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&efwcgom tBuD;tus,fjzpfbl;onf/ xkdtcgvlcsif;vnf; xdk;owfykwfcwf pOfu ußGefawmfu Edkif\/ vlcsif;jzefajzonfhtcg ra&Smifrwdrf; xkHayay aeojzifh cHkzdeyfESifh taygufcH&í acgif;aygufzl;\/ xdktcgrS ußGefawmf\ &efjzpfzufudk vkdufav&m acgif;rl;írrSD? xkdvdkufonfhtcsdeftxdu owåd aumif;yg\/ acgif;rl;vmí acgif;prf;MunhfrS aoG;awGjrifojzifh acgif;ayguf rSef;odaomtcg ußGefawmf idkavawmhonf/ owådacoGm;avawmhonf/ &G,fwluav;csif;rsm;ay:wGif wcgwav tEdkifusifhcsif onfh pdwfum; &dSavonf/ wcgwGifum; bkef;BuD;ausmif;aepOf ezl;om;rsm;udk Muufawmif pdkufí Muufawmif&dkuf upm;ae&if;rS ausmi;fom;ESpfa,muf &efjzpf&m ausmif;om;wa,muf xdyfayguf\/ odkYjzpfí xdyfaygufcH&aom ausmif; om;rdbrsm;u bkef;BuD;tm; vma&mufwkdifwef;&m bkef;MuD;u þupm; enf;rsdK;udk tm;vkH;ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;0if;twGif;rSmaomf¤if;? tjyifrSmaomf¤if;? rupm;&[k ynwf&avonf? xdkynwfcsufudk ußGefawmf ESifh nDtudk0rf;uGJrsm;u oabmrusojzifh tmPmzDqefum &GmxJwGif upm;Muavonf/ ußGefawmfwkdY upm;aeonfudk tjcm;ausmif;om;wOD; ESpfOD;ujrifojzifh bkef;BuD;tm;oGm;a&muf wkdifwef;aomtcg bkef;BuD;u ußGefawmf\ rdcifESifh OD;av;rsm;udkyg ac:í ¤if;wkdYa&SYwGifyif ußGefawmfwdkY tm; jyif;xefpGm&kdufESufavawmh\/ ußGefawmfrSm yXrBudwfrdSwfí cHaomf vnf;aemufydkif;wGif owådraumif;EdkifawmhyJ idkavawmhonf/ ußGefawmfonf xkdokdYoGm;a&mufwdkifwef;ol ausmif;om;udk ,aeYwkdif tcJrauscsifvS/ þuJhodkY tvkyfydk arwåm&d rsufESmvdkrsufESm& txufvlMuD;tm; wkdifjcif; awmjcif;udk i,fi,fuav;upí ,aeYwdkif ußGefawmf txl;pufqkyf vSonf/ ,ckacwfopf ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;tm; þtusifhrsdK;udk tm;ray;bJ azsmufzsufapoihfavonf/ þtusihfrsdK;um; tusifh,kwf jzpfavonf/ ußGefawmfwkdYrdbum; ypönf;Opöm tawmftwef&dS\/ aMuG;&Sif ajr&Sifjzpf&m qif;&Jom;rsm;ESifh trsm;tjym; qufqH&avonf? ußGefawmf wdkY\ rdcifrSm "e&Sifuav; twef;tpm;xJwGif ormorwf&dSí pdwfaumif; &dSavonf/

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oHo,r&dSay/ ußGefawmfum; MuGm;&rnfqkdvSsif rsdK;MuD;aqGMuD;rS aygufzGm; oljzpfonf/ ußGefawmfwkdY a&S;tquftEG,fwkdYrSm yk*Hjynf w&kyfajy; rif;vufxuf (*sif*spfcH) trSL;&dSaom w&kyfwdkY 0ifa&mufaESmuf,Suf aomtcgwGif EdkifiHjcm;om;wkdY\ vufatmufwGif raevdkí vGwf&mußGwf&m ,ck ußGefawmfarG;zGm;&m a'ookdY pkefqif;vmcJhavonf[k OD;av;wa,muf u ajymbl;avonf/

tavmif;bk&m; wwd,EdkifiHawmf xlaxmifpOftcgu wdkif;jynfrSm z&dkz&J jzpfíae&m a&Tbkde,frS OD;atmifaZ,s xí ußGefawmfwdkY\ tquftEG,f yif;rif;MuD;OD;jr (bGJYtrnf aumif;aumif;rrSwfrd) qdkolrSmvnf; rdrd e,fudk tkyfpD;acgif;aqmifí ArmhxD;eef;xlaxmif&ef MuHavonf/ aemufrS tavmif;bk&m; taMumif; Mum;ojzifh vlrsm;apvTwfpkHprf;apí tavmif; bk&m;\ bkef;vuf&kH;taMumif; Mum;odonfhtcg tavmif;bk&m;xH 0ifa&mufí oufpGefYMudK;yrf;trIxrf;avonf[k rSwfom;&bl;onf/

rif;wkef;bk&ifvufxufwGif oufawmf&Snftrwfjzpfaom crf;ywfrif;MuD;rSm ußGefawmfwkdY\ trsdK;tEG,fyifjzpfonf[k Mum;bl;onf/ rif;wkef;bk&if\ orm;awmfwOD; (vltrnfrSm OD;ausmfZH jzpfavonf? bGJYudkum;rod) rSmvnf; ußGefawmfwkdY\ trsdK;taqGyifjzpfavonf/ pkHeHYomjrdKifa&;aom q&maMumhrSm OD;ausmfZH\ ajr;yifwnf;/ t&Sift*¾rrm"drSmvnf; ußGef awmfwdkY trsdK;[kyif od&onf/ ußGefawmfwdkYab;rSm ewfarmufjrdKY olMuD;jzpfavonf/ pmwwfonf? OmPfxufonf? vufajrmufonf onf? pdwfxufonf[lí Mum;embl;avonf/ rdrdtxufjrdKY0efESifh rwJhí tvkyf jyKwfojzifh rEåav; a&TjrdKYawmfodkYwufí t&mcHaeqJ tedpöa&mufavonf[k wcgu yk&ydkufrSwfwrf;wckwGif bwf&bl; avonf/

(pum;tvsOf;oifhí a&;&OD;rnf? a&S;uvnf; 'dkif,m&Dac: aeYpOfrSwfwrf; &dSavonf/ tac:ta0:um; arhoGmavjyD/ ußGefawmfwkdY(ab;) tdrfMuD;wGif awGYbl;aom yk&ydkufrsm;wGif ußGefawmfwkdYab; aeYpOf bmvkyfonf b,foGm;onf ponfwkdYudk rSwfom;xm;csufrsm; awGY&avonf/) ußGefawmfwdkY ab;wGif tpfudkMuD;wa,mufESifh nDESpfa,muf&Sdonf[k od&onf/ tpfudkMuD;rSm &efukefqdyfurf;tkyf jzpfonf[k od&onf/ nDti,fwa,mufrSm wvkyfjrdKY0ef OD;bGm;,l[kac:\/ jrifuGef;- jrif;ckH wdkifwdkY\ i,fq&mjzpfonf/ ¤if;rif;om;rsm;txwGif jrif;uGef;rif;om; wkdYtwGuf "m;jywkdufí aiG&Smay;& avonf/ xdktcsufudk aejynfawmfu odaví OD;bGm;,l&mxl;rS usavonf/ ußGef,kH\ opömMuD;rI aMumifh¤if;?

trIrxif&Sm;í¤if;? rif;wkef;rif;uJhokdY odrfarGYaom rif;vufxufjzpfí¤if;? toufcsrf;om &avonf/

emrnfausmf OD;rif;a&mif (Adkvfva&mif) rSm ußGefawmfwkdY tzGm;\ wlawmfonf/ OD;rif;a&mifum; vuf&kH;tm;udk;jzpfonf/ trdkufqkH; qkdolrsm;ukd wynfhvkyfxm;onf/ ¤if;\ wynfhwa,muf (emrnfum; rrSwfrd)onf ZmwfyGJrsm;wGif vlysufysufonfhtcsdef vlrsm;&,fwkH;r&,f? trsm;&,fjyD;rS wa,muf wnf; us,favmifpGm tMumMuD;&,fwwfonf[k od&onf/ þuJhokdY t&GJYwkduf&,fonfudk Adkvfrif;a&mifawGYí tm;&um qkcsavawmhonf/ wcgvnf; ¤if;wynfhESifh ¤if;\nD jrdKY0efOD;rif;armif\ wynhfwkdYonf ¤if;wkdY\bGm;r r,fawmfysHwGif vufa0SYxkd;Muonf/ OD;rif;a&mif\ wynfh&IH;onf? nDjzpfol OD;rif;armifu rdrdwynfhEdkifojzifh yk0gwydkif; qkcsavonf/ xkdtcg Adkfvfva&mifu rcHcsifí rdrd wynfhukd &IH;vsufESifhyif ykqdk;wxnf qkcsavonf/

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ausmif;om;b0

ußGefawmf\ rdcif? bcifESpfOD;pvkH;rSm OmPfaumif;aom trsdK;jzpfavonf/ ußGefawmf\ bcifonf a&SYae pmar;yGJwGif ArmwjynfvkH; wwd,pGJ cJhavonf/ ußGefawmfwdkY nDtudktm;vkH;vJ OmPfaumif;Muonf/ odkYaomf 'kwd,tpfudkMuD;um; pmoiftxl;ysif;vSí tjcm; nDtpfudkuJhodkY ayguf aygufa&mufa&muf ynmrwwfay/ ußGefawmf\ tpfudkrsm;? 0rf;uGJ nDtpfudkrsm;? OD;av;rsm;rSm rdrdwkdYqkdif&m ausmif;pmar;yGJwGif xdyfwef;usus atmifjrifMuolcsnf; jzpfavonf/ ußGefawmfwdkY\ rdbrsm;onf ynm udkvnf; txl;vdkvm;Muonf/ ußGefawmf\ tpfudkrsm;udk ig;ESpfom; t&G,frSpí ausmif;xm;cJhavonf/ ußGefawmfwa,mufom ti,fqkH;jzpfí tvdkvdkufxm;ojzifh touf 8-ESpf a&mufrSomvSsif ausmif;pae&ayonf/

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(bD-at) txufwef;ESpfwGif ausmif;om; oydwfacgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfí tvkyf&SKyfojzifh (bD-at) pmar;yGJukd wESpfrajzyJ aecJh&onf/ aemuf (bD- t,fvf) twef;udk wufcJhonf/ twef;vnf; rSefrSefrwuf? pmtkyf vnf;r&dS? rSwfpkvnf;rxm;? pmvnf;rMunhf? rdrdpdwfoef&m EdkifiHa&;udkom vkdufpm;ojzifh (bD-t,fvf) yXrESpf pmar;yGJ &SKH;avonf/ þonfum; ußGefawmhfb0wGif yXrqkH;ESifh aemufqkH; us&SHK; jcif;aywnf;/ us&SKH; aomfvnf; Oya' &mZ0ifjzpfaom yXrar;cGef;wGif ußGefawmf yXr&cJhonf/ 'kwd, (bD-t,fvf) ESpfwGif ESpfaphatmif ußGefawmfraeawmh/ Oa&my wkdufwGif jrL;epfpmcsKyf rcsKyfqkdrD ppfjzpfrwwf tajctaeESifh ArmjynfwGif t"du&kPf; tajctaersm;udk axmufqí wdkif;jynftwGuf udk,fxd vufa&muf vkyfudkif&ef ausmif;rS ESpf0ufwGifxGufí ocifb0odkY ajymif; cJhonf/

jrefrmpmoif bkef;MuD;ausmif;ae&pOfu ußGefawmf txl;raysmfydkufonfh tcsufwcsuf &dSavonf/ xdktcsufrSm upm;ckefpm;jcif; uav;bmom opfyifwuf? a&ul;? tvkyfrsdK; ydwfyifjcif;yif jzpfonf/ þtcsufwGif usaemfwkdY rdbrsm;vnf; woabmwnf;avmufyif &dSonf/ ußGefawmfwdkYrSm opfyifwufjcif;? a&ul;jcif;paom udk,fvufusef;rm usifvnfrIudk avhvmcGihfr&? opfyifwufonfudkjrifvSsif tqdk?tjrnf cH&onf/ a&ul; onfudkodvSsif t&dkufcH&onf/ xdkYaMumifh ,aeYtxd usaemhfrSm OmPfynm bufrS tcGifhtvrf;&cJhí aygufajrmufoavmuf udk,fvufusef;rm

usifvnfa&;wGif tcGifhtvrf; r&cJhí rsm;pGm csdKY,Gif;aeayonf/ a&eHacsmif; trsdK;om;ausmif; jzpfonfhtwkdif; qif;&Jojzifh upm;ckefpm; avhusifh &mae&m? ud&d,m? wefqmyvmrsm; rxm;Edkifíyif jzpfonf/

ArmjynfwGif bkef;MuD;rsm;ESifh a&S;vlMuD;rsm;\ wcsdKYt,ltqrsm;udk acwf ESifhavsmfatmif jyKjyifoihfayonf/ odkYr[kwfvSsif ynmqkdonfrSm pmtkyf pmwrf; wufí pmodrIudk ynm[k rqdkomay/ ynmonf twdkif;tqrxif tvGefus,fajym eufeJvSayonf/ urÇmay:&dS pmtkyftm;vkH;yifvSsif ynmtm;vkH;udk avmujyifus,fwnf; [laom ausmif;MuD;ü ußGEkfyfwkdYonf ykcufwGif;rSonf ajrMuD;xJa&mufonftxd ynmoifom;rsm; jzpfaeMu aponf xkdYaMumifh ynmoifMum;rIonf trSefpifppftm;jzifh ol\ wouf yefwGif ukefqkH;onf[k rqkdEdkifay/ ynmwwfolonf avmu&dS t&m&mudk tcGifhtvrf;vdkuf qifjcifokH;oyf edkifpGrf;aom OmPftm;udkvnf;aumif;? rdrdOmPftjrift& pdwfaepdwfxm; pdwf"mwfwkdYudk vnf;aumif;  (Emotion of the  Education)  jyKjyifjyKpk pDrHxm;cJholomvSsif jzpfonf/ bDatyif atmifapumrl? ynmqkdaom obm0 t"dyÜm,fudk aumif;pGmokH;oyf em;vnfjcif; r&dScJhaomf wu,ft&mra&muf tokH;r0ifEdkifay/

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eufzeft,ltqwdkYrSm wlcsifrS wlrnf? trSefum; vlwOD;\ wb0wGif ußGEkfyfwkdYonf t,l0g' ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;udk awGYaomtcg xdkvlonf orm"drwnf? a&SYaemufrnD[k xifrSwfrSm;wwfavonf/

orm"drwnfjcif;rSm udk,fusifhw&m; azmufvGJazmufjyef jzpfjcif;aywnf;/ 0g'ajymif;vJrIrSm OmPftjrif\ ajymif;vJrIaMumifh orm"d rwnfjcif; r[kwfay/ wenf; wdk;wufjcif; aywnf;/ trSeftm;jzifh orm"dqkdaom pum;udk eufeufeJeJ qifjcifvSsif avmu&dS vltaygif;wkdYrSm orm"d vufudkifMu&ol &Sm;ayonf/ orm"d qdkonfrSm avmu\ taumif;? tqdk;? tusdK;? tjypf? tysuf pepfpkHudk ydkif;jcm;xifxif odjrifí qif;&Jvnf; 0rf;renf;? csrf;omvnf; 0rf;rom? yuwdpdwfxm; OmPftjrift& vlcsD;rGrf;? vluJh&JhrI ab;'ku© tEå&m,fudk rxdwfrvefY worwfwnf; wnfNidrfpGm &dSjcif;udk qkdavonf/ bk&m; tp&Sdaom olawmfaumif;wkdY\ pdwfwnfaeykHrsdK;wnf;/

okdYjzpf&m omrefudk,fusifhw&m; trlt&m? tajymtqdk? brf;jywnfNidrfrIudk vltaygif;wkdYu orm"d[k omrn ajymprwfjyKMuavonf? trSefpifppfum; xkdbrf;jy wnfNidrfrIaemufwGif rnfrSs twGif;azmufvGJazmufjyefrIrsm; wdk;yGm; rsm;jym;vmonfudk vltaygif;wkdY rpOf;pm;rdMuacs/ ußGefawmfonf £ajE´MuD;í rsufESmxm; tvGefwnfol wa,muf[k todtrSwfjyK cH& avonf/ ußGefawmf\ udk,ftrlt&m pdwfxm;o&kyfwkdYonf azmufvGJ azmufjyef oabmudk rjyay/ odkYaomf tu,fyif ußGefawmfonf orm"d &dS\/ rnfrSs orm"dudk ydkifqkdifay oenf;/ ußGefawmfomvSsif ußGefawmf\ twGif;vSKyf&Sm;rIwkdYudk þpmtkyfudk zwf&if;zwf&if; awGYjrif Mu&ay vdrhfrnf/

todqkH; jzpfayonfh ußGefawmf\ twGif; vSKyf&Sm;rIrsm;um;? orm"dw&m;udk vkH;0rydkifqdkifao;jcif;\ trSwf vu©Pmyifwnf;/ ,ckvnf; ußGefawmf orm"dw&m;udk ykdifNyDavm/ vkH;0 rydkifqdkifao;ay/ xdkYaMumifh vlwdkif; ykdifqkdifjcif; r&dSao;aom orm"dw&m;udk pum;vkyfí rqdkMuygESifhOD;/ vlwa,muf\ OmPftjyif vSKyf&Sm;rI 0g'ajymif;vJrIudk orm"drwnf[k wHqdyft&dkuf rapmoihfMuay/ Oyrmtm;jzifh vGefcJhaom ESpfrsm;u t&Sif tm'dpö0Ho qkdaom udk,fawmftm; omoemwGif bdu©LeDrrsm; &dSoifhonf[k pmtkyfwtkyf a&;om;rIaMumifh 0dkif;y,fMu\/ oydwf arSmufMuukef\/ trSefum; ol\ ajymif;vJrIonf rSm;csifvJ rSm;ayvdrhfrnf/ odkYaomfvnf; ykxkZOfwkdY\ *wdtvm;jzifh trSm;r&dSol r&dS/ trSm;odrS trSef jrifavonf/

trSm;wcgvkyfrdvSsif trSm;ESpfcgvkyfrdaomtcg rSefvmayvdrhfrnf/ okdYaomf vnf; rSm;yifrSm;apumrl rdrdOmPftjriftavSsmuf ajymif;vJrIrIrSm &dStyf onfomwnf;/ avSeH "m;xpfqkdaom tvkyf tajym tawG;wkdYrSm ynm\ t"dyÜm,f qefYusifbufaywnf;/

Ak'a*gwronf oAÁnKwa&TOmPfawmfudk ajcmufESpfwkdifwkdif trSm;trsdK;rsdK; udkausmfum &SmazGawGY&dScJhavonf/ xdkOmPfawmf &SmazG&ef pdwfykdif;jzwfaom tpü od'¨wårif;om;onf rdrdOmPf tjrift& tEkrme rsufrSef;&rf;qí ajymif;vJrI &dSavonf/ tvS,fvS,f tajymif;ajymif; taomif;tuaom armif;rrdóH ajcG&Hy&dowfwdkYESifhwuG eef;aqmifokH;0,f rif;pnf;pdrfudk pGefYy,fí aomifrjrif urf;rjrif &aoh&[ef; toGif? avSsmfaw ouFef;udk 0wfqifí bdu©LeD avm,mpe oDavmwd bdu©L [lonfESihftnD? olawmif;pm;b0rsdK;okdY ajymif;vJrIonf omrefyuwd rsufpdtm;jzifh MunhfvSsif &l;rdkufonf[k qkd&ayrnf/ rdrd\ rif;pdwf rif;0g'udk qefYusif aom avmupdwf avmu0g'tm; þodkY ajymif;vJcJhavonf/

(AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)

atmifqef;Zmenf

azaz:0g&D q,fhoHk; [m AdkvfcsKyfarG;aeUyg? wpfaxmifhudk;&mwpfq,fhig; a&SUae OD;zmom;? Zmwd ewfarmuf rauG;c&dkif odMursm; ckwdkif? BuHhBuHhcdkifwJh ZmenfbGm; rdcifa':pkom;? wpfaxmifhudk;&mav;q,fhcGef ajymif;MuG wrvGef? rsuf&nfjzdKifvdkU b0ifndI; Zlvdkif wpfq,fhudk;/ jynfaxmifvGwfa&; BudK;yrf;atmif jynfcspf'dkYacgif;aqmif qdk&S,fvpfabmifvrf;pOfrsm; AdkvfcsKyfcsrSwfoGm;/ jynfaxmifpk&JU aus;Zl;&Sif AdkvfcsKyf wdkUzcif? aumif;apcsifwJh rSmpum; igwdkU rarhtm;/

atmifqef;Zmenf

azaz:0g&D q,fhoHk; [m AdkvfcsKyfarG;aeUyg? wpfaxmifhudk;&mwpfq,fhig; a&SUae OD;zmom;? Zmwd ewfarmuf rauG;c&dkif odMursm; ckwdkif? BuHhBuHhcdkifwJh ZmenfbGm; rdcifa':pkom;? wpfaxmifhudk;&mav;q,fhcGef ajymif;MuG wrvGef? rsuf&nfoGefvdkU b0ifndI; Zlvdkif wpfq,fhudk;/ jynfaxmifpk&JU aus;Zl;&Sif AdkvfcsKyf wdkUzcif? aumif;apcsifwJh rSmpum; igwdkU rarhtm;/

(rluGJ)

"Invictus" 

Out of the night that covers me, Black as the Pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul. 

In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeonings of chance My head is bloody, but unbow'd. 

Beyond this place of wrath and tears Lies but the horror of the shade, And yet the menace of the years Finds, and shall find me, unafraid. 

It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with punishments the scroll, I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul. Engrave this quote in Our Store! | Rate this Quote! | Tell a Friend 

­William Ernest Henley, 1875

tEdkifrcH

ightm; zkH;vTrf;xm;aom vuG,foef;acgif þtarSmiftwGif;rSaeí tEdkifrcH t&IH;ray;wwfaom ig\pdwf"mwfudk zefqif;ay;onfh ewfodMum;wkdYtm; igaus;Zl;wif\/ avmu"Hw&m;wdkY\ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom vufqkyfwGif;odkY usa&mufae&jim;aomfvnf; igum; rwkefvIyf ridkaMuG; uHw&m;\ &kdufykwfjcif; 'PfcsufwdkYaMumifh ig\ OD;acgif;onf aoG;oHwkdYjzifh &J&JeD\ nGwfum; rnGwf þavmba'gowdkY MuD;pdk;&mXme\ tjcm;rJhüum; aojcif;w&m;onf iHhvifhvsuf&Sd\/ odkYaomf ightm; rwkefvIyfonfudk awGY&tHh/ aemifudkvnf; b,fawmhrS raMumufonfudkom awGY&tHh/ ok*wdodkY oGm;&m wHcg;0onf rnfrSs usOf;ajrmif;onfjzpfap ,rrif;\ acG;a&yk&ydkufü ightjypfwdkYudk rnfrSsyif rsm;pGm rSwfom;xm;onfjzpfap igum; *&krjyK igomvSsif ighuH\ t&Sifocifjzpfí igomvSsif ighpdwf\ tMuD;tuJ jzpfownf;/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

(tdk;a0r*¾Zif;? twGJ 6 trSwf 1? 1936 ck)

]]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ b0NzpfpOfae hpGJrsm;}}

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf olYuGsefrcHvdkol OD;rif;a&mif\aNr;Nzpfí a&SYaeMuD; OD;zmESifh a':pkwdkY\om;Nzpfonf/

1915/ / azaz:0g&Dv 13 &uf? 1276 waygif;vqef; 1&uf paeae hwGif rauG;wdkif;ewfargufNrKd hüzGm;Nrifonf/aA'if q&muZmwmwGif xdefvif;[k trnfa&;aomfvnf; tudkNzpfolatmifoef;ESifhvdkufzuf&ef atmifqef;[kac: wGifcJ honf/

1922/ / touf(7) ESpfwGifewfarmufNrKdY q&mawmfOD;aombdwxHwGif ausmif;aecJ honf/

1928/ / a&eHacsmif;trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;odkY aNymif;aecJYonf/

1930/ /owÅrwef;atmifum OD;a&T&dk; paumvm;&Spf&onf? wpfv 10 NzifhoHk;ESpfpmpaumvm;&Spf&cJ honf/

1932/ /a&eHacsmif; trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;rS txufwef;atmifum &efukefwuÅodkvfa&mufonf/

1934/ /Oypmwef;atmifonf(pmar;yGJcHktrSwf231)/ wuotrSLaqmif a&G;aumufyGJ&SHK;edrfhonf/

1935-36 / /wuotrSLaqmifa&G;aumufyGJ0if&m ta&G;cH&onf/ tdk;a0 r*¾Zif; t,f'DwmtNzpfaqmif&Gufonf/xdkodk haqmif&GufpOf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;ü ]acG;o&rf;MuD;vGwfaeonf} (Hell  Hound  At  large) aqmif;yg;a&;oludk xkwfaz:raNymíwuÅodkvfrSxkwfy,fcH&onf/

1936/ /wuo 'kOuÅXa&G;cs,fcH&onf? &efukefNrdKY *sLbvDa[mcef;rü usif;yaom ArmedkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;nDvmcHwGifrdefYcGef;aNymMum; onf/

1937/ /t*Fvdyfpmay? Oa&my&mZ0if? edkifiHa&;aA'bmom&yfrsm;Nzifh 0dZÆmwef;atmifNrifonf/

1937-38 /wuo'kOuúXtNzpfaqmif&GufNyD; ArmedkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om; rsm;or*¾ OuúXtNzpfvnf;aqmif&Gufonf/

1937/ /&efukefwuúodkvf yJcl;aqmif o[m&ESifhpmzwftoif; OuúXtNzpf aqmif&Gufonf?yJcl;aqmiftcef;trSwf(113)wGifaecJYonf/

1938/ /Oya'oifMum;ae&mrS4if;? ArmedkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm; or*¾ OuúXae&mrS4if; ESKwfxGufonf/ t*FvdyfbmomNzifhxkwfa0aom e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmt,f'DwmtzGJYwGif acwÅ0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonf/ yxrOD;qHk;wuúodkvfausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f wuúodkvfaumifpD0iftNzpf wifaNrSmufNcif;cH&onf/ atmufwdkbmvwGif ocifudk,fawmfrSKdif;OD;aqmifaom wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;odkY 0ifa&mufonf/

1938-39 / wuoOuúXtNzpfaqmif&Gufonf/

1939/ /Zefe0g&DvwGif &efukefta&;wMuD;vHkNcHKa&;tufOya'Nzifh (15) &uf zrf;qD;axmifcscH&onf/ azaz:0g&Dv(25)&ufaeY oef;acgifausmf 2em&DcGJ wGifusif;yaom ArmedkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ toif;tvkyf trSLaqmiftpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&mufonf/ azaz:0g&Dv 26&uf nae5em&DFcGJwGif ArmNynfeef;&if;0ef? NrdKYrdNrdKYz tzGJY0if vlMuD;rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; (ausmif;om;oydwfta&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í) awGYqHkaqG;aEG;onfh tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&mufonf/ {NyD 6 &ufrS 9 &uftxdusif;yaom armfvNrdKifnDvmcHwGif twGif;a&;rSL; tNzpf wm0efcH aqmif&Gufonf/ Mo*kwfv13 &ufaeYwGif &efukefa&ausmf&yf wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;wnf&mXmeü ocifatmifqef;? ocifvSaz? udkodef;az? udkA[def;? rpöwm'wÅm;wdkYonf wdkYArmtpnf;t&Hk;twGif;wGif uGefNrLepftzGJY av;w&yf pwifzGJ hpnf;onf/ Mo*kwfv 15 &ufae hwGif&efukefta&S hydkif; 49vrf;tdrfeHygwf 188wGif ArmNynfuGefNrLepfygwDudkvsdK h0SufpGmwnfaxmif zGJYpnf;NyD; ocifatmifqef;u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tNzpf wm0ef,l cJYonf/ pufwifbm 1 &ufwGif a'gufwmbarmftdrfüusif;yaom tpnf; ta0;ü xGuf&yf*dkPf;\ twGif;a&;rSL;tNzpf wifaNrSmufNcif;cH&onf/

edk0ifbm 18 &ufaeYwGif aNratmufawmfvSefa&;A[dktzGJYudk pwifwnfaxmif um ocifatmifqef;tm; Nynfyacgif;aqmiftNzpf wifaNrSmufMuonf/ 1939 'DZifbmvrS 1940 Zefe0g&Dv twGif;Armwpf NynfvHk;odkY w&m;vSnfhvnfa[maNymcJhonf/

1940/ / rwfv 22 &ufaeY tdE´d,ekdifiH &rf;*g;NrdKYwGifusif;yaom tdE´d,trsdK;om; uGef*&ufnDvmcHodkY ocifoef;xGef;? ocifcifatmif? ocifwifarmif?ocifqif*lywm;?udkxGef;&Sdef(Adkvf&efedkif)?udkA[def; wYdkESifhtwl wufa&mufcJhum arv 5 &ufü &efukefNyefa&mufonf/ ZGefv 29 &ufwGuf [oFwc&dkif &mZ0wf0efrpöwmaZ;AD;,m;u ZGefv 1 &ufae hZvGefNrdK hü csif;awmiftaMumif;a[maNymrINzifh ocifatmifqef;udkzrf;&ef 5 usyfwef 0&rf;udkxkwfcJ honf/ Mo*kwfv 8 &ufae hwGif ocifvSNrdKifESif htwl [dkifvD trnf&SdoabFmNzifh ArmNynfrS w&kyfNynfodkY vsdKY0SufpGmxGufcGmcJYMuonf/ Mo*kwfv 24 &ufaeYwGif w&kyfNynf trGdKifodkY a&muf&Sdum xdkrSwqiYf edk0ifbm 12 &ufaeYwGif *syefNynf wdkusdKNrdKYodkY a&muf&SdcJYonf/

1941/ / rwfv 3 &ufaeYwGif ArmNynfodkYNyefvmNyD; rwfv9 &ufaeYü &JabmfoHk;usdyfxJrS yxrtokwfvli,fwpfpkudk wygwnf;ac:,lNyD; *syef NynfodkY vsdKY0SufpGmNyefvnfxGufcGmcJYonf/ rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif *syefNynf wdkusdKNrdKYodkY Nyefvnfqdkufa&mufcJYonf/ xdkESpfedk0ifbmv 0&rf;aNy;aepOf wuúodkvftkwfcsKyfa&;tzGJYrS ESkwfxGufonf/ 'DZifbm 27 ? 1941 paeae hn 1 em&DtcsdefwGif ,dk;',m; NynfbefaumufNrdKY&Sd rsdK;cspfyk*¾dKvfMuD;OD;vGef; az\aetdrfwGif bDtdkifat ac: ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk pwifzGJ hpnf; NyD; vufarmif;aoG;azgufaomufMuonf/

1942/ / Zefe0g&Dv 1 &uf wGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&u ocifatmifqef;udk bm;rm;vpf (Burma  List) ac: t*Fvdyftpdk;& \&efolawmfpm&if;wGif t rSwfpOf 5 tNzpfaMunmcJhonf/ ZlvdkifvwGif AdkvfrSl;MuD;&mxl;Nzifh Armhum uG,fa&;wyfrawmf ppfaoemywdtNzpfaqmif&Gufonf/ No*kwfv 1 &uf wGuf bDtdkifat ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfrS bD'Dat ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmftNzpfodkY aNymif;vJ&mwGif AdkvfrSL;MuD;&mxl;Nzifh bD'Datwyfrawmf \aoemywdNzpfvmonf/ pufwifbmv 6 &ufwGif a':cifMunfESifh vufxyfonf/ vufxyfyGJudk aq;&Hk ,ckppf&Hk;csKyfay:üyif usif;yonf/ edk0ifbmv 8 &ufwGif NrdKYawmfcef;rüusif;yaom acwfopfq&mNzpfoifwef; wGif aoe*FAsL[mppfynm taMumif;a[maNymonf/

1943/ / rwfvwGif AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;odkY wdk;NrSifhNcif;cH&onf/ rwfv 17 &ufwGif a'gufwmbarmfESifhtwl *syefNynf wdkusdKNrdKYodkY zdwfMum;Ncif;cH&NyD; 1943 rwfv 22 wGif *syeftifyg,m\ bGJYxl;*kPfxl;wHqdyf (Order  Of 

The  Risingsun) NzifY csD;NrSifhNcif;cH&onf/ Mo*kwfv 1 &ufwGif Armh wyfrawmf ppfOD;pD; aoemywd &mxl;tNyif ppf0efMuD;tNzpfaqmif&Gufonf/ *syeftpdk;&\ (  First  Class  Order  Of  The  Sacred  Treadsure) csD;NrSifh Ncif;cH&onf/ atmufwdkbm 2 &ufwGif OD;0dpm&aMu;½kyfESifh ausmufwdkif zGifhyGJwGif rdefYcGef;aNymMum;onf/

1944/ / No*kwfv 4 &ufwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifNyD; zufqpf wdkufzsufa&;ESifYNynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyfMuD; (zqyv)udk yJcl;NrdKY Armh wyfrawmf wdkif; 4 pcef;ü vsdKY0SufpGm zGJYpnf;cJYonf/ xdkodkYzGJYpnf;&mü AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zqyv A[dkOD;pnf;tzGJYwGif4if;? zqyv A[dk ppfaumifpDwGif4if;? ppfa&;acgif;aqmiftNzpf wifaNrSmufNcif;cH&onf/ Mo*kwfv 23 &uf Ak'Æ[l;aeYwGif &efukefNrdKYywfvrf;ESifh OD;xGef;Nrifh vrf;axmifh&Sd ppf0efMuD;AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;\aetdrfü Armhwyfrawmf ArmNynfuGefNrLepfygwDESifh NynfolYta&;awmfyHkygwDwdkY yg0ifzGJYpnf;aom zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; NynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyfudk NyefvnfzGJ hpnf;onf/ pufwifbm 3 &ufwGif AdkvfrSL;MuD; apmMum'dk;? AdkvfMuD; apmpHbdk;oif? AdkvfrSL;&JxGwf? AdkvfcsKyfuawmfa':cifMunfESifhtwl aNrmif;NrNrdKYodkY a&mufvm Muonf/ pufwifbmv 7 &ufwGif AdkvfrSl;MuD;apmMum'dk;? AdkvfMuD; apmpHbdk;oif? 'kAdkvf odef;aq?G AdkvfrSL;MuD;aZ,s? AdkvfrSL;&JxGwf wdk hESifhtwl ykodrfc&dkif uefMuD;axmifh&Gmodk hc&D;xGufMuonf/

1945/ / rwfv 17 &ufwGif &efoludkwdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf wyfrawmf udkOD;aqmifí ppfaNrNyifodkYxGufcJYonf / rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif zufppf *syefrsm;udk pwifawmfvSefonf/ arv 16 &ufwGif AdkvfcsKyfpvif;ESifh yxrOD;qHk;tMudrf awGYqHkonf/ ZGefv 20 &ufwGif t*FvdyfppfoabFm urfbmvif ( H.M.S.  Cumberland) ay:ü tNcm;edkifiHa&; acgif;aqmif rsm;ESifhtwl bk&ifcH qma':refprpfESifh awGYqHkaqG;aEG;onf/ Mo*kwfv 19 &uf aeol&drftpnf;ta0;wGif rdefYcGef;aNymMum;onf/ Mo*kwfv 29 &uf NrdKYawmfcef;rüusif;yonfh ta&SYtaemuftoif; ( East  And  West 

Association) wGift*FvdyfbmomNzifh a[maNymcJYonf/ pufwifbmv 4 &ufwGif ta&SYawmiftm&Sqdkif&maoemywd avmharmifhbufwefESifh Armh wyfrawmf qufvufwnfwHha&;twGuf aqG;aEG;&ef ocifoef;xGef;? Adkvf vuFsm? Adkvfae0if;? OD;bazwdkYESifhtwl oD[dkuGsef; *EÆD NrdKYodkYoGm;onf/

1946/ /Zefe0g&D 20 &ufwGif a&Twd*Hk tv,fypö,Hüusif;yaom edkifiHvHk; qdkif&m zqyv nDvmcHwGif zqyvOuúXtNzpf wifaNrSmufcH&onf/ rwfv 4 &ufwGif ocifNr? [oFmwOD;Nr? OD;atmifpHazwdkYESifhtwl &efukefrS &cdkifodkY c&D;xGufonf/ rwfv 6 &ufwGif awmifukwfa&mufonf/ rwfv 7 &ufwGif awmifukwfü w&m;a[monf/ rwfv 10 &ufwGif ppfawGudk a&mufNyD;? rwfv 11 &ufaeYü ppfawGNrdK hwGif w&m;a[monf/ rwfv 26 &ufwGif px&if; a[mfw,fütdEd,acgif;aqmif y@pf ae&l; ESifh 3 em&DMumaqG;aEG;onf/ arv28 &uf nae 4 em&D tcsdefü NynfolY &JabmfwyfzGJYtm;vHk;udk avmif;0pf vrf;XmecsKyf tzGJ hwnf&mXmeü Mo0g' rdefYcGef;ay;onf/ pufwifbm 26 &ufwGif bk&ifcH\trSLaqmifaumifpDü 'kobmywd tNzpf&mxl;vufcHí tpdk;& tzGJ htopf udkzGJ honf? edk0ifbmv 2 &uf NrpfMuD;em;&Sd wdkif;&if;om; ucsifppfwyf udkppfaq;onf? edk0ifbmv 14 &ufrS edk0ifbmv 30 &ufaeYtxd txufArmNynfodk hc&D;xGuf onf/ 'DZifbmv 23 &ufaeYwGif u,m;Nynfe,f vG,faumfNrdKYü usif;yonfh u&iftrsdK;om; ESpfopful;yGJawmfodkY wufa&mufonf/ 'DZifbmv 24 &ufaeY eHeufwGif awmifMuD;NrKdYanmifa&Ta[mfü apmfbGm;rsm; ESifhyxrqHk;tMudrf aqG;aEG;onf/

1947/ / Zefe0g&Dv 2 &ufwGif ocifNr? OD;wifxGwfwdkYESifYtwl bdvyfodkY oGm;onf/ Zefe0g&D 5 7ufaeY nae 5 em&D 10rdepftcsdefwGif a'vDa&'D,dkrS ArmNynfodkY[laom rSmMum;csufrdefYcGef;udktoHvGifhonf/ at&SnDnGwfa&;oYdk [laom AdkvfcsKyf toHoGif;rdefYcGef;udkvnf; xdkaeYn 8 em&DcGJtcsdefwGif a'vDa&'D,dkrS toHvGifhonf/ Zefe0g&Dv 13 &ufwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYESifh NAdwdosS0efMuD;csKyftufwvD acgif; aqmifaom NAdwdosSudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYwdkY aqG;aEG;yGJudk vef'efNrdK htrSwf 10 a'gif;eif;vrf;&Sd NAdwdosS 0efMuD;csKyfa*[mü usif;yonf/ Zefe0g&Dv 28 &ufwGif atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyftm; vufrSwfxdk;onf/ azazmf0g&Dv 2 &ufaeY &efukefNyefa&mufonf/ azaz:0g&Dv 8 &ufaeY &Srf;Nynfawmifydkif; yifvHkNrdKYodkY oGm;a&mufonf/ azaz:0g&Dv 12 &ufae hyifvHkpmcsKyfvufrSwf a&;xdk;onf/ azaz:0g&Dv 28 &ufaeY NrdKYawmfcef;rwGif usif;yaom NrdKYawmf0ef\{nfhcHyGJü rdefYcGef;aNymMum;onf/ rwfv 10 &ufaeYwGif ArmNynf t*FvdyfukefonfMuD;rsm; toif;ESpfygwfvnfaeYwGif rdefYcGef; aNymMum;onf/ rwfv 15 &ufrS rwfv 17 &ufaeYtxd avaMumif;c&D;Nzifh Nrdwf?xm;0,f?armfvNrdKifNrdKYrsm;odkY c&D;xGufonf/ rwfv 17 &ufaeYnae 4 em&DtcsdefwGif armfvNrdKifNrdK hbk&ifryef;NcHü rdefYcGef;aNymMum;onf/rwfv 20 &ufaeYwGif ausmufqnfESifhrEÅav;NrdKYrsm;wGif w&m;a[monf/ rwfv 21

ppfudkif;NrdKYwGif w&m;a[monf/ rwfv 23 &uf anmifOD;NrdKYwGif w&m; a[monf/ rwfv 24 &uf rauG;NrdKYwGif w&m;a[monf/ rwfv25 &uf ewfarmufNrdKYwGif w&m;a[monf/ rwfv 27 &uf tmvH (atmifvH) wGifw&m;a[monf/ xdkaeYwGifyif &efukefNyefa&mufonf/ {NyDv 1 &ufwGif av,OfNzifhppfawGodkY c&D;xGufonf/ xdknaewGif a&wyfrawmfrS ppfoabFm Nzifh aNryHkNrKdYodkY c&D;qufonf/ {NyDv 2 &ufae hwGifppfawGrS &efukefodkY av,mOfNzifhNyefvmonf/ {NyDv 4 &ufwGif tkwfwGif; awmifil ysOf;rem; NrdKYrsm;wGif w&m;a[monf/ {NyDv 5 &ufwGif aysmfbG,f? wyfukef; &rnf;oif;NrdKYrsm;wGif w&m;a[monf/ {NyDv 9 &ufaeY nae 6 em&DwGif ZeD;Nzpfol a':cifMunfESifhtwl rJ&Hkrsm;odkY vdkufvHppfaq;onf/a&G;aumufyGJ usif;y&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfOD;aqmifaom zqyvtzGJYonf rJtNywftowfNzifh tedkif&&Sdonf/ {NyDv 12 &ufaeY aeYv,f 2 em&DwGif AD,uferf edkifiHudk,fpm;vS,f ygarmu©&efyifavmhESifhawG hqHkonf/ {NyDv 17 &uf aeY v,f 1 em&DwGif uefawmfMuD;apmif;tdk&D,efYuvyfü ,dk;',m; tpdk;&ESifh AD,uferftpdk;& udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm; {nfhcHyGJwufa&mufNyD; rdef hcGef; aNymMum;onf/{NyDv 18 &ufae hwGif ESpfopful;rdef hcGef;aNymMum;onf/ {NyDv 28&ufae hrEÅav;odk hvmonf/arv 4 &ufae hwGif AdkvfcsKyfaetdrf ü zqyv udk,fpm;vS,frsm; qdk&S,fvpfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? y&oz udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh awG hqHkaqG;aEG;NyD; e,frsm;wGif Nynfol h&Jabmf ESifhqdk&S,fvpfrsm; roifhwifhonfhudpörsm;aNz&Sif;ay;onf/ arv 6&ufae hn 8 em&DwGif Nynfvrf; yJcl; uvyfü rsufESmNzLukefonfMuD;rsm; ESifh aqG;aEG;onf/ arv 8 &ufaeY nae 4 em&DtcsdefwGif yosL; tpdk;& udk,fpm;vS,frsm;Nzpfonfh a'gufwm b[mek'ifESifh rpöwm*smZefZlavref wkdY udk vufzuf&nfyGJESifh{nfhcHonf/ arv10&ufae hnae 3 em&DtcsdefwGif owif;pmq&mrsm;udk ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;ac:,lNyD; OD;bazudk 0efMuD;tzGJY rSxkwfy,fonfhudpöESifhpyfvsOf;í &Sif;vif;wifNyonf/ arv 12 &ufae hn 8em&DwGif tar&duefoHtrwf rpöwm yufum \aetdrfüusif;yonfh npmpm;yGJodkY wufa&mufonf/ arv 17 &ufaeYwGif ,dk;',m;bk&if \aqGawmfrsdK;awmfNzpfaom rif;orD; csefabmESifh orD;awmf tmpD rif;orD; wdkYudk wm0gvdef;aetdrfü npmNzifh{nfhcHauGs;arG;onf/ arv 19 &ufaeY wGif zqyv yPmr nDvmcHusif;yonf/ arv 25 &ufae hwGif NAdwdos a&wyfrS ppfoabFm H.M.S  FALE (,ckppfa&,mOf ar,k) tm; a&wyfvufaxmufAdkvfcsKyf rpfcs,fu vGJaNymif;ay;onfudk tqdkyg oabFm ay:üyif vufcHonf/ arv30 &ufaeYwGif owif;pmuGefz&ef hNyKvkyfonf/ ZGefv 16 &ufaeYwGif wdkif;NyKNynfNyK vTwfawmf tpnf;ta0;ü taNccH Oya'ESifhygwfoufonfh vrf;nTefNyXmef;csufudkwifoGif;onf/ Zlvdkifv

7 &ufaeYwGif ArmNynf&Sd tdEd, y#dnmOfcH 0efxrf;rsm; (I.C.S)eSifh awG hqHk aqG;aEG;onf/ Zlvdkifv 13 &uf we*FaEGaeY NrdKYawmfcef;rrSaeí vlxkodkY rdefYcGef;aNymMum;onf/ (aemufqHk;aNymMum;cJYaom rdefYcGef; Nzpfonf)/ Zlvdkifv 19 &uf paeae heHuf 10 em&D 37 rdepf tcsdefwGif rormolvlwpfpk\ vkyfMuHrIaMumifhusqHk;cJ honf/