ultrasonic flow metering insertion & clamp-on...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ultrasonic Flow Metering
Insertion & Clamp-on Types
(emphasis on Clamp-on UFM’s)
Presenter : Izzy Rivera
Flexim Americas Corporation
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A Brief History – Significant Milestones
• 1955 – Doppler ultrasonic techniques were first implemented to detect valve heart motions
• 1963 – Tokyo Keiki first introduced Doppler Ultrasonic meters to commercial markets
• 1970’s saw the release of more Doppler meters onto the market, accelerating the pace of research in the industrial field
• 1972 – Controlotron develops first clamp-on transit time meters
• 1976 – Westinghouse LEFM; chordal transit time meters installed on Alaska Pipeline
• 1998 – AGA9 standard published for custody transfer of natural gas
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Early Wetted UFM Meter
Installed 1976 – TransAlaska Pipeline
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Early Clamp-on UFM Meter
Doppler Transit-Time
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UFM Market Growth
Published by Flow Control – Flow Research Study
According to Flow Research the Ultrasonic flowmeter market is the fastest growing
of any other flowmeter type
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Market Share – Wetted versus Clamp-on
0%
10%20%
30%40%
50%60%
70%80%
90%
UFM Wetted Clamp-on UFM Wetted UFM Gas
LIQUID GAS
% in Units sold 2012 – Izzy’s best guess
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Flexim 2011 Market Segments
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UFM Transit Time Standards
Liquid Flow
• ASME MFC 5M - 1985 (general purpose)
• API 5.8 – 2005 (custody transfer, hydrocarbon liquids)
• OIML R117 (hydrocarbon liquids)
• ISO 12242 – 2012 (general purpose)
Gas Flow
• AGA-9 1989 (custody transfer gas)
• ISO 17089-1 (custody transfer gas)
• ISO 17089-2 (clamp on gas allocation)
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• Bi-directional flow measurement
• Unlimited turndown
• Very good low flow sensitivity
• Dynamic zero
• High Accuracy
0.15 - .25% custody transfer accuracy
1-2% installed accuracy – Clamp-on
Higher accuracy possible with calibration
• Aggressive liquids no problem – Clamp on
• High temperature capability – Clamp on
• No pressure drop
• Retrofit installation – Clamp on
Attributes of Ultrasonic Flowmeters
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Theory of Operation
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Piezoelectric Crystal
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Transit Time - Wetted Transducer
Theory of Operation
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Transit Time - Clamp on
Re lQ A k v
sin sin sin
c cc
Meter formula
2l
F
tv k
t
sin
ck
Acoustic calibration factor
pulse
forming
multiplexer
A DSP D
interfaces
data processing,
squence control
front panel
c
c
c Fluiddi
w
Fluid mechanical
calibration factor
Snells Law:
Embedded RTD - temp compensation as per ASME MFC 5M
Re lQ A k v
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Shear Wave sound transmission
Pipe wall penetration
Multi reflection
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Lamb Wave principle
Pipe wall resonance
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… external measurement of internal flow
Doppler in Flow Measurement
Doppler meters use sound pulse reflection principle to
measure liquid flow rate, solids or bubbles in
suspension in the liquid reflect the sound back to the
receiving transducer. Assumption - Reflected particle
representative of average flow
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Digital Signal Processing
• High random noise
suppression
• SNR measures amount of
random noise relative to
fluid signal
Digital Signal Processing
1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 11601.
0.75
0.5
0.25
0.
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.
1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 11601.
0.75
0.5
0.25
0.
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.
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Uncertainties of Measurement
Re2 fl
tQ K A K
t
Meter Formula
Error contributions:
fluid mechanics
acoustics
geometry
electronics and
time measurement
Meaurement uncertainty - Flexim
1-2% +-0.03ft/s
NIST wet flow calibrated 1% of reading
Repeatability < 0.15% +-0.03ft/s
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Volume flow of an ultrasonic flow meter
lA vAvAQ Re
(Kinematic Viscosity)
Laminar: K=0,75
Turbulent: K=0,91 ... 0,97
Assumptions: undisturbed flow
dvA Re
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Flow Profile effects –
Diametral Path
Re < 2700 Laminar Flow
Re > 6000 (>10.000) Turbulent Flow
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Re Compensation
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Flow Profile effects –
Chordal Paths
Re < 2700 Laminar Flow
Re > 6000 (>10.000) Turbulent Flow
Chordal paths are strategically located to average the velocity profile
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Undeveloped Flow Profiles
Cross Flow
Swirl Flow
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Other Profile effects
• Most flowmeters will be affected by the flow profile in a pipe
• Piping configuration, amount of straight run of pipe must be considered
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Flow profile disturbance
Bends, valves, elbows,
diffusers, reducers,
pumps etc. change the
profile of the flow.
Certain distances to such
flow elements are
necessary for an
undisturbed flow profile.
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Flow Conditioners
Tube Bundle: Used typically
for turbines and orifice meters
CPA Plate: Used for
UFM Gas and beginning
to replace tube bundle
type
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AGA-9 Gas Standard requires metering section
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Inflow requirements methods of compensation for flow profile deviations
Cross flow compensation:
•Reflect mode or
•Two beam Direct mode
V
r
Flow vector
Unsymmetry of
flow profile
Compensation of profile
distortions:
•Two beam reflect mode
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Mounting Configurations
Direct Mount
Reflect Mount
Dual Beam
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Wetted UFM’s Typically Chordal Type
Mostly seen in Gas Applications
Profile Compensation through multiple chords
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Faure Herman – 18 Beam
UFM
Utilized primarily for viscous
liquids
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Profile Effect
Diametral Paths yeilding perfect flow symmetry
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Dual Channel meter on 48” Pipe
30deg Elbow
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No Conditioner 5d after 30o elbow
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2 Channel on Orifice meter run
Tube Bundle Flow Conditioner
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Downstream of tube bundle (less than 10d)
Results show either profile or dimensional effect
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Encana Test
2 Orifice Meters at Fiscal point Anadarko & Encana – Flexim meter installed next to Encana meter
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Profile condition of Liquid Type
Profile effected by product change
Diesel
Jet Fuel
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• Diametral systems – profile effects are minimized
through mounting and multiple beams
• Chordal systems – profile effects are minimized by
aligning the paths to mathematically achieve average
velocity
• For highest accuracy flow profile conditioners are
recommended
Summary of profile effects
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UFM Types
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Daniels – 4 Path
Wetted Meters - Gas
Junior Sonic
Sick - 4 path
Sick - 4 + 4
Elster American Meter -
6 path
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Wetted UFM arriving at the CEESI Cal Lab
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Wetted Meters - Liquids Hydrocarbon Meters
Cameron 2,4,8 path FMC Technologies 4,6 path Krohne 3,5 path
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Wetted Meters - Liquids Water and General Purpose Meters
Siemens (Danfoss) Master Meter
Kamstrup BTU Meters Broad BTU Meters
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Wetted Meters - Steam
GE – saturated and superheated Krohne – superheated
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Clamp-On Meters – Gas and Liquid
• Flexim
• Siemens (Controlotron)
• GE (Panametrics)
• E&H
• Dynasonics
Flexim - Class 1 Div 2 Portable
Nema 4x (also C1D2)
Ex Stainless Steel
Ex Housing
PermaLok mounting
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… external measurement of internal flow
Where’s the Grease?
Permanent Couplant Pads
Coupling Pad
No more maintenance associated with dry-out of coupling grease
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FLEXIM's
PermaLok
Track
Mount
System
… external measurement of internal flow
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Ultrasonic Metering Diagnostics A window to the process
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Signal Waveforms
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Data Set
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Diagnostic Statistics and Quality Indicators
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Sound Velocity used for Fluid Identity
Sonic Velocities of Some Fluids (@ 60oF)
100200300400500600700800900
1000110012001300140015001600
Hel
ium
Propan
e
Buta
ne
Gas
oline (L
eaded
Reg
ular)
Gas
oline (U
nlead
ed)
Gas
oline (S
uper
Unl
eade
d)
Cru
de (A
rabia
n)
Nap
htha
Hyd
rogen
Ker
osene
Am
monia
Jet F
uel/J
et A
Die
sel F
uel
Cru
de Oil
Mer
cury
Moto
r Oil,
SAE 3
0
Wate
r
Hyd
raulic
Flu
id
So
nic
Velo
cit
y (
m/s
ec)
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Special HPI Variables
• A number of new variables that are unique to the HPI
meter are available to the user:
– SonicID: Temperature corrected speed of sound of the liquid.
This variable allows the meter to know which liquid is being
sensed for Multi-Liquid systems.
– DBC (density @ base conditions), S.G. (specific gravity) and API
gravity: These are all expressions of the same basic parameter
(mass per unit volume of the liquid being sensed).
– VCF & VCP: Temperature and Pressure Volume correction
factors used to publish standard volumetric rate and totals.
– Liquid: If enabled, the meter publishes which of a series of
liquids is currently being sensed based on SonicID.
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Special HPI Variables
• VSC: Computed Liquid Viscosity based on currently
sensed liquid and measured temperature.
• Normalized Volumetric Flowrate and Totals (+ and -)
– These are derived by multiplying the actual rate and totals by the
temperature and pressure volume correction factors. The volume
correction factors are computed in accordance with industry
standard algorithms such as TP-25, ASTM1250 and D4311.
– The meter ‘knows’ which algorithm to apply since it knows the
liquid currently being sensed by means of its SonicID variable.
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Concentration Measurement
NaOH
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Concentration Measurement
H2SO4 between temperatures 60 … 180°F
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Duke Energy – Feedwater Downcomers
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Aeration Diagnostic
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CEESI Calibration Lab - Iowa
Lab Calibrations of Clamp-on
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… external measurement of internal flow
Gas Accuracy Testing on Multiple Pipe Sizes
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3rd party calibration results
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ATMOS builds a 24” Spool
Calibrated at CEESI Iowa
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CEESI Calibration 8/2012
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… external measurement of internal flow
DELFT Calibration Lab
Customer Acceptance Testing
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… external measurement of internal flow
Delft Calibration Lab 3/16/2006
FLEXIM 7407 2 Beam with M2N7 Transducers
Average of 3 runs at each rate
0.09 0.04 0.09-0.03 -0.06
-2.00
-1.50
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Velocity Ft/sec
% E
rro
r
As found 1st run
As Found 2nd run
As Left
DELFT Calibration Results