ultra-luminous x-ray sources
DESCRIPTION
Ultra-luminous X-ray sources. Roberto Soria (University College London) M. Cropper, C. Motch, R. Mushotzky, M. Pakull, K. Wu. Outline of this talk. What are ULXs? a few open questions. New results from our XMM-Newton study Spectral and timing properties Optical counterparts - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ultra-luminous X-ray sources
Roberto Soria (University College London)M. Cropper, C. Motch, R. Mushotzky, M. Pakull, K. Wu
![Page 2: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline of this talkOutline of this talk
New results from our XMM-Newton studyNew results from our XMM-Newton studySpectral and timing propertiesOptical counterpartsSimilarities and differences
What have we learnt and what do we do next?What have we learnt and what do we do next?
What are ULXs? What are ULXs? a few open questionsa few open questions
![Page 3: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ultra-luminous X-ray sourcesUltra-luminous X-ray sources
Mass of accreting object max luminosity
log L(erg/s)
30 32 38 39 44 46
CVs,stars
X-ray binaries QSO, AGN
BHNS
Eddington limit: L = 1.3 1038 (M/Msun) erg/s
Flux f L = 4d2 f > 1039 erg/s: ULXULX
ULXULX
![Page 4: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Main unsolved issue:Main unsolved issue:Beamed or isotropic emission?Beamed or isotropic emission?
No beaming? No beaming? (ULXs = intermediate-mass BHs)
Relativistic beaming? Relativistic beaming? (ULXs = microblazars)
Mild geometrical beaming? Mild geometrical beaming? (ULXs = HMXBs)
Primordial stellar evolution (Pop III stars)?
Normal stellar evolution in peculiar environments?
Mergers of stellar-mass objects in dense clusters?
Other processes? (eg, accretion of satellites with nuclear BHs?)
If so, how are IMBHs formed?
![Page 5: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Case study: ULXs in NGC 4559 ULXs in NGC 4559 (Sc, d = 10 Mpc)
Cropper et al 2004, MNRAS; Soria et al 2004, MNRAS
XMM Optical Monitor image(near-UV band)
![Page 6: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
XMM/EPIC image of NGC 4559
(Cropper et al 2004)
![Page 7: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
4
3
2
HST/WFPC2 image of NGC4559 (V)
![Page 8: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
This ULX is in a large star-forming complex at the outer edge of the spiral galaxy
Brightest ULX in NGC 4559
LLx x ~ ~ 3 103 104040 erg/s erg/s
XMM Optical monitor (UV)
CHFT (H)
![Page 10: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
HST/WFPC2 (Soria et al 2004)
1 arcsec
500 pc
![Page 11: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
H contours on a WFPC2 V image
H bubble/ring?
![Page 12: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
B and I contours of the dwarf irregular galaxy near the ULX (HST)
Median Age > 1 Gyrwith a few younger stars (< 30 Myr)
![Page 13: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mini-Cartwheel scenarioMini-Cartwheel scenario
ULX in NGC4559
Satellite dwarf galaxy punching through the gas-rich disk
Density perturbationExpanding density wave
Expanding wave of star formation
ULXs in the Cartwheel galaxy
OB stars, young clusters and ULXs
![Page 14: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Clues on the nature of the BHClues on the nature of the BH
Young age (star forming region)
Super-star clusters, young clusters?
Low metal abundance (larger remnant)
Associated with galaxy collision
Different role of pressure and turbulence for triggeredtriggered star formation?
higher stellar masses?
![Page 15: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
And what about the donor stardonor starand the other stars in the field?
![Page 16: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Roche-lobe mass transfer from star to BH can be driven by:
Observed ULX luminosity suggests Roche-lobe mass transfer
Nuclear evolution of the donor star(faster for Supergiants, expand to bigger radii)
Orbital evolution(the binary system expands or shrinks)
![Page 19: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Roche-lobe mass transfer from star to BH can be driven by:
Observed ULX luminosity suggests Roche-lobe mass transfer
Nuclear evolution of the donor star(faster for Supergiants, expand to bigger radii)
Orbital evolution(the binary system expands or shrinks)
MBH < Mstar
The orbit shrinks
MBH > Mstar
The orbit expands
![Page 20: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Orbital evolution allows steady mass transferfrom a M ~ 15–20 Msun supergiantonto a M ~ 40–100 Msun black hole
ensuring a luminosity Lx ~ a few 1040 erg/s for up to ~ 106 yr
Are these at least one class of ULXs?
MS stars shrink as they lose mass; Sg expandMS stars shrink as they lose mass; Sg expand
No “unusual” optical counterpartsNo “unusual” optical counterparts
![Page 21: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Power-law ( ~ 2.3)Tbb ~ 0.12 keV
X-ray spectrum of NGC4559 X7 (XMM)
![Page 22: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Thermal component at 0.12 keV = disk emission?
![Page 23: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ULX on the tidal bridge between NGC7714/15
NGC 7715
NGC 7714
ULXs and tidal interactions/collisionsULXs and tidal interactions/collisions
![Page 24: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
More ULXs found in interacting/merging galaxies.interacting/merging galaxies.
Interacting galaxies have higher star-formation rate;number of ULXs ~ SFR (like high-mass XRBs).
Interactions actively favour ULX formation?
M81 group NGC 4449
Why?Why?
![Page 25: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ULX ((with radio emissionwith radio emission)) in NGC 5408
Micro-blazar or milli-quasar?
Kaaret et al (2003)Soria et al (2004)
![Page 26: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Tbb ~ 0.12 keV
![Page 28: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Flaring behaviour especially in hard X-rays(matter ejections? inner-disk oscillations?)
X-ray lightcurves for the ULX in NGC5408
![Page 29: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Break in power spectrum suggests a mass M ~ 100 Msun
Power density spectrum for ULX in NGC5408
![Page 30: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Work in progressWork in progress
Relation between ULXs and star formation triggered by collisions
Nature of the donor star, mechanism of mass transfer
Nature of soft thermal component (disk photon trapping/downscattering?)
Ionised nebulae around ULXs (images courtesy of M Pakull)
![Page 31: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Work in progressWork in progress
Relation between ULXs and star formation triggered by collisions
Nature of the donor star, mechanism of mass transfer
Determine radio/X-ray flux ratios, radio spectral index & polarizationDetermine radio/X-ray flux ratios, radio spectral index & polarization
Fradio / Fx
X-ray binariesin low-hard state
microquasarsmicro-blazars
AGN, quasars
Intermediate-mass BHs (“milliquasars”)?
Nature of soft thermal component (disk photon trapping/downscattering?)
Ionised nebulae around ULXs
![Page 32: Ultra-luminous X-ray sources](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062323/56815299550346895dc0be42/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Work in progressWork in progress
ULXs in molecular clouds? Accreting from molecular clouds?
ULX and CO contours in NGC4559