ud 3 secondary energies.es.en

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SECONDARY ENERGIES: Electricicity

and fuel

Luis García Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013

SOURCES OF ENERGY

Energy source is: Any substance, object or event from which we energy is released.

• We already know 4 ways to classify the sources of energy that surround us:

– 1-Depending on the action: They move, they burn, they warm.

– 2-Depending on the duration: Non-renewable, renewable.

– 3-Depending on the pollution: Polluting or non-polluting

– 4-Depending on the grade of use: Conventional o

– r unconventional.

• ACT: fill this table about the energy sources in the nature:

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SOURCE ACTION DURATION POLLUTION USE

>Wind Move Renewable Non-polluting conventional

>

>

>

>

>


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Primary energy sources and energy secuendarias

• One thing is the types of energy that can be found in nature (sources of

energy or primary energy) and another thing are the types of energy we use

every day in our lives (secondary energies)

– ACTIVITY : Think about the types of energy we use directly in our daily

life

• Indeed, the two types of energy we use in our business are:

– The chemical-thermic energy of fuels (gasoline, diesel, fuel ...)

– The electric energy.

• You know basically we use energy to move things, give light and warmth.

– ACTIVITY 3: Make a list of machines that run on electricity and a fuel-

operated machines for these aims (movement, light, heat)

For moving For lighting For warming For processing

information

Electrical machines

Electric engine Ie. Hybrid car

Fueled machines


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Produce MOVEMENT

(In electric motors of electric machines)

Produce HEAT

(In electric stoves)

Produce LIGHT

(In light bulbs)

Processing INFORMATION in electronic devices 5V

PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES

• Biomass (crops)

• Fossil fuels (coal, oil)

• Biomass (crops)

• SOLAR

• GEOTHERMAL

• MAREMOTÉRMICA

• WIND

• HYDRAULIC

• TIDAL

GASOLINE KEROSENE OIL FUEL OIL

ELECTRICITY

BIOFUELS

REFINERIES

ELECTRICL POWER PLANTS

HYDROGEN

HYDROGEN

PLANTS

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Produce MOVEMENT

(In combustion engines)

Produce HEAT

(On heating)

Produce LIGHT

(In the old oil lamps)

OIL REFINERY

ETHANOL BIODIESEL BIOGAS

SECONDARY ENERGIES

(WATER)

FINAL USES

Here we have a complete outline frome the primary energy sources to the final uses, passing through the secondary energies. Analize it depthly.


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1-THE POWER PLANT


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ELECTROMAGNETIC GENERATOR (alternator)

It generates the energy potential by rotating very fast a metal wire inside a

magnet.

ALTERNATOR

MAGNETIC

NORTH

IMAN SOUTH

ENERGY

TURBINE

ELECTRICITY

The energy source rotates the

TURBINE

A SOURCE OF ENERGY must be

found

The turnbine rotates the rotator of the ALTERNATOR GENERATOR

wich produces the energy potential for moving the

electrons


THE POWER PLANT POWER PLANTS are places where alternators run and create very large amounts of

electric current, suitable for feeding our factories, our cities ....

Consider the following diagram of a power plant. So, there will be different types of

power plants depending on the sort of the energy source.

ENERGY

Construction for the alternator

Constructions for the energy source

T

Construction for the transformer Transport network to

the city

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There are two major classes of power plants:

>The THERMAL POWER PLANTS move the turbine thanks to the pressure of

the water steam., with is obtained from the heat of a place of burning

something.

> The DIRECT POWER PLANTS move the turbine directly from a moving

energy source such as water, wind…


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DIRECT POWER PLANTS • The force to move the turbine directly (without steam) is different according to

the primary energy source used.

• WIND

• HYDRAULIC

• TIDAL

• WAVE

Using the wind to move the turbine

Using the drop of water from a reservoir to the turbine

Using the drop of water between high tide and low tide

Using the force of the waves

STEAM

ENGINE.

ALTERNATOR

N

S

TURBINE

ELECTRICITY


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Here's a more detailed outline of the operation of a direct central hydraulic

STEAM

ENGINE.

ALTERNATOR

N

S

TURBINE

ELECTRICITY

ACT 8: Compare this scheme with the above,


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Here's a more detailed outline of the operation of a direct central wind.

STEAM

ENGINE.

ALTERNATOR

N

S

TURBINE

ELECTRICITY



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THERMAL POWER PLANTS • Heat (thermal energy) is used for evaporating the liquid water and obtaining

water steam pressure for rotating the turbine.

ELECTRI

CITY

• FOSSIL FUELS

• NUCLEAR

• SOLAR

• GEOTHERMAL

• MAREMOTÉRMICA

• Biomass (crops)

Burning fossil fuel

Concentrating the sun's heat

With the heat inside the earth

With the heat of seawater

Biomass burning

STEAM

ENGINE.

BOILER

WATER

vapor ALTERNATOR

N

S

TURBINE

ENERGY THERMAL

Exploiting uranium


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Here's a detailed outline of the operation of a conventional thermal power plant (it

gets the heat burning coal or oil fuel oil)

STEAM

ENGINE.

BOILER

WATER

vapor ALTERNATOR

N

S

TURBINE

ENERGY THERMAL


CONVENTIONAL THERMAL POWER PLANTS


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Twin-turbine power plants have been developped. The idea is to take profit of the wasting but still very hot water steam of the first turbine. It is used to generate the steam to rotate of a second turbine.

These plants use natural gas as fuel, with all its advantages over petroleum.

The CHP is to use excess energy from a power plant to produce heat for HEAT.

The TRIGENERATION is the same, but uses the excess energy to produce heating or cooling, as appropriate.

Combined cycle power plants.

Combined cycle power plant

1

2 1


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Here's a more detailed outline of the operation of a thermal nuclear power plant. It

uses the enegy of single atoms as a source of heat to create the steam needed

to move the generator set power plant.

STEA

M ENGIN

E.

BOILER

WATER

vapor ALTERNATOR

N

S

TURBINE

ENERGY THERMAL

ACT 6: Compare this scheme with the above


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WASTE OF REACTION: radioactive elements as uranium, plutonium, californium, curium, the fermion, berkelium ... Also the structural elements of the plant. All are very dangerous and must be treated by severe protocols and finally stored for hundred of years in deep geological repositories. Some products of combustion are reusable (plutonium-239 and uranium residues)

nuclear fission and nuclear fussion

NUCLEAR FISSION Heat is generated by the nuclear fission (breaking) reaction of heavy atoms such as uranium 235 by neutrons. It is a powerful chained reaction but controlled.

NUCLEAR FISSION Heat is generated by the nuclear fussion (fusing) of single atoms (Hydrogen isotopes, deuterium and tritium) to form a Helium atom + neutron. This simple binding of nuclei also releases large amounts of energy.

Deuterium can be found in large quantities in sea water. Nevertheless Tritium is a radioactive element that has to be made or by activation of hydrogen by nuclear fission or by neutron bombardment of lithium. WASTE OF REACTION: Helium is an inert and clean and reusable gas. However the realesed neutrons make radioactive and dangerous some of the material of the reactor. Luis García Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013

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3-THE TRANSPORT

OF ELECTRICITY


TRANSPORT OF ELECTRICITY

• Leaving the current alternator has a voltage of 30,000 V.

• To transport the electricity the first thing to do is upload your high voltage values (from

200,000 to 400,000 V)

– The reason this impressive voltage rise is because it loses less heat current passing

through the cables.

The climbing apparatus voltage is called the transformer, and is output power electric.

• Then reduce to medium voltage (10,000 V) at a transformer substation medium voltage reducer.

• Finally comes down to LOW VOLTAGE (220 V) in a low voltage transformer substation.

– This is the tension that we use in our homes.

T

alternator

transformer 1

Transportation network HIGH

VOLTAGE T

T

Medium voltage network

LOW VOLTAGE Network

Transformer 2

transformer 3 turbine

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THE TRANSPORT OF L'Electricitat

• If you look at the landscape around us will see pylons that hold multiple

cables. this is the transport infrastructure of electrical energy. towers are

supports the cables.

• They are made of wood, galvanized steel or reinforced concrete. The most

commonly seen are the triangulated steel pylons.


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TRANSPORT OF ELECTRICITY

• the leads are not like we have in class,

obviously. These have a steel core

(skeleton) surrounded by layers of

aluminum (the driver).

• Are tied to the tower with complex

junctions.


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FUEL REFINERIES


oil

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MANUFACTURE OF FUEL: It is obtained by a distillation process in refineries from crude oil. Thus, gaseous or liquid fuels out.

WASTE OF REACTION: Combustion pollutants out:

-CO2

- NOX

-SOX

-Ash

USES: Thermal power plants, heating, automobile, chemical industry (plastics, fertilizers ...)

•Oil is a fossil fuel, also from fossilized plants and animals that lived millions of years. It is found in groundwater wells or seascape.

•In its refining creates numerous fuels from gases (butane, ethane ...), liquids (gasoline, diesel, kerosene ...). Can be extracted multitude of other synthetic derivatives such as plastics, tar ...


distillation .

fuel oil

Diesel

Kerosene

Heavy naphtha

Heavy oil

Oil well

Extraction tower

heat

The evaporated oil

is deposited by

weight

Distillation tower

fuel oil diesel

Gasoline

thermal conversion

Light naphtha

Gases

concentration of gas and caustic

treatment

methane, ethane

LPG: propane, butane

LPG: propane, butane

Light gasoline

Catalytic reforming

Heavy gasoline

Hidrotratadora

Jet-fuel

Vacuum tower

asphalt

diesel fuel

diesel

Hidrotratadora

Diesel

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natural gas

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FUEL: After refining, natural gas is formed in a commercial 90-95% methane, 2-6% 1-2% ethane and propane. You have to liquefy it for transport and regasify again for use.

WASTE OF REACTION: The same oil that lesser amount.

-CO2 (45% off)

-NOX (less)

-SOX (very little)

-Ash (not issued)

USES: Combined cycle power plants, Heating, Kitchen, Auto Industry, Chemical industry: production of H2, ammonia, methanol, acetylene, carbon disulfide ...

•NATURAL GAS is a fossil fuel, also from fossilized plants and animals that lived millions of years. Or is associated with oil deposits or only in non-associated fields.

•The U.S. began using in 1920 and Europe since 1950.


hydrogen

FUEL: normal hydrogen. There naturally. We must make it.

-By applying electricity to water by electrolysis H2O + e = H2 + O

-As of methanol, ethanol ...

-As coal, oil or natural gas. C + H2O = CO2 + H2

-A patir of decomposition of organic matter.

-A from water and high temperature sulfuric acid: H20 = H2SO4 + SO5 + H2?

WASTE OF REACTION: Water.

According to the manner of manufacture of hydrogen will have to consider other pollutants.

Since hydrogen can generate electricity in fuel cells. In a stack hydrogen (H2) is decomposed at the anode into protons (p +) and electrons (e-). Electrons move out of the stack, the anode to the cathode in an electrical circuit that can supply a motor, electrical ... The protons pass through the membrane towards the cathode. There they recombine with electrons and oxygen (O2) to form water.

H2

O2

e-

e-

H2O

p +

anode cathode

membrane

O2 +2 H2O = p + e H2 = 2p + e

motor

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hydrogen

• ADVANTAGES:

– Ubiquitous renewable resource (water)

– The cell reaction is non-polluting.

– The technology is simple and all countries can access it.

• DISADVANTAGES

– NOT A SOURCE OF ENERGY (No H2 as is), is an energy vector. It will be as bad as its energy source of origin. Hydrogen production is far from clear, pollution in many ways and it seems apparent power loss.

– Is under investigation, although advanced, is not prepared immediately.

– Batteries are still expensive and large for widespread use.

– Insufficient infrastructure to enable their distribution and use.

Although not entirely clear governments and large sectors of the industry are supporting this as an alternative energy source to oil.

However it seems that it is because the distribution of hydrogen the want to control the companies that now control gasoline.

Use closest: Electric cars do not pollute and domestic use.

OBJECTIVE: get clean hydrogen power plants.

And / or decentralized, at home, getting electricity from solar panels,

Wind turbines can be used for conversion into hydrogen for the car.

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hydrogen

The use of hydrogen is slightly more complicated than at first appears. Look at the map below and the alternatives that are shown.

Hydrogen

fuel cell H2 electricity

electricity

water

Losses electricity (78%!)

Contaminant

source: oil, coal,

natural gas ...

NO pollutant

source

Pollution

clean

If we do not directly

use losses

Recovered

water

Contamination

Losses energy If we do not directly

use losses

heating

appliances

lighting

Distillation in

refineries

Contamination

clean

Fuel 29


biofuels

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FUEL:

BIOETHANOL: -Alcohol is a type of liquid.

-Obtained by fermentation of plants rich in sugar cereals, beet or cane sugar.

-Could be equivalent to gasoline.

BIODIESEL'It's an oily organic liquid.

-Is obtained by an esterification reaction of vegetable oils: sunflower, soybean, rapeseed, palm oils or animal fats.

-Could be equivalent to diesel.

LFG'It is a gas composed primarily of methane gas.

He gets to the decomposition of organic waste.

WASTE OF REACTION: CO2 and other debris! Contaminated.

(Although the growth of plants makes up.

The aim is to replace fuel oil from other waste as raw material or organic crops are renewable.


Biofuels: obtaining of bioethanol.

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Corn

Wheat

Barley

Sorghum

Wood

Pruning

residues

MSW

Beet

Sugar Cane

Molasses

Starches

Cellulose

Sugars

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

Fermentation

Distillation

Hydrated

ethanol

(5% water)

Ethanol Dehydration


Biofuels: Biodiesel obtaining

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Raw material: eg.

pipes

Vegetable Oil

Extraction

Transesterification

BIODIESEL

water

Oil

GLYCERIN

Eg oils. used

methanol


Biofuels

• ACTIVITY: What do you think are the advantages of using biofuels?

• ACTIVITY: Observe the following bulleted

What do you think are the disadvantages of using biofuels?

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RESEARCH ACTIVITY TO


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ACTIVITY Now it do more research in more detail how the plant you are about to do.

To do this you can consult the books in the classroom library

and the following Internet addresses:

• ALL: http://www.unesa.net/unesa/html/sabereinvestigar.htm

• ALTERNATIVES (solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, wave, maremotérmica, biomass ...)

• all: http://www.iespana.es/natureduca/energ_indice.htm

• solar wind: http://www.librosvivos.net/novedades.asp

• Wind:http://www.infoeolica.com/

– http://revista.consumer.es/web/es/20001101/medioambiente/30063.php

– http://www.windpower.org/es/tour/wres/index.htm

• Geothermal: http://revista.consumer.es/web/es/20040501/medioambiente/

– http://www.librosvivos.net/novedades.asp

• solar: http://revista.consumer.es/web/es/19990901/medioambiente/31089.php

• CONVENTIONAL (hydroelectric, nuclear, conventional thermal (oil, coal, gas):

• all: http://www.indexnet.santillana.es/secundaria/n3/Tecnologia/08multimediaAula.html

• Hydraulics: http://revista.consumer.es/web/es/20031101/medioambiente/

– http://www.librosvivos.net/novedades.asp

• Nuclear: Http://revista.consumer.es/web/es/20040301/medioambiente/

– http://centros6.pntic.mec.es/cea.pablo.guzman/lecciones_fisica/energia_nuclear.htm

– http://www.inza.com/ainoa/

– http://www.angelfire.com/sc/energianuclear/

• Fossil fuels: core: http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd99/ed99-0226-01/capitulo7.html

• oil http://revista.consumer.es/web/es/20040101/medioambiente/


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END

THE END

FINE

END


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