UL ALTERNATIVE FUELS & UL ALTERNATIVE FUELS & STANDARDS UPDATE STANDARDS UPDATE -- 20082008

Presented at the 2008 EPA UST Annual Tank Conference

ROLAND RIEGEL - PRIMARY DESIGNATED ENGINEERFlammable Liquids Containment Products

REVIEW of PREVIOUS UL FUELS INFORMATIONREVIEW of PREVIOUS UL FUELS INFORMATION

New bio fuels continue to increase in use globally – so why can’tcurrent requirements simply include them along with traditionalpetroleum fuels? Any why are existing test fuels not suitable?

1. The fundamental property and characteristic differences between biomass and petroleum based fuels have created new challenges for both materials and products with respect to compatibility and overall safety performance.

2. All fuels can change after biomass processing or petroleum refining and blending due to contaminants entering the fuel distribution chain and storage tanks at various points. Most existing test fuels do not address these real world conditions.

3. There are no mandatory requirements to verify the quality of fuels delivered to local stations, and no mandatory requirementsto inspect or maintain fueling system components to mitigate local fuel contamination problems (water + ?, microbes, etc.).

These principals are the primary drivers behind UL revisionsto test fuels used in our research, standards and certifications thataddress both bio fuels and fuel contaminants.

REVIEW of PREVIOUS UL FUELS INFORMATITONREVIEW of PREVIOUS UL FUELS INFORMATITON

Critical Properties and Characteristics of Bio Fuels and PetroleumFuels are Different, where Bio Fuels Have…

1. Higher Electrical Conductivity >>> Accelerates MetalCorrosion Mechanisms

2. Higher Hygroscopic Attraction >>> Increases Fuel/Water Phase Separation Potential

3. Smaller Size & More Polar Molecules >>> Increases Permeation, Solvency and Extraction

4. Decreased Molecular Stability >>> Increases Oxidation and Fuel Decay

5. Different Fire Characteristics >>> Misunderstanding of Fuel Properties, Storage & Use Factors

Conclusion - None of these fundamental differences between bio andpetroleum fuels properties and characteristics have changed, orare ever expected to. Blends of biomass and petroleum fuels areexpected to exhibit variable properties, depending upon the type(s)and concentration(s) of the final fuel blend.

REVIEW of PREVIOUS UL FUELS INFORMATIONREVIEW of PREVIOUS UL FUELS INFORMATION

UL has been leading efforts to develop new test fuels that moreaccurately represent real world commercially available flammable andcombustible fuel blends for evaluating compatibility of all materials.

To Achieve This Goal - New UL Test Fuels Include Strategic Blends Of:

1. Major Fuel Components – Necessary to evaluate different effects on material components. A. Alkanes (such as, aliphatics, paraffins, etc.)B. Aromatics (such as toluene, xylene, benzene, etc.)C. Oxygenates (such as alcohols, ethers, esters, etc.)

2. Major Fuel Contaminants – Necessary to evaluate expected fuel contaminants & by-products.A. Water (suspended solution or phase separated) B. Salts (various organic or inorganic types)C. Acids (various organic or inorganic types)

The final type and mixture of “aggressive” test fuel(s) will dependupon the product application (containment, dispensing, consuming,component etc.), product usage factors and development process type.

NEW UL TEST FUELS NEW UL TEST FUELS –– FUEL CONTAINMENT PRODUCTFUEL CONTAINMENT PRODUCT

New UL “aggressive” test fuels developed for material compatibilityevaluations of storage and containment products for use with thewidest range of both flam & comb bio/petro fuel blends in commercialproduction, blending and motor vehicle fueling applications are:

CM15a, CE85a, ULB100 & “Random” Gas = “Motor Vehicle Fuels” Rating

1. Developed by 971 STP with External Technical Expert InputProposed in UL971 Ballot – Comments on R&R of “Random” GasFuture Revision? - FB20a & FB80a Replaces ULB100Future Revision? - “Additive” Gas Replaces “Random” GasUrgent Need for UL STPs to Successfully Ballot New Test Fuels

2. Future Proposals? - Other UL Containment Product RequirementsTanks/Liners - UL1316, UL1746, SU1854, SU1856, UL2085, UL2085…Pipes/Sumps – UL971, UL971A, SU2039, SU2447, SU2248, SU2405…

3. Future Proposals? - 0ther UL Requirements for All FuelsMulti-Fuel Containers – Specialty & Portable TypesMulti-Fuel Components – Gaskets, Seals, Labels, Wire…

NEW UL TEST FUELS NEW UL TEST FUELS –– FUEL DISPENSING PRODUCTSFUEL DISPENSING PRODUCTS

New UL “aggressive” test fuels developed for material compatibilityevaluations of dispensing products for use with specific ranges ofeither flam or comb bio/petro fuel blends in commercial motorvehicle fueling applications are:

CE25a & CE85a = “Gasoline/Ethanol” Fuel Blend Rating

1. Developed by UL with External Technical Expert Input (E85 Forum)Published Oct ’07 in SU87A – Dispenser Testing Underway!Can Cover “Dial-a-Blend” Dispensers for Rated FuelsDoes Not Cover Any Gasoline/Methanol Fuel BlendsFuture Revision? – Add FB20a & FB80a “Diesel/Biodiesel” RatingFuture Revision? – Add CM15a Option “Gasoline/Alcohol” RatingFuture Revision? – Add “Random” or “Additive” Gas and Diesel

2. Future Proposals? - Other UL Dispenser Component RequirementsUL79 Pumps, UL25 Meters, UL330 Hose, UL429 Valves…

3. Future Proposals? - Other Consumer Fuel Container RequirementsASTM F852, ASTM F976, ASTM F2234, ASTM F2517, UL1314…

NEW UL TEST FUELS NEW UL TEST FUELS –– COMBUSTIBLE LIQ PRODUCTSCOMBUSTIBLE LIQ PRODUCTS

New UL “aggressive” test fuels developed for material compatibilityevaluations of combustible liquid only products for use with specificbio/petro fuel blends in commercial or consumer motor vehicle andheating appliance applications are:

FB20a & FB80a = “Diesel Fuel/Biodiesel” Blend Ratings and/orFB20a & FB80a = “Heating Fuel/Biodiesel” Blend Ratings

1. Developed by UL with Combined External Technical Expert InputPublished Feb ‘08 in SU2258 – Plastic Oil Tank Testing Underway!Proposed for Next UL180 Ballot – Replaces K25/F25/B50a Future Revisions? - Replace ULB100 in Containment Product Stds.Future Revisions? – Replace #2 Fuels in End Use Product Stds.Future Revisions? – Add or Replace Test Oils in Component Stds.

2. Future Proposals? - Other UL Comb Liq Only Motor Vehicle Req.UL87A Dispensers, UL79 Pumps, UL25 Meters, UL330 Hose…

3. Future Proposals? - Other UL Comb Liq Only Heating Appliance Req.UL296 Burners, UL731 Heaters, UL343 Pumps, UL331 Filters…

NEW UL TEST FUELS NEW UL TEST FUELS –– FUEL CONSUMING PRODUCTSFUEL CONSUMING PRODUCTS

New UL “aggressive” test fuels developed for material compatibilityevaluations of fuel consuming end use products for use with specificranges of either flam or comb bio/petro fuel blends in eithercommercial or consumer applications are yet to be determined:

Potential Flammable Liquid Test Fuel(s) and Fuel Blend Ratings May Be:CM15a or CE25a & CE85a = “All” Gasoline/(Alcohol or Ethanol) BlendsCE85a or CM85a = “High Blend” Gasoline/(Methanol or Ethanol) BlendsCM15a or CE25a = “Low Blend” Gasoline/(Alcohol or Ethanol) Blends

Potential Combustible Liquid Test Fuels and Fuel Blend Ratings May Be:FB20a & FB80a = “All” (Diesel Fuel or Heating Fuel)/Biodiesel BlendsFB80a = “High Blend” (Diesel Fuel or Heating Fuel)/Biodiesel BlendsFB20a = “Low Blend” (Diesel Fuel or Heating Fuel)/Biodiesel Blends

Future Proposals? – Potentially all UL Fuel Consuming End Products:Generators & Turbines, Washers & Cleaners, Heating Appliances, LiftTrucks, Automotive Equipment, Marine Equipment, Portable Tools, HandPumps, Specialty Containers…and their Components.

NEW UL TEST FUELS NEW UL TEST FUELS –– FINAL CONSIDERATIONSFINAL CONSIDERATIONS

Although UL had developed these new test fuels through collaborativeefforts that address material compatibility of traditional petroleumfuels, new biomass fuels, blends thereof and real world fuel changes,the final decisions will need to be made through individual standardor outline processes. A few key development options, driverdynamics & technical issues to consider are:

Development Options - Standards (STP consensus or IAG non-consensus),or Outline development of requirements greatly depend upon balance oftime needs vs consensus needs vs user acceptance factors.

Driver Dynamics - Changing Global/Fed/State legislative requirements,fuel producer needs, product manufacturer needs, regulatory needs andconsumer market needs for bio fuels types, blend % and availability.

Technical Issues – Marked rating range from “high” and “low” testpoints, individual product use and misuse factors, potentialhazards, and issues of consistency vs special needs in each standard.

NEW UL TEST FUELS NEW UL TEST FUELS –– DISPENSER RESEARCHDISPENSER RESEARCH

UL in partnership with DOE has been conducting static & dynamicresearch testing on gasoline dispensers designed for highblend ethanol fuels since mid 2007. Although the research testingand data analysis are still continuing, the general results onidentification of inorganic elements (metals) and organic compounds(polymers) suspended in the test fuels have confirmed earliertheories on bio fuels properties & characteristics.

The weekly GC/MS fuel analysis of CE25a & CE85a test fuels used in atypical E85 dispenser in both static & dynamic systems shows:

1. Extracted Metals (High-Low) - Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, Ti, Al, Ba, PbLow/No traces of other alloy metals - Be, Cd, Cr, Mg, Mb, Vn….Weekly quantity trends varied (increase/decrease/stable)Some higher values for CE85a than CE25a (Fe, Ni)Some unexpected results (Ni & Fe higher, Al lower)

2. Extracted Polymers – Plasticizers, Stabilizers & AdditivesIdentification of many individual compounds is difficult Quantitative & source analysis of data is ongoing

NEW UL TEST FUELS NEW UL TEST FUELS –– CONTINUING RESEARCHCONTINUING RESEARCH

Additional fundamental bio fuels research at UL is expected tocontinue in order to provide independent scientific data to supportdevelopment of proper bio fuels requirements and product certifications. Areas of bio fuels research likely to continue orstart in the near future are:

1. Dispensers – Static & Dynamic testing with Biodiesel Blends (FB20a & FB80a) for system failure mode analysis with orgainicand inorganic qualitative/qualitative fuels analysis.

2. General Material Compatibility – Long term compatibility of basic metallic, polymer and elastomer materials with variable blends of gasoline & alcohols, diesel & biodiesel and w/wo aggressive components and specific additives.

3. Consumer Fuel Container Research – Evaluation of portable container liquid/vapor leakage/permeation resistance, physical abuse resistance and CRC effectiveness comparison between current ASTM test fuels and new UL test fuels.

-- Thank You Thank You --Questions?Questions?

Contact InformationContact Information

Roland Roland RiegelRiegel

PDE PDE –– Flammable Liquids Containment ProductsFlammable Liquids Containment Products

Underwriters Laboratories Underwriters Laboratories

1285 Walt Whitman Road1285 Walt Whitman Road

Melville, NY 11717Melville, NY 11717

rolandroland.a..a.riegelriegel@us.@us.ulul.com.com

(631) 271(631) 271--6200 x 224216200 x 22421