct impact on the cell radius. The aim of this part is to propose solutions in order to keep the same cell radius even with UL load increase. The UL load increase appears only in dense urban and urban areas, so only these environments area considered here.

6.1.8.1 4 way receivers

Not supported yet by our product.

This is the same solution, than the one used to increase cell radius in rural environment.

Advantages Drawbacks

2dB UL gain Second antenna implementation per sector is

required

Very hard to negotiate in urban area

Figure 32: 4 way receiver gain and constraints

6.1.8.2 21 dBi antennas

One solution to compensate coverage reduction due to UL load increase is to increase antenna gain.

65 H beam antennas




There is some existing 21dBi 65antenna Cellmax.

The drawback is the height increase compared to 18dBi antenna, which can be hard to negotiate.

30 H beam antennas

As antenna height is limited in urban areas in major European countries, using 30 antennas instead of 65 ones is one way to increase by 3dB antenna gain.

30 horizontal beam antennas allows a high gain considering 7 vertical beam width like current 65 H beam antennas used in urban areas.

To keep same overlap between sectors of a same site is to increase the number of sector per site.

The current Node-B can support 6 sectors by adding 6 MCPA.

The mix cabinet (classical Node-B and RRH, see the picture below) can also be used in order to increase the number of sectors per sites.

It is a classical cabinet modified to create mix cabinet able to deploy 1 standard 3 cells site and in addition up to 3 RRH modules.

The drawbacks are:

Increase the number of sector per site required increasing the number of antennas which is very hard to negotiate

Adding some sectors required azimuth re-optimization of all around sectors

Changing antenna type can be a problem on GSM/UMTS sites with shared antennas as 30 antennas are not necessary for GSM.

New neighboring plan required

New scrambling code plan required




Figure 33: 6 sectors mix cabinet configuration

6.1.8.3 UMTS 900

6.2 RF solutions for capacity improvement

In the design strategy the solutions to support capacity increases should be analyzed according to the customer

Features

New carrier implementation,

RRH

900 MHz

HCS network,

Sites densification




6.2.1 TX DIVERSITY FEATURE

Transmit diversity feature is a solution to improve capacity of an existing network.

Transmit diversity gain in term of Eb/Io

Eb/Io gain vs. no Tx Div speed 50km/h

Open loop 1 dB 1 dB 1 dB

Close loop 3 dB 1 dB 0 dB

Figure 34: Tx div gain table

CPICH power transmitted on two ways requires 1 dB more power

HSDSCH traffic use same Tx div scheme as associated DCH - scheduler selection impacts performance gain as Tx div reduces power variance

Use Cases

HSDPA throughput increase for slow UE: +15% to +30% (system level simulation)

DCH capacity: +15 to 44% - STSR1+1: one carrier for HSDPA, one for DCH

Spectrum efficiency need for re-farming 900 MHz frequency band

The gain expected is around 10% of capacity improvement, with a main constraint of adding a second PA. This feature is not supported yet.

6.2.2 CAPACITY COMPARISON BETWEEN 1, 2&3 CARRIERS CONFIGURATIONS

In case of large area lacking capacity, a second or third carrier can be added.

The capacity with 2 carriers is expected to be a little bit less than 2 times the capacity of 1 carrier with an optimized management of the carriers.

Using 2 or 3 carriers over one MCPA may imply reduction of power available per carrier; this method is essentially used in interference limited areas.

If the power reduction per carrier has an impact on the DL cell radius because the pilot Ec/I0 or RSCP is not reached, the solution is then to add a new PA dedicated to the new carrier, in order to keep the cell size and to improve sector capacity.




The table below presents the capacity obtained with different PA power and with different number of carrier.

Dense Urban environment

Cell size service dimensioning CS 64; Cell size = 620 m;

Cable losses: 3 dB; TMA + jumper: 0.8 dB UL loss

User profile: VehA 3km/h

UE NF=7dB

Total Power @cabinet connector (@ output

PA)

# Carriers

Speech

(kbps)

CS64

(kbps)

PS 64

(kbps)

PS 128

(kbps)

PS 384

(kbps)

HSDPA

(kbps)

20 W (30W) 1 440,4 842,7 923,4 995 1088 1591.7

1 545,7 980,3 1074,2 1157,4 1266,6 1873,7

30 W (45W)

2 667 1286,6 1497,6 1613,6 1763,8

2610,4 (If HSDPA is

implemented on the 2 freq)

1 615,3 1062,5 1164,3 1254,4 1372,8 2156.9.1

2 880,8 1685,4 1846,8 1990 2176

3183,4 (If HSDPA is


40 W (60W)

3 1000,5 1969,9 2246,4 2420,4 2648,7

3973,4 (If HSDPA is


Figure 35: DL capacity obtained with different number of carriers and power configurations

6.2.3 Dual Cell

Dual Cell feature allow to a UE to use two carriers in order to increase the potential peak throughput.

This feature allows flexibility in resource management..

The capacity gain between Dual cell vs two carriers without dual cell feature has been estimated by simulation around 7%. The simulation conditions are detailed below:

Dual Cell feature allows Propagation model: Okumura Urban




Cell radius: 1km (or inter-site distance = 1732m) on a hexagonal grid NodeB antenna height: 12m UE antenna height: 1.6m RRH 40W No cable loss (i.e. cable from NodeB to antenna) 10 UE per cell Cat-14 for single carrier baseline Cat-24 for DC HSDPA. 12 cell network with wrap around FTP with file size of 20GB (i.e. the FTP continues throughout the simulation) Composite channel:25% AWGN 1.5km/h, 37% Ped.A 3km/h, 13% Ped.A 30km/h, 12% Veh.A 30km/h,

13% Ped.A 120km/h No UE Rx diversity

urban 1km 40w: user gain=7.6%, cell gain=7.6%

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

kbps

CD

F

cat-14 usercat-24 cellcat-14 usercat-14 cell

Anyway such gain seems very difficult to evaluate on the field




6.2.4 RRH vs Macro-NodeB

The comparison between RRH and Macro NodeB is done in the table below, what is the main information to extract from this table is more the relative capacity comparison between each solution instead of the absolute capacity value per comparison which depends one user profile and other parameters

Cell radius (m) Speech (kbps)

PS64 (kbps)

PS128 (kbps)

PS384 (kbps)

HSDPA (kbps)

Without TMA RRH 20W/carrier with 0.4dB

jumper loss 660 942.3 1032.6 1112.5 1217.5 1820.1

NodeB 45W PA (30W TOC) with 30m cable +0.4dB jumper

loss 550 545.7 1074.2 1157.4 1266.8 1874.2


loss 550 620 1169 1258 1381 2020

TRDU 40W or RRH 40W with 30m cable +0.4dB jumper loss 550 625 1176 1269 1389 2032

RRH 40W with 0.4dB jumper loss 660 779 1322 1434.8 1568.3 2309

TRDU 60W & RRH 60W with 30m cable +0.4dB jumper loss 550 799.9 1371.7 1468.6 1608.2 2342

RRH 60W with 0.4dB jumper loss 660 909.9 1481.7 1572.6 1698.2 2445

With TMA NodeB 45W PA (30W TOC)

with 30m cable +0.4dB jumper loss

660 541.7 1070 1151 1262 1870


loss 660 610 1158 1247 1368.8 2008

TRDU 40W or RRH 40W with 30m cable +0.4dB jumper loss 660 615.3 1164.3 1254.4 1372.8 2012

TRDU 60W & RRH 60W with 30m cable +0.4dB jumper loss 660 782 1353.7 1458.6 1596 2335

Figure 36: Capacity comparison between Macro NodeB and RRH configuration




6.2.5 UMTS900 implementation

All the details of 900MHz capacity impact have been analyzed in 900MHz dedicated part in this document.

6.2.6 MICRO-CELL LAYER

In this document a dedicated part on micro-cell layer deployment details the impact of different configurations. The gain expected, the constraints and limitations of each strategy are detailed.

6.3 SITE SECTOR INCREASE

The current Node-B can support 6 sectors by adding 3 MCPA to an existing 3 sector site.

The mix cabinet (classical Node-B and RRH, see figure 34) can be used in order to increase the number of sectors per sites. It is a classical cabinet modified to create mix cabinet able to deploy 1 standard 3 cells site and in addition up to 3 RRH modules.

This allows increasing site capacity.

If more than 4 sectors are implemented on a same roof top, then it is advised to use 30 horizontal beam width antenna, in order to avoid a too important overlap between sectors.

Adding some sectors required:

Azimuth re-optimization of all around sectors

As 30 antenna gain is 21dBi, this increase the sector cell radius, and a down-tilt optimization.

The capacity improvement expectation is at least 70% compared to a 3 sector site.

Anyway considering the heavy impact on RF optimization, site negotiation; the first solutions to improve capacity is increasing the number of carrier, by adding if necessary another new PA (STSR2+1) or changing the existing one to a powerful one (STSR3 with 60W PA).

Such configuration provides 47% capacity improvement, and requires less HW change and RF activities.

6.4 SITE DENSIFICATION

The last solution to increase network capacity is to density the number of sites.

This solution is the most expensive, and the most complex, thats why it is only used when all others have been applied.




Adding sites necessitate

Finding new sites (hard negotiation)

A RF survey and site acquisition.

A RF re-optimization of the existing sites all around the new one

This induces change of antennas azimuths and tilts.




7 RADIO DESIGN METHOD FOR MACRO-CELL NETWORK

7.1 OVERVIEW

Figure 37: Roll out phase steps

Propagation model calibrationGSM sites reused for UMTS

Sites candidate validated after RF survey

CW measurements

Geographical databases

RF Design done with Radio network Planning (RNP) and Automatic Cell

Planning (RNP)

Site selection Antenna tilt and azimuth optimization Neighbours Planing realization Scrambling code planning realization

Traffic load

LB max available path loss based on:

Service dimensioning

Engineering margins

Radio parameters field implementation

Field network validation

RSCP & EC/Io targets




7.2 MACRO-CELL SITE ACQUISITION

The site acquisition problems must be taken into account at the beginning of the radio planning, as the sites analyzed must correspond to those which are going to be implemented on the field.

Generally the customer should provide the site candidates positions, and the GSM existing sites positions which generally should be re-used.

The customer request is generally to re-use a maximum of existing sites and to not have any new sites implementation.

Based on this request, it is better to have two UMTS sites implemented in existing GSM sites positions instead of having 1 new site implemented only for UMTS. Anyway sometimes, there is no other way than implementing a new 3G site, in order to reach radio QOC and QOS, the aim is to reduce a number lowest as possible.

7.2.1.1 Site survey

Even if the sites positions are proposed by the customer, they must be analyzed and validated by Alcatel-Lucent.

Radio site search and validation is an important step in the UMTS radio network planning and implementation.

It allows identifying

If a site is good for coverage required, by detecting some masks which have not been seen with radio planning tool.

Detection of pattern distortion risk due to the environment and the structure near the antenna

Analysis of the antenna height compare to the nearest environment. A site must not be too high relative to its environment, except if only coverage is the constraint, because it increases inter-cell interferences.

All the type of equipment available on the rooftop, and their frequency band. Based on that it can be deduce what type of antenna is required, and where to position it in order to avoid interferences created by co-siting.

Spurious signals in the UL band.

The difficulty in finding sites is a critical issue for UMTS projects since UMTS come after GSM and several other radio systems; the available sites are very limited in most of the cities. The constraint on site construction is more and more important.

Antenna selection and co-sitting rules are described in the following parts.




7.2.1.2 Antenna characteristics & tilt optimization max values

The basic rules for antenna selection are summarized in the following items:

Frequency band o VSWR stability in the frequency band o Stability of the gain in the frequency band

Gain Polarization:

o The two main possibilities are dual- polarized antennas in +/-45 polarization or vertical polarized antennas.

o Selection depends on the environment as the vertical polarization has a coverage advantage essentially on rural environment, but it is constraining in term of place as two antennas are required to support Rx diversity; thats why dual-polarized antennas are used most of the time whatever the environment is

o Antenna decoupling is with dual polarized antenna as 30dB are ensured inside a same radome.

o Two linear antennas must be separated by a minimum of 0.5m which induces another mast or on the roof top , which is very constraining

Directivity antenna type: omni-directional or sector antenna. o For outdoor macro-cells network, the antennas essentially used are

sectors, as it allows a better efficiency to manage interferences, with azimuth and tilt.

o Omni-directional antennas do not have variable tilt Radiating pattern must be adapted with the area to cover

o Vertical beam width: vertical angular sector in which the attenuation is lower than 3dB.

From 6 to 9 for common sector antennas used in 900MHz band to 2.6GHz band

15 for common sector antennas used in 700MHz band o Horizontal beam width: horizontal angular sector in which the attenuation is

lower than 3dB. The most common H beam width sector antenna used is 65; but 90 are also used on the field




o Front to back ratio: essentially for sector antennas, must be at least equal to 25dB

Mechanical tilt range o 2 to 12 for antennas in frequency bands 850MHz and 900MHz o 2 to 8 for antennas in frequency band range 1800MHz to 2600MHz o 2 to 15 for antennas in 700MHz frequency band

For 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, 1900MHz, AWS, and 2100MHz bandwidth:

XXpol antennas are already available and well known to support a technology in 1800MHz band & another one in 2100MHz band.

XXpol antennas are already available and well known to support a technology in 900MHz band (or 850MHz band) & 1800MHz( or 1900MHz or AWS or 2100MHz ) band.

XXXpol antennas are already available and well known to support a technology in 900MHz band (or 850MHz band), another one in 1800MHz (or 1900MHz) band & another one 2100MHz band.

The main providers used by Alcatel-lucent are:

RFS Kathrein Comba

But other providers can be used like KMW; Jaybeam wireless.

7.2.1.3 Co-sitting

Several rules have been studied in order to be able to do co-sitting between different technologies without having some interference problems.

A minimum isolation must be guaranteed between technologies. This isolation depends on the technologies.

This isolation can be obtained by different way. The most current is the antenna decoupling. When the offset between frequency bands is significantly important (more that 25% of the central frequency of the highest band), then it can be possible to have some antennas which combine the two bands while respecting the 30dB isolation.




For other cases, some filters modules are required, or a second antenna must be implemented on the roof top with a significant spacing distance to ensure isolation required.

The table below shows the isolation measured for different horizontal separation and vertical separation and for different frequency bands.

Figure 38: Isolation provided by horizontal separation for different frequency bands

Antenna Frequency Band Combination0.5m 3m

700MHz with 700MHz 43 51850/900MHz with 850/900MHz 48 591800/1900MHz with 1800/1900MHz 58 72AWS/2100MHz with AWS/2100MHz 60 732300MHz with 2300MHz 62 762600MHz with 2600MHz 63 78

700MHz with 850/900MHz 46 55700MHz with 1800/1900MHz 65 75700MHz with AWS/2100MHz 66 78700MHz with 2300MHz 67 80700MHz with 2600MHz 69 81850/900MHz with 1800/1900MHz 65 74850/900MHz with AWS/2100MHz 66 76850/900MHz with 2300MHz 67 77850/900MHz with 2600MHz 70 801800/1900MHz with AWS/2100MHz 61 751800/1900MHz with 2300MHz 62 781800/1900MHz with 2600MHz 64 79AWS/2100MHz with 2300MHz 62 75AWS/2100MHz with 2600MHz 63 772300MHz with 2600MHz 65 78

Vertical Isolation

Antennas in the same frequency bands

Antennas in different frequency bands




Figure 39: Isolation provided by horizontal separation for different frequency bands

7.3 RNP Main inputs

7.3.1 GEOGRAPHICAL DATABASES

Geographical databases are not necessarily provided by the customer. This paragraph provides some fundamental rules to select the correct database type corresponding to our need.

Two geographic database categories

Altitude database: Digital Terrain Model

Antenna Frequency Band Combination0.5m 3m

700MHz with 700MHz 30 39850/900MHz with 850/900MHz 35 471800/1900MHz with 1800/1900MHz 45 58AWS/2100MHz with AWS/2100MHz 47 602300MHz with 2300MHz 49 622600MHz with 2600MHz 50 63

700MHz with 850/900MHz 37 46700MHz with 1800/1900MHz 54 63700MHz with AWS/2100MHz 55 65700MHz with 2300MHz 57 67700MHz with 2600MHz 59 70850/900MHz with 1800/1900MHz 56 65850/900MHz with AWS/2100MHz 57 67850/900MHz with 2300MHz 58 69850/900MHz with 2600MHz 59 711800/1900MHz with AWS/2100MHz 50 611800/1900MHz with 2300MHz 52 631800/1900MHz with 2600MHz 53 63AWS/2100MHz with 2300MHz 51 64AWS/2100MHz with 2600MHz 53 652300MHz with 2600MHz 55 67

Horizontal Isolation

Antennas in the same frequency bands

Antennas in different frequency bands




Environment database: Clutter

7.3.1.1 Digital Terrain Model (DTM)

Contains altitude values of the region

Characterized by a latitude Y, a longitude X, and an accuracy

Resolution is directly linked to original satellite, or topographic data which are provided with a given scale

This scale guarantees the effective resolution of the database.

Based on the original data scale, it is possible to verify if:

The database resolution and precision correspond to those expected after considering the original data scale

The provider has re-sampled the database in order to obtain the resolution required based on a worst database resolution.

Figure 40: Correspondence between original data scale and final resolution product




Figure 41: original data scale impact on the final accuracy

7.3.1.2 CLUTTER

Characterized by a latitude Y, a longitude X

As for DTM databases, resolution is linked to original data (same correspondence table)

There are two type of clutter database: Raster and building outlines

7.3.1.2.1 Raster

Include geographic environnent distribution:

Natural environments: river, forest...

Housing areas: dense urban, urban

No clutter height information

oorriiggiinnaall EEffffeeccttiivvee

RReessoolluuttiioonn RReessoolluuttiioonn ddeelliivveerreedd

Carte 1/250K DTM @ 100m

Carte 1/50K DTM @ 20m Re-sample @ 50m

X,Y = 100m

X,Y = 20m

AAccccuurraaccyy Re-sample @ 50m




7.3.1.2.1.1 Clutter definition

Two clutter databases with same resolution on the same areas can be totally different.

Clutter types must be chosen the most efficiently for radio propagation study, see the recommendations in sectionError! Reference source not found..

Clutter types can be different between a country database and a city one

A minimum number of clutter types must be defined to have enough details for clutter description

Below an example of the difference in clut

umts outdoor rf design guidelines v4.1_ external version

Documents