UK Aid DirectUK Aid Direct

Introduction to LogframesIntroduction to Logframes

(only required at proposal stage) (only required at proposal stage)

Why Use LogicalWhy Use Logical Frameworks?Frameworks?

Presents a clear hierarchy between impact, outcome, Presents a clear hierarchy between impact, outcome, outputs and activities (see clarification of terms in next outputs and activities (see clarification of terms in next slides)slides)

Clear, concise and accessible statement of all key Clear, concise and accessible statement of all key components of a projectcomponents of a project

Clarifies how the project is expected to work and what it will Clarifies how the project is expected to work and what it will achieveachieve

Identifies the main factors related to the success of the Identifies the main factors related to the success of the projectproject

Provides a basis for monitoring and evaluationProvides a basis for monitoring and evaluation

Note: The framework may develop and change as the Note: The framework may develop and change as the project develops.project develops.

LogframesLogframes

PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION

IMPACT

OUTCOME

ACTIVITIES

OUTPUTS

Elements of the DFID Elements of the DFID Logical Framework Logical Framework

Template Template 1.1. Impact, outcome and outputsImpact, outcome and outputs

2.2. IndicatorsIndicators

3.3. Baselines, milestones and targetsBaselines, milestones and targets

4.4. SourcesSources

5.5. Risks, assumptionsRisks, assumptions

6.6. Weighting of outputsWeighting of outputs

7.7. Inputs (Money and human resources)Inputs (Money and human resources)

Clarification of terms: Clarification of terms: 1. Impact1. Impact

The Impact is not intended to be The Impact is not intended to be achieved solely by the project. This is achieved solely by the project. This is a higher-level situation that the a higher-level situation that the project will contribute towards project will contribute towards achieving. achieving.

OutcomeOutcome There can only be one Outcome for the There can only be one Outcome for the

project. The Outcome should identify what project. The Outcome should identify what will change, and who will benefit. will change, and who will benefit.

For UK Aid Direct projects, there should be For UK Aid Direct projects, there should be a clear link between the Outcome and the a clear link between the Outcome and the UK Aid Programme Objectives for the UK Aid Programme Objectives for the relevant funding round.relevant funding round.

Outcomes should be largely within Outcomes should be largely within the control of the project the control of the project

OutputsOutputs Outputs are the specific, direct deliverables of Outputs are the specific, direct deliverables of

the project. These will provide the conditions the project. These will provide the conditions necessary to achieve the Outcome. necessary to achieve the Outcome. The logic The logic of the chain from Output to Outcome of the chain from Output to Outcome therefore needs to be cleartherefore needs to be clear..

Best practice indicates a maximum of 6 Best practice indicates a maximum of 6 Outputs Outputs

Outputs should be 100% within the Outputs should be 100% within the control of the projectcontrol of the project

Exercise: Consider the following Exercise: Consider the following problem statement problem statement

Within Province XXXX, under-five Within Province XXXX, under-five mortality rates and reported incidences mortality rates and reported incidences of other waterborne diseases are of other waterborne diseases are significantly higher than the national significantly higher than the national average. These problems are associated average. These problems are associated with poor access to potable water, high with poor access to potable water, high rates of open defecation, a lack of rates of open defecation, a lack of household sanitation facilities, and a low household sanitation facilities, and a low level of hygiene awareness within the level of hygiene awareness within the community.community.

Exercise 1: Which of the following are Exercise 1: Which of the following are output, outcome and impact output, outcome and impact

statements? statements? (answers at end of presentation)(answers at end of presentation)

Improved water, hygiene and basic sanitation behaviour Improved water, hygiene and basic sanitation behaviour among 5 selected rural communities in Province XXXXX.among 5 selected rural communities in Province XXXXX.

Women, men and children in selected areas have access Women, men and children in selected areas have access to safe/potable waterto safe/potable water

Targeted households are provided with training and Targeted households are provided with training and equipment to enable adoption of safer hygiene behaviourequipment to enable adoption of safer hygiene behaviour

Reduced incidence of diseases, mortality and Reduced incidence of diseases, mortality and vulnerability associated with lack of potable water, safe vulnerability associated with lack of potable water, safe sanitation & hygiene practices in all rural communities in sanitation & hygiene practices in all rural communities in Province XXXXProvince XXXX..

Targeted households have access to improved sanitation Targeted households have access to improved sanitation facilitiesfacilities

2. Indicators2. Indicators

• An indicator is “ … a piece of information that provides evidence that something has happened”

Quantitative indicators Quantitative indicators are expressed as numbersare expressed as numbers

Units – the number of staff that have been trainedUnits – the number of staff that have been trained

Proportions – the proportion of the community that Proportions – the proportion of the community that has access to the servicehas access to the service

Rates of change – the percentage change in average Rates of change – the percentage change in average household income over the reporting periodhousehold income over the reporting period

Ratios – the ratio of teachers to pupils in a schoolRatios – the ratio of teachers to pupils in a school

Scoring and ranking – the score out of five given by Scoring and ranking – the score out of five given by the project participants to rate the quality of service the project participants to rate the quality of service they receivethey receive

2. Qualitative indicators are 2. Qualitative indicators are expressed through narrative expressed through narrative

description.description. Satisfaction – how participants describe their levels Satisfaction – how participants describe their levels

of satisfaction with the project’s activitiesof satisfaction with the project’s activities

Standards – the extent to which training is Standards – the extent to which training is recognised by the appropriate authoritiesrecognised by the appropriate authorities

Practices and behaviour – the way practice has Practices and behaviour – the way practice has changed since the completion of hygiene educationchanged since the completion of hygiene education

Institutional change – the effect of new measures Institutional change – the effect of new measures introduced to improve the NGO’s accountability to introduced to improve the NGO’s accountability to project usersproject users

DFID guidance on indicatorsDFID guidance on indicators

Indicators are performance measures, which tell us Indicators are performance measures, which tell us what we are going to measure, what we are going to measure, notnot what is to be what is to be achieved.achieved.

Indicators may be quantitative Indicators may be quantitative OROR qualitative qualitative Indicators should only state what will be measured Indicators should only state what will be measured They should be neutral and should not include They should be neutral and should not include

elements of the baseline or target (“No such thing as elements of the baseline or target (“No such thing as a SMART Indicator”)a SMART Indicator”)

Each Indicator you choose to measure your objectives Each Indicator you choose to measure your objectives must be verifiable by some means. If not, you must must be verifiable by some means. If not, you must find another indicator.find another indicator.

Exercise 2: At which level (outputs, Exercise 2: At which level (outputs, outcomes, impact) should the following outcomes, impact) should the following

indicators appear?indicators appear?(answers at end of presentation)(answers at end of presentation)

No. of improved household sanitation facilities providedNo. of improved household sanitation facilities provided

No. of targeted beneficiaries (women, men and children) No. of targeted beneficiaries (women, men and children) participating in appropriate hygiene awareness trainingparticipating in appropriate hygiene awareness training

Under five mortality rateUnder five mortality rate

Percentage of people practicing hand washing with soap Percentage of people practicing hand washing with soap and clean waterand clean water

No. of households provided with new/improved drinking water source less than 30 minutes (or 1km) away

3. Baselines, targets and milestones - Examples

Indicator Baseline Milestone 1

Milestone 2

Target

# people employed in local fishing industry

30(20 male, 10 female)

50(30 male,

20 female)

55(32 male,

23 female)

60(35 male, 25 female)

Existence of policy on use of common grazing land

No policy supports the use of common grazing land by project beneficiaries. There is no consensus on changes required.

Local government officials are persuaded to look into the issue, and attend meetings to discuss.

A new proposed policy is outlined and sent out for consultation.

Policy on use of common grazing land is adopted by local government.

4. Sources

The ‘Source’ provides a description of where to find the information you need in order to demonstrate what has been accomplished.

The frequency with which project staff will obtain information from stated sources should be indicated (e.g. Annual survey, quarterly interviews)

5. Risks and Assumptions

As part of the design phase, you will need to define the important assumptions you are making, which should be linked to the realisation of your project’s Outcome and individual Outputs.

Risk ratings need to be established for each output and should be recorded as Low, Medium or High.

Risks are also identified in the Activity Log

Use of Assumptions in logframe

IF we undertake the activities AND the risks are managed, THEN we will DELIVER the outputs.

IF we deliver the outputs AND the assumptions hold true, THEN we will ACHIEVE the outcome.

IF we achieve the outcome AND the assumptions hold true, THEN we will CONTRIBUTE to the impact.

6. Weighting of outputs

A percentage value on each output to show how much each output contributes to the achievement of the outcome

The percentages should add up to 100% overall

The weighting of outputs is important at proposal stage because it indicates the relative importance of each output

7. Inputs

Money – estimate of the proportion of the budget required for the delivery of each each output and in total for the achievement of the outcome

Human resources – estimate the proportional allocation of FTE inputs (for which DFID funding is requested) per output and overall

Key things to remember

At proposal stage - concentrate on ensuring that the logic of the design is clear

Make sure that the logframe and activity log are coherent with other proposal documents (narrative proposal, budget, Gantt chart)

Answers to Exercise 1 (see Slide 9)Answers to Exercise 1 (see Slide 9)Impact: Impact: Reduced incidence of diseases, mortality and vulnerability Reduced incidence of diseases, mortality and vulnerability associated with lack of potable water, safe sanitation & hygiene associated with lack of potable water, safe sanitation & hygiene practices in all rural communities in Province XXXXpractices in all rural communities in Province XXXX..

Outcome: Outcome: Improved water, hygiene and basic sanitation behaviours among Improved water, hygiene and basic sanitation behaviours among 5 selected rural communities in Province XXXXX.5 selected rural communities in Province XXXXX.

Outputs:Outputs:Targeted households are provided with training and equipment to Targeted households are provided with training and equipment to enable adoption of safer hygiene behavioursenable adoption of safer hygiene behaviours Targeted households have access to improved sanitation facilitiesTargeted households have access to improved sanitation facilitiesWomen, men and children in selected areas have access to Women, men and children in selected areas have access to safe/potable watersafe/potable water

Answer to Exercise 2 (see Slide 14)Answer to Exercise 2 (see Slide 14)Impact Indicators: Impact Indicators: Under five mortality rateUnder five mortality rate

Outcome Indicators: Outcome Indicators: Percentage of people practicing hand washing with soap and Percentage of people practicing hand washing with soap and clean waterclean water

Output Indicators:Output Indicators:No. of improved household sanitation facilities providedNo. of improved household sanitation facilities providedNo. of targeted beneficiaries (women, men and children) No. of targeted beneficiaries (women, men and children) participating in appropriate hygiene awareness training participating in appropriate hygiene awareness training No. of households provided with new/improved drinking No. of households provided with new/improved drinking water source less than 30 minutes (or 1km) awaywater source less than 30 minutes (or 1km) away