ucar - caiber s.a ucar solution vinyl... · ucar® solution vinyl resins for coatings. 2 polymer...

UCAR®

U

SolutionVinyl Resins

for Coatings

Cont

ents

IMPORTANT:Union Carbide Corporation has compiled the informationcontained herein from what it believes are authoritativesources and believes that it is accurate and factual as ofthe date printed. It is offered solely as a convenience to its customers and intended only as a guide concerning theproducts mentioned. Since the user’s product formulation,specific use application, and conditions of use are beyondUnion Carbide’s control, Union Carbide makes no warrantyor representation regarding the results that may beobtained by the user. It shall be the responsibility of theuser to determine the suitability of any products mentionedfor the user’s specific application. This information is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which Union Carbide assumes legal responsibility nor as permissionto practice any patented invention without a license.

FOOD, DRUG, OR COSMETICNo chemical should be used as or in a food, drug, or cosmetic, or in a product or process in which it may contacta food, drug, or cosmetic, until the user has determined thesafety and legality of the use. Since government regulationsand use conditions are subject to change, it is the user’sresponsibility to determine that the information containedherein is appropriate and suitable under the current,applicable laws and regulations.

Many chemicals of a toxic nature are discussed in this publi-cation. Before using any of them, we urge you to contactthe supplier and obtain the Material Safety Data Sheet andother safety information so that you can take the necessarymeasures to protect the health and safety of your workers.

CELLOSOLVE, FLEXOL, PROPASOL, UCAR, UCARMAG, andUNION CARBIDE are registered trademarks of Union Carbide.

Copyright © 1980, 1983, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998Union Carbide.

UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins for Coatings|1Typical Properties Table|2Applications Table|4General Characteristics Table|4

FDA Status|5

Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers|6

Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers|7

Epoxy-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers|7

Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers|8

Hydrolyzed Resins|8Directly-Polymerized Resins|8UCARMAG® 527 and 569 Resins|9

Solution Vinyl Resins for VOC-Compliant Coatings|9

Solutions|9Viscosity Behavior|19Application Methods|20Solution Preparation|20

Formulation of Clear Coatings|22Plasticizers|22Heat Stabilizers|22Light Stabilizers|23

Formulation of Pigmented Coatings|24

Modification with Other Polymers|27Compatibility|27Reactive (Crosslinking) Systems|27

Adhesion|29

Where Not to Use Vinyl Coatings|29

Product Safety|31

Further Information|31

Emergency Service|32

Through advanced solution vinyl resin

technology, Union Carbide has successfully

extended the 50 years of proven performance

of the vinyl chloride backbone.

UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins are available in four generalcopolymer types:

■ Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate■ Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate■ Epoxy-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate■ Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate

These copolymers are available as powders and solutionsin a range of molecular weights and compositions.

Coatings based on these resins are non-oxidizing and permanently flexible, and are characterized by theabsence of color, odor, and taste. They are not attacked at normal temperatures by dilute alkalies or mineralacids, alcohols, greases, oils, or aliphatic hydrocarbons.They have a low moisture-vapor transmission rate, loworder of water absorption, and are tough and durable.

The molecular weight and the ratio of vinyl chloride to vinyl acetate affect the solubility and other physicalproperties of the resin. As the molecular weight (degree of polymerization) is increased, the solution viscosityincreases and the strength of the film increases. Vinylchloride contributes film strength and toughness, as wellas water and chemical resistance. Vinyl acetate improvessolubility and film flexibility.

When properly pigmented, coatings based on vinyl chloride/acetate copolymers have excellent outdoor durability. Hydroxyl-modification improves compatibilityand adhesion, and provides a site for crosslinking.Carboxyl modification permits formulation of coatingsthat will adhere to clean metal surfaces on air-dry. Epoxy modification provides the ability to crosslink withcarboxyl-modified vinyl resins to give an all-vinyl reactivesystem that yields thermoset-like characteristics, mostnotably improved toughness, enhanced physical properties, and superior chemical resistance.

UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins, produced by a proprietarysolution polymerization process, offer several advantages:

High PurityNo water-soluble suspending agents or surfactants areused in the manufacture; therefore, water resistance isoutstanding. Additionally, the as-received vinyl chloridemonomer (VCM) content of dry vinyl powders is <10 ppb(parts per billion). In formulated coatings, the VCM level is below the detectable limit of 3.2 ppb.

Uniform Polymer Composition and NarrowMolecular Weight DistributionProvide predictable solution viscosities and batch-to-batchproduction uniformity.

Low in GelsEasily dissolved and low in gels and insoluble materials.

CompatibilityAll UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins are completely compatiblewith each other and many different types of resins.

RecoatableTypically dry by evaporation. Hydroxyl-modified vinyls can be cured by crosslinking.

1

UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins for Coatings

2

Polymer Composition % by WtVCl 90 86 86 86 83 81VAc 10 14 14 13 16 17Other — — — 1a 1a 2a

Reactive FunctionalityType — — — carboxyl carboxyl carboxyl

% by Wt — — — 1.0 1.0 2.0

Acid No. — — — 10 10 19

Hydroxyl Value — — — — — —

Epoxy Equivalent Wt — — — — — —

Inherent Viscosity ASTM-D1243 0.74 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.38 0.32

Specific Gravity ASTM-D792 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.34

Glass Transition Temp. (Tg), ºC 79 72 72 74 72 70

Average Molecular Wt, Mn* 44,000 27,000 22,000 27,000 19,000 15,000

Solution Viscosityh at 25ºC, cP 1300j 600 200 650 100 55

Typical Solution PropertiesSolids, % by Wt 15 20 25 20 25 30MEK/Toluene 67/33 50/50 33/67 50/50 25/75 25/75Viscosity at 25ºC, cP 250 200 175 150 250 370

UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins

VYNS-3 VYHH VYHD VMCH VMCC VMCA

(a) Maleic acid(b) Epoxy-containing monomer(c) Solution — 40% resin in MEK/toluene, 3/2 by wt(d) Vinyl alcohol(e) Hydroxyalkyl acrylate

(f ) Oxirane oxygen(g) On solids(h) 30% resin in MEK(j) 20% resin in MEK(k) Sulfonate-containing monomer

* Referenced to polystyrene standard.

tabl

e 1

Typical Properties of UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins

3

82 90 90 81 81 81 82 859 4 4 4 4 4 4 13

9b,c 6d 6d 15e 15e 15e 14a,e 2k

epoxy hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl/ sulfonatecarboxyl

1.8f,g 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.0

— — — — — — — —

— 76 76 59 63 66 59 —

1600g — — — — — —

— 0.53 0.44 0.56 0.44 0.30 0.56 0.40

— 1.39 1.39 1.37 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.35

67 79 77 70 65 65 72 72

15,000 27,000 22,000 33,000 24,000 15,000 35,000 22,000

— 1000 400 930 275 70 720 1050

40c 20 25 20 30 30 20 20— 50/50 50/50 50/50 50/50 25/75 50/50 50/50

1000 350 400 171 184 340 170 500

UCARMAG® BinderVERR-40 VAGH VAGD VAGF VAGC VROH 527 569

4

tabl

e 2

General Characteristics of UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins

Appearance* White powder

Particle Size% by wt, min, through 20 mesh 98

Bulk Density, lb/ft3 24 to 34

Heat Loss, % by wt, max 3.0

Water Content, % by wt, max 0.5

Melting Point, ºC 93 to 135

*VERR-40 is a solution

tabl

e 3

Applications & Characteristics

ApplicationsPackaging General Marine & Magnetic Strippable Wood

Food Non-Food Metals Maintenance Media Inks Adhesives Coatings Finishes

VYNS-3 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VYHH ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VYHD ■ ■ ■ ■

VMCH ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VMCC ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VMCA ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VERR-40 ■

VAGH ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VAGD ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VAGF ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VAGC ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

VROH ■ ■ ■ ■

UCARMAG®Binder

527 ■

569 ■

5

FDA Regulation Use UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resin21CFR 175.105 Components of adhesives used in articles intended VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,

for packaging, transporting or holding food. VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,VAGD, VAGH, VERR-40

21CFR 175.300 Components of resinous and polymeric coatings VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3, to be applied as continuous films to food-contact VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,surfaces of articles intended for use in processing, VAGD, VAGH, VERR-40manufacturing, packing, producing, heating, packaging, holding, or transporting food.

21CFR 175.320 Components of a coating that is applied as a VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,continuous film over one or both sides of a base VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,film produced from one or more of the basic olefin VAGD, VAGHpolymers complying with 177.1520.

21CFR 176.170 Components of the food-contact surface of paper VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,and paperboard used to package aqueous and VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,fatty foods. VAGD, VAGH

21CFR 176.180 Components of paper and paperboard in contact VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,with dry food. VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,

VAGD, VAGH, VERR-40

21CFR 177.1210 Components of closures with sealing gaskets VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3,for food containers. VMCA, VMCC, VMCH,

VAGD, VAGH, VERR-40

(1) Since government regulations are subject to revision, it is the user’s responsibility to refer to the Code of Federal Regulations or the Federal Register to determine current regulatory status.

The UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins listed below are cited in the following regulations1 of the United States Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) for use in food-contact applications, suchas can, paper, film, and foil coatings, and coatings for closures.

FDA Status

Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

VYNS-3The highest molecular weight solution vinyl resin, havinga composition of approximately 90 percent vinyl chlorideand 10 percent vinyl acetate. UCAR® Solution Vinyl ResinVYNS-3 is usually dissolved in relatively strong ketone systems to provide resin solutions of 13 to 17 percentsolids. VYNS-3 is used where the ultimate toughness,durability, and chemical resistance are required. Becauseof its excellent tensile tear properties, VYNS-3 is ideallysuited for strippable coatings applications. VYHH is oftenblended with VYNS-3 to increase sprayable solids.

VYHHA high molecular weight resin having a composition ofapproximately 86 percent vinyl chloride and 14 percentvinyl acetate. VYHH offers a desirable balance of chemicalresistance, solubility, film strength, and thermoplasticity.VYHH is usually dissolved in a relatively strongsolvent/diluent combination, such as ketone solvent/aromatic diluent (50/50 percent by weight). With this system, a solids content of 20 to 22 percent can beachieved. Marine and maintenance coatings, ink andoverlacquers for vinyl substrates, strippable coatings, and masonry and metal coatings are among the principalapplications for UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VYHH.

VYHDA medium molecular weight resin having a compositionof approximately 86 percent vinyl chloride and 14 percentvinyl acetate. UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VYHD is moresoluble in ketones and other solvents than VYHH and,therefore, has a greater tolerance for aromatic hydrocarbondiluents. Resin solutions of 25 percent solids can beachieved by dissolving VYHD in a system consisting of ketone solvent/aromatic diluent (35/65 percent byweight). VYHD can be substituted for VYHH in most applications where higher solids are needed.

6

The carboxyl-modified vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers are made specifically for the formulation ofcoatings having excellent adhesion to various substrates,especially metals, cellulosics, and certain plastics.

VMCHA high molecular weight resin containing approximately86 percent vinyl chloride, 13 percent vinyl acetate, and 1 percent maleic acid. UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resin VMCHis usually dissolved in relatively strong solvent/diluent combinations, such as 50 percent ketone/50 percent aromatic hydrocarbon, to produce solutions of 20 to 22percent solids. UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VMCH is used primarily for air-dry finishes, such as maintenance,marine, and metal coatings. VMCH is often used to make heat-sealable packaging coatings.

VMCCA medium molecular weight resin containing approxi-mately 83 percent vinyl chloride, 16 percent vinyl acetate,and 1 percent maleic acid. UCAR Solution Vinyl ResinVMCC is more soluble than VMCH in ketones, esters, andother solvents used to dissolve vinyl resins. VMCC also hasa higher tolerance for aromatic hydrocarbon diluents.

When dissolved in a suitable solvent system, such as a 50 percent ketone/50 percent aromatic hydrocarbon,resin solutions of 23 to 25 percent solids can be achieved.VMCC is often used in the same applications as VMCH.However, because of its better solubility, it also finds use as an adhesion promoter for vinyl organosols in can coatings.

VMCAA low molecular weight resin containing approximately81 percent vinyl chloride, 17 percent vinyl acetate, and 2 percent maleic acid. UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VMCA is characterized by a high degree of solubility in solventsystems having a high aromatic hydrocarbon content.When dissolved in a suitable solvent/diluent combination,such as 25 percent ketone/75 percent aromatic hydro-carbon, resin solutions of 30 percent solids can beachieved. VMCA yields the good balance of solubility and viscosity properties needed for high-build, air-drymaintenance finishes. VMCA can also be used in coatingsand adhesives applications where higher solids are desirable.

7

VERR-40A low molecular weight epoxy-modified copolymeravailable only as a solution at 40 percent solids inMEK/toluene (3/2 by weight). VERR-40 can be blendedwith carboxyl-modified vinyls (VMCH, VMCC, and VMCA)to provide an all-vinyl reactive coating system that, when cured by baking, yields coatings with enhancedtoughness, flexibility, and solvent resistance.

Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

Epoxy-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

8

UCAR® Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl AcetateCopolymers are manufactured using two different processes.VAGH and VAGD are polymers made in a two-step processthat yields vinyl alcohol in the backbone. The otherhydroxyl-modified resins are produced by a one-step polymerization process similar to that used to make thecopolymer and carboxy-functional solution polymerizedresins described above.

Hydroxyl-modified vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymersare noted particularly for compatibility with other film-forming resins, such as alkyds, urethane elastomers, isocyanate resins, epoxy polymers, and urea and melamineresins. Hydroxyl-modified vinyls are, therefore, often formulated with these and other film-forming materials to improve coating properties, such as adhesion, flexibility,toughness, hardness, and chemical resistance. Hydroxyl-modified resins are often used to impart snap-dry propertiesto a coating. The hydroxyl functionality permits crosslinkingreactions for thermoset coating systems that exhibit outstanding chemical and water resistance. Coatings basedon these resins also have good adhesion to wash primers,metals, wood, and many plastic substrates.

■ HYDROLYZED RESINS

VAGHA high molecular weight, partially-hydrolyzed vinyl chlo-ride/vinyl acetate resin having a composition of approxi-mately 90 percent vinyl chloride, 4 percent vinyl acetate,with a hydroxyl content of approximately 2.3 percent. UCARSolution Vinyl Resin VAGH can be dissolved in relativelystrong solvent/diluent combinations, such as 50 percentketone/50 percent aromatic hydrocarbon, to produce resinsolutions of 20 percent solids. VAGH can be used for a wide range of coatings applications, including industrialmaintenance and marine finishes, wood finishes, papercoatings, metal decorative and container coatings, and as a binder in magnetic tape.

VAGDA medium molecular weight, partially-hydrolyzed vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate resin having a composition of approxi-mately 90 percent vinyl chloride, 4 percent vinyl acetate,

with a hydroxyl content of approximately 2.3 percent. The lower molecular weight provides improved solubilityand permits the formulation of solutions containing higher solids.

■ DIRECTLY-POLYMERIZED RESINS

VAGFA high molecular weight copolymer comprised of vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and a hydroxyalkyl acrylate. The vinylchloride portion is about 81 percent with the hydroxyl contentat 1.8 percent. The solution viscosity and other properties ofVAGF strongly resemble those of VAGH. VAGF can be used fora wide range of coatings applications, including industrialmaintenance and marine finishes, paper coatings, generalmetal finishes, and as a binder in magnetic tape.

VAGCA medium molecular weight copolymer comprised of vinylchloride, vinyl acetate, and a hydroxyalkyl acrylate. The vinyl chloride portion is about 81 percent with the hydroxylcontent at 1.9 percent. The solution viscosity and otherproperties of VAGC are very similar to those of VAGD. VAGC finds commercial application in clear and pigmented coatings for metal, wood, paper, concrete, masonry, films,foils, fabrics, and leather.

VROHA low molecular weight terpolymer comprised of vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, and a hydroxyalkyl acrylate. The vinyl chloride portion is approximately 81 percent, and thehydroxyl content is approximately 2 percent. High tolerancefor alcohols and aliphatic diluents broadens the usefulnessof VROH. UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VROH can be dissolvedin solvent/diluent combinations, such as 25 percentketone/75 percent aromatic hydrocarbon, to produce resinsolutions of 30 percent solids. Also, 35 percent resin solutionscan be prepared with VROH using Rule 66-type exempt solvent systems (for the wood coatings industry) containingas much as 30 percent by volume butanol. UCAR SolutionVinyl Resin VROH can be used in a wide variety of clear and pigmented coatings for metal, wood, paper, film, foil,and fabric.

Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

UCARMAG® Binder 527A high molecular weight copolymer comprised of vinylchloride, vinyl acetate, a hydroxy-alkyl acrylate and a carboxylated monomer. The vinyl chloride content isabout 80 percent by weight and the hydroxyl content isabout 1.8 percent. The molecular weight and physicalproperties of UCARMAG Binder 527 are similar to those of VAGF. A carboxyl monomer in the UCARMAG Binder 527gives the terpolymer excellent wetting and pigment dispersion properties and has made the resin especiallyuseful in magnetic tape coatings containing neutral or basic pigments. Because of its unique functionality,UCARMAG 527 might also be considered as a binder forprinting inks, paper coatings and general metal finishes.

UCARMAG® Binder 569A medium molecular weight terpolymer containing vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate and a monomer with metalsulfonate functionality. The vinyl chloride of the terpolymeris about 85 percent by weight. The sulfonate functionalmonomer provides the terpolymer with exceptional wet-ting characteristics which make it an excellent dispersingmedium for high surface area pigments used in magneticmedia applications. Since the terpolymer has excellent

heat stability, it can be used in applications requiring high shear milling operations to disperse high surfacearea or highly porous pigments. UCARMAG Binder 569,because of its sulfonate functionality, may also be usefulin other non-magnetic media applications where gooddispersing capabilities are needed.

Since their commercialization about 50 years ago, UCAR® Solution-Polymerized Vinyl Resins have becomethe standards for a wide range of coatings applications. UCAR Waterborne Vinyl Resin Dispersions have been developed for compliant waterborne coatings, adhesives,and inks. These waterborne resin dispersions utilize asolution-polymerized vinyl resin backbone that has beenchemically modified to allow dispersion in water.

9

SolutionsSeveral criteria must be weighed in choosing solventsand diluents for UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins:

■ Solvent Strength■ Volatility■ Toxicity■ Odor■ Cost■ Flammability■ Type of Application

UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins are readily dissolved into clear solutions at room temperature by ketones,nitroparaffins, esters, and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

In general, ketones are the most suitable solventsfor vinyl resins. Compared to other solvents, ketonesyield higher resin concentrations without gelling andlower solution viscosities at equivalent solids content.Because of their solvency, they tolerate greater dilutionwith economical hydrocarbon diluents and exhibit better storage stability. Figure 1 compares the solventstrength of different ketones for VYHD.

Esters are useful in applications where minimalattack on the substrate is desirable (as with coatings onplastics). Because of their low solvency for vinyls, theyshould be used in combination with other active solvents.Urethane-grade esters are preferred for minimum viscosity and optimum viscosity stability. Figure 2 comparesthe solvent strength of different esters for VYHD.

Solution Vinyl Resins for VOC-Compliant Coatings

10

Viscosity vs. Concentration of VYHD in Ketonesfig

ure

1

100

80

60

40

20

30

10

50

1,000

800

600

400

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500

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

3,000

5,000

0 10 20 50

Isophorone

Cyclohexanone

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone

Methyl Ethyl Ketone

Solids, percentage by weight

Visc

osit

y at

25º

C, c

P

30 40

Acetone

NOTE: Viscosity was determined using a Brookfield viscometer model RVT, running at 50 or 100 rpm with spindles #2 through #5, selected as appropriate for the solution being tested.

100

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3,000

5,000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Methyl PROPASOL® Acetate

Isopropyl Acetate

Butyl Acetate

Ethyl Acetate


Visc

osit

y at

25º

C, c

P

11

Viscosity vs. Concentration of VYHD in Estersfigure 2


12

Solution Viscosity of VYHH in Ketones and Ketone/Aromatic Blends

Solution Viscosity at 25ºC, cPKetone Solvent Formula A Formula B

Acetone 84 88

Methyl Ethyl Ketone 86 130

Methyl Propyl Ketone 124 212

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 230 360

Methyl Isoamyl Ketone 304 504

Methyl n-Amyl Ketone 316 684

Cyclohexanone 672 360

Isophorone 930 484

Formulation Formula A Formula B

UCAR® Solution Vinyl VYHH 20 20

Ketone Solvent 80 40

Xylene — 20

Toluene — 20

Parts by Weight 100 100

tabl

e 4

Diluents lower coating costs, alter the evaporation rates,and provide other important coating characteristics.Typical diluents for use with UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resinsinclude aromatic hydrocarbons, such as toluene andxylene. Aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as mineral spirits,VM&P naphtha, and heptane, can also be used. Thesealiphatic hydrocarbons are less effective than aromatichydrocarbons and should be used at levels not exceeding 10 percent of the solvent blend.

Ketones tolerate greater amounts of aromatic diluents than do the ester solvents. Table 4 comparesthe viscosity of VYHH in ketones with the viscosity inketone/diluent mixtures.

Optimum formulation stability and the lowest solution viscosities are obtained when the solvent systemcontains only active solvents. As the proportion of diluentincreases, the stability declines. Figures 3 to 5 comparethe solution viscosity of UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins versus solids content in methyl ethyl ketone and in a methyl isobutyl ketone/toluene (50/50) blend.

Formulating at excessively high solids or with weak solvent mixtures can result in solutions having unstableviscosities and can even lead to the formation of gelstructures. As the molecular weight of the vinyl resindecreases, however, the diluent level can be increasedwhile maintaining the same level of viscosity.


100

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0 10 20 50

VYNS-3

VYHH

VYHD


Visc

osit

y at

25º

C, c

P

30 40

13

Viscosity vs. Concentration of Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers in Methyl Ethyl Ketone

figure 3


14

100

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0 10 20 50

VYNS-3

VYHH

VYHD


Visc

osit

y at

25º

C, c

P

30 40

Viscosity vs. Concentration of Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/Toluene (50/50)

figur

e 3a


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0

VAGH

VAGF

VAGD

VAGC


Visc

osit

y at

25º

C, c

P

VROH

10 20 5030 40

15

figure 4Viscosity vs. Concentration of Hydroxyl-Modified Copolymersin Methyl Ethyl Ketone


16

Viscosity vs. Concentration of Hydroxyl-Modified Copolymers in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/Toluene (50/50)

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VAGH

VAGF

VAGD

VAGC


Visc

osit

y at

25º

C, c

P

VROH

10 20 5030 40

figur

e 4a


17

figure 5Viscosity vs. Concentration of Carboxyl-Modified Copolymersin Methyl Ethyl Ketone

100

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0 10 20 50

VMCH

VMCC

VMCA


Visc

osit

y at

25º

C, c

P

30 40


18

Viscosity vs. Concentration of Carboxyl-Modified Copolymers in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/Toluene (50/50)

100

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VMCH

VMCC

VMCA


Visc

osit

y at

25º

C, c

P

30 40

figur

e 5a


19

Memory Effect of Vinyl Resin Solutions

0

Cooled

Room Temperature

Heated

Time (weeks)

Visc

osit

y

1 2 53 4

■ VISCOSITY BEHAVIOR

Viscosity behavior of vinyl solutions is influenced by resinconcentration, active solvent used, ratio of solvent to diluent, and solution temperature.

Viscosity changes in vinyl solutions are the result of different equilibrium effects that occur during the preparation and storage of resin solutions. The formationof a slight degree of micro-crystallinity among adjacentpolymer molecules in solution is responsible for theobserved viscosity increase.

The time required to reach equilibrium viscosity for vinyl resin solutions is influenced by resin molecularweight, solids content, solvent strength, processing time,and temperature. Vinyl resin solutions usually increase in viscosity with time. The extent of the total increase canrange from a minor viscosity drift to a major change, suchas gelation. Vinyl solutions that have gelled because ofexcessive solids content or a solvent mix that is too weakcan be restored to fluidity by proper thinning and mixing.

Another equilibrium condition that affects solution viscosity is the memory effect. It is noted in vinyl solutionsthat have been subjected to increases or decreases in temperature and is characterized by a significant lag in the rate at which a vinyl solution returns to equilibrium viscosity after a temperature change. For example, a vinylsolution that has been heated will maintain an abnormallylow viscosity for extended periods after it has returned to its initial temperature. This viscosity change is caused bydifferences in the degree of microcrystallinity of the solutionat various temperatures. As the temperature increases, thedegree of microcrystalline regions that exist in the solutiondecreases and the viscosity decreases. The memory effect is illustrated in Figure 6.

Formulators must be aware of both these effects andthe time required to reach equilibrium conditions, so thatviscosity stability problems, resulting from the preparationof solutions at incorrect solids levels or solvent blends, are avoided.

figure 6

20

■ APPLICATION METHODS

Coatings based on UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins may bereadily applied by commonly used application methods,such as brushing, spraying, dipping, and roller coating.Of major consideration for all applications is the correctconsistency of the coating and proper evaporation rateof the solvent used in a particular application method.Table 5 shows the properties of solvents useful withUCAR Solution Vinyl Resins.

Paper and cloth coatings may be formulated withhighly volatile solvents, such as acetone and methylethyl ketone. Application by roller coaters requires solvents and diluents with a slow evaporation rate.Isophorone is used for roller coating because it is anexcellent solvent for vinyls and has a slow evaporationrate. Methyl PROPASOL® Acetate and cyclohexanone are used for brush applications because they are slow-evaporating solvents that promote ease of applicationand good flow-out.

■ SOLUTION PREPARATION

Use a high-shear mixer to prepare solutions of UCARSolution Vinyl Resins. Slow-speed, paddle-type agitatorsare not as effective as high-shear mixers. Equip the mixers with tight-fitting covers.

Add the solvent/diluent mixtures to the high-shearmixer. As the solvent mixture is agitated, add the resinslowly. The resin must be added slowly or lumping mayoccur.

As an alternate procedure, slurry the vinyl resin in a solvent/diluent blend containing about 20 percent of active solvent. Add the resin slowly. When all the resinis thoroughly wetted, vigorously agitate the slurry andslowly add the remaining portion of the active solvent.

Do not slurry the vinyl resin in the diluent alone;slurrying with diluents may produce a static electricaldischarge and cause a flash fire.

Follow all precautions for the safe handling oforganic solvents and diluents.

High-shear mixing will heat solutions, especially viscous solutions. Maintain the solution temperature as low as possible. If solutions are held at elevated temperatures for long periods of time, discoloration may result.

The addition of about 1.0 to 2.0 percent UNIONCARBIDE Cycloaliphatic Epoxide ERL-4221* on resin willhelp control discoloration without affecting coating performance. For maximum stability, vinyl resin solutionsshould be stored in baked phenolic-lined containers.

*Note: Union Carbide’s Cycloaliphatic Epoxide ERL-4221 has no United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearances for use in food-contact applications.

21

. RelativeEvaporation Weight Flash Point,Rate Solubility per gallon Distillation Closed

Solvents (BuAc=100) with VYHHa,b at 20ºC, lb Range, ºC Cup, ºF

Fast Evaporating

Acetone 1160 S 6.59 56-57 0

Ethyl Acetate, 99% 615 S 7.51 76-78 30

Methyl Ethyl Ketone 570 S 6.71 78-81 24

Isopropyl Acetate, 99% 500 S-G 7.26 86-90 42

Propyl Acetate 275 S 7.39 99-103 58

Medium Evaporating

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 165 S 6.67 114-117 61

Isobutyl Acetate, Urethane Grade 145 S 7.25 112-117 62

Butyl Acetate, Urethane Grade 100 S 7.34 124-129 84

Slow Evaporating

Amyl Acetate, Primary 42 S 7.29 140-150 101

Cyclohexanone 23 S 7.89 156 111

Methyl PROPASOL® Acetate 34 S 8.09 146 114

Diisobutyl Ketone 18 S-G 6.72 163-173 120

Diacetone Alcohol 14 S 7.82 145-172 133

Isophorone 3 S 7.67 210-218 179

(a) 0.5g VYHH to 4.5ml solvent(b) S=Soluble

S-G= Soluble, tendency to gel

table 5Solvents for UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins

Clear vinyl coatings can be modified with plasticizers,heat and light stabilizers, and other materials for specificperformance properties. Before incorporating any modifierin the formulation, understand clearly how the modifiermeets the demands of the application. Do not use clearvinyl coatings for applications that involve long-termexposure to ultraviolet light.

PlasticizersThe addition of a plasticizer in the coating formulationwill enhance flexibility and help to minimize solventretention in the film. The typical phthalate, adipate, citrate, epoxy, and phosphate plasticizers are compatiblewith UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins. In general, compatibilitydecreases as the hydrocarbon nature of the plasticizerincreases. Polymeric plasticizers are less efficient thanmonomeric plasticizers.

Other factors to consider in selecting plasticizersinclude solubility, volatility, the effect on outdoor durability,the need for low-temperature flexibility, and suitabilityfor contact with food. Certain citrates, epoxies, andphthalates are permitted under FDA regulations.Monomeric plasticizers are most commonly used,although the polymeric plasticizers are used to providespecial film characteristics, such as low extractability or migration. Phosphate plasticizers are generally not recommended for outdoor exposure because of poorlight stability.

When a bake cycle is required, the volatility of theplasticizer is particularly important. The plasticizer mayvolatilize sufficiently to lower the concentration belowwhat was originally intended for the dried or cured formulation.

The optimum level of plasticizer for a formulationwill depend upon the specific resin used and the perfor-mance property required by the application. To obtainequivalent degrees of flexibility, higher molecular weightresins require more plasticizer than lower molecularweight resins. Proportions of 10 to 25 parts plasticizer per 100 parts of resin are typically used.

Table 6 provides a list of plasticizers having goodcompatibility with UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins.

Heat StabilizersAs with all vinyl resins, UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins are degraded upon prolonged exposure to heat. Thedegradation products include hydrogen chloride, whichaccelerates further resin degradation and leads to thedevelopment of unsaturated polymer structures that canbe easily oxidized. The result is embrittlement, loss offlexibility, and discoloration of the vinyl film. To minimizethe degradation of vinyl films, add suitable heat stabilizers.

Baking at temperatures above 248ºF (120ºC) for morethan five minutes will usually require a thermal stabilizer to avoid degradation of the film. The use ofa tin mercaptide stabilizer (1 percent*) in combinationwith a liquid epoxy resin, such as ERL-4221, or diglycidylether of bisphenol A resin (3 to 5 percent*) gives the best results.

Do not use barium, cadmium, or zinc stabilizers withthe carboxyl-modified vinyl resins; they tend to react withthe carboxyl groups. Zinc stabilizers also tend to developcolor quickly, especially in low plasticizer systems. Ironand zinc surfaces can accelerate decomposition and discoloration.

*on weight of vinyl resin

22

Formulation of Clear Coatings

Light StabilizersAn adequate quantity of a hiding pigment will screen outincident radiation and prove the best light stabilizer for pigmented vinyl coatings. Do not use unpigmented vinylcoatings outdoors. Where only limited ultraviolet light exposure will be encountered, clear films should be formu-lated with a light stabilizer system to prevent discoloration.The best light stabilizer system includes an ultraviolet lightabsorber (substituted benzophenones), a hindered aminelight stabilizer (HALS), and UNION CARBIDE ERL-4221, a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin.

A typical system would be comprised of the following:

Ingredients %*UV Absorber1 1HALS2 2ERL-42213 3

* on weight of vinyl resin(1) UV Absorber - “Uvinul” D-5O (BASF), “Tinuvin” 327

or 328 (Ciba Geigy) or equivalent.(2) HALS - “Tinuvin” 292 (Ciba Geigy) or equivalent.(3) Cycloaliphatic Epoxide (Union Carbide).

In all cases, choose stabilizers carefully and test themunder actual use conditions. Consult suppliers of stabilizersfor specific recommendations.

Typical Plasticizers for UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins

table 6

Type Product

Phthalate Diisooctyl Phthalate

Diisodecyl Phthalate

Butyl Benzyl Phthalate

Butyl 2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate

2-Ethylhexyl Isodecyl Phthalate

Citrate Acetyl Tributyl Citrate

Acetyl Triethyl Citrate

Tributyl Citrate

Phosphate Tri(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphate

Triphenyl Phosphate

Tributyl Phosphate

Epoxy FLEXOL® Plasticizer EPO

(Epoxidized soybean oil)

FLEXOL® Plasticizer EP-8

(2-Ethylhexyl epoxy tallate)

FLEXOL® Plasticizer LOE

(Epoxidized linseed oil)

Polymeric Adipic Acid Polyester

Azelaic Acid Polyester

Sebacic Acid Polyester

Blown Castor Oil

Blown Soybean Oil

Blown Linseed Oil

Miscellaneous Dibutyl Sebacate

Di(2-ethylhexyl) Sebacate

Di(2-ethylhexyl) Azelate

23

Pigments are selected for hiding power, ultraviolet protection, purity, and ease of wetting. Although mostcommercially-available pigments are suitable for use with UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins, there are some general constraints. Additionally, there are specific constraints thatapply to UCAR Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins.

Do not use natural iron oxide pigments with anyUCAR Solution Vinyl Resin. These pigments contain traceimpurities that can gel the coating or cause discolorationor excessive chalking of the film. Do not use iron-containing pigments, such as Prussian blue or the so-called “chrome greens” (blends of Prussian blue and leadchromate). Chromium oxide green, however, performswell with UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins.

When an iron oxide pigment is desired, use syntheticiron oxides; they perform well with UCAR Solution VinylResins. With coatings containing synthetic iron oxides, use a heat stabilizer, particularly when bake temperaturesmay reach 248ºF (120ºC).

Gold bronze metallic pigments are powdered alloysof copper and zinc. They tend to react with vinyl, causingcolor development and gellation. When used to makegold inks, the powder is stirred into the ink vehicle shortlybefore use, and quantities sufficient for the job at handare prepared.

There is a minimum amount of pigment that mustbe used to impart opacity to ultraviolet light. For example,about 65 parts of titanium dioxide (TiO2) per 100 parts ofvinyl resin is the minimum amount that should be used.To obtain maximum hiding power in thin films, about125 parts TiO2 per 100 parts of vinyl resin is a practicalmaximum concentration. Exceeding this level can causeexcessive chalking. If color pigments are desired, they can generally be substituted for TiO2 at an equal volumereplacement. There are exceptions; ultra-fine particle size pigments, for example, are used at much lower concentrations.

The use of extender pigments or fillers will helpimprove the economics of the formulation. They will also help prevent sagging of thick wet films on verticalsurfaces, will help control gloss (flatting) at low levels, and will permit greater film thickness per coat. Talcs,clays, barytes, and silicas may be used as extender pigments. If they are used, they will contribute little toultraviolet absorption. A sufficient quantity of ultraviolet-light-absorbing prime pigment must be included in the formulation.

Table 7 provides a listing of pigment types and loadings typically recommended for UCAR VinylCopolymer and Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins.

Formulation with UCAR Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins VMCH, VMCC, and VMCA involves specialconsiderations. The carboxyl groups of these products arerandomly spaced along the polymer chain and will reactwith basic materials to form irreversible gels or increasedconsistency of pigment-vinyl combinations. Do not usebasic pigments, extenders, or fillers with UCAR Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins. Particularly, avoid lead-containingpigments (red lead, chrome yellow, chrome orange), zincdust or zinc oxide, strontium-containing pigments, andcalcium carbonate. Do not even use small amounts ofthese basic materials in pigment blends. With minor proportions of basic pigments, viscosity aberrations maynot be predictable; some batches may have a normal viscosity and others will gel. Table 8 lists pigments typicallyused with UCAR Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins.

24

Formulation of Pigmented Coatings

Typical Pigments for UCAR® Vinyl Copolymer and Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins

table 7

25

Parts perPigment 100 Parts Resin

REDPigment Scarlet —*Permanent Red 2B (Non-Resinated Calcium, Bariumor Strontium Lakes of 2-B Acid —BON Reds —Pyrazolone Reds —Indanthrene Reds —Quinacridone Reds —Perylene Scarlet —Pyranthrone Scarlet —Perylene Vermillion —Iron Oxide, Synthetic Types 55 to 100

YELLOWNickel-Titanium Yellow —Indanthrene Types —Benzidines —Nickel Azo Types —Flavanthrone —Anthrapyrimidine —Pyratex Yellows —Iron Oxide, Synthetic Types 55 to 100

ORANGEVat Orange —Dianisidine Orange —Benzidine Orange —Anthanthrone —

GREENPhthalocyanine Green 15 to 25

* — indicates that the minimum level of pigment to prevent ultraviolet light degradation has not been established.


MAROONThioindigo Types —Alizarine Types —BON Types —Perylene Maroon —

BROWNIron Oxide, Synthetic Types 55 to 100

BLACKCarbon Black 5 to 7Furnace Black 5 to 7Lampblack 5 to 7Iron Oxide, Synthetic Types 55 to 100

WHITEAntimony Oxide —Titanium Dioxide 75 to 125Zinc Oxide —

VIOLETCarbazole —Carbozole Dioxane —

METALLICAluminum Pastes (65%),Leafing or Non-Leafing 60 to 85

BLUEPhthalocyanine Blue —

26

Typical Pigments for UCAR® Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins


Aluminum Powder 35 to 50

Titanium Dioxide 75 to 125

Phthalocyanine Green

(Non-Resinated) 15 to 30

Phthalocyanine Blue

(Non-Resinated) 15 to 30

Carbon Black 7

Iron Blue Chalks badly

Iron Oxide Yellow, Synthetica 60 to 125

Iron Oxide Red, Synthetica 60 to 125

Iron Oxide Black, Synthetica 60 to 125

Iron Oxide Brown, Synthetica 60 to 125

Ultramarine Blue Chalks & fades

Zinc Phosphate 75

Talc Use as filler

Clay or extender

Barytes pigments

Silica

(a) Natural oxides are not satisfactory. Synthetic oxides are satisfactory in either air-dried or baked coatings.

If water is present in a pigmented coating containing acarboxyl-modified vinyl, the water molecule may form a bridge between the polymer’s carboxyl group and thepigment surface. Silica and alumina hydrate are prone to bridging or hydrogen bonding. Since most chloride-process TiO2 pigments have silica, zinc oxide, or aluminatreatments, they can develop hydrogen bonding.Hydrogen bonding manifests itself as viscosity instability.The viscosity may increase slowly over a period of severalmonths or it may increase rapidly in a few days or weeks.If the water content reaches two percent based on theweight of carboxyl-modified vinyl, the paint may even gel.

Commercial-grade materials typically limit watercontent adequately and should introduce no serious viscosity instability. If water does contaminate the formulation, it may come from the solvents or be introduced through poor storage practices.

Organic acids, mineral acids, and certain acid-esterswill reverse bridging from excessive moisture. Organicacids (such as citric, maleic, or malonic) or mineral acids(such as phosphoric) are all effective at concentrations of one-fourth to one percent, based on the weight ofthe carboxyl-modified vinyl resin.

To restore a gelled paint to fluidity, first prepare asolution of the acid or acid-ester in acetone or other compatible solvent. Then, slowly add the solution to thegelled paint with agitation. Acid treatment of the coatingmay, however, affect adhesion and reduce gloss.

A small amount of acid or acid-ester can also preventor minimize viscosity excursions during paint manufacture.As with the restoration of gelled paints, this treatmentmay also affect adhesion and reduce gloss.

The best way to control viscosity aberrations fromwater content is to prevent water from entering the formulation.

tabl

e 8

27

Pigments can be easily dispersed into vinyl coatingswith conventional equipment, such as a pebble mill,sand grinder, and high-speed stirrers. To prevent ironcontamination, do not use steel ball mills for pigmentdispersion. The most common technique is to dissolvethe vinyl resin in the appropriate solvents. The vinyl solution is then blended with the plasticizers, stabilizers,grinding aid, and pigments. For higher gloss coatings,predisperse the pigment in plasticizer, thinner, and grinding aid before adding to the vinyl resin solution.

Where maximum gloss is desired, add pigments in eithervinyl pigment chip or vinyl pigment paste form. For fasterdispersion, incorporate wetting agents in the formulation.Soya licithin or “Nuosperse” 657 (Creanova, Inc.) havebeen extensively tested and are effective wetting agents,when used in concentrations of one to five percent,based on pigment weight. Other suppliers such as BykChemie offer additives useful for pigment dispersion.

Modification with Other PolymersCompatibilityThe vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers are compati-ble with each other and with most acrylic resins. Theyhave, however, a low order of compatibility with mostother resin types. UCAR® Carboxyl-Modified Solution VinylResins will improve the general adhesion characteristicsof other UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins. They will also improve air-dry adhesion of many acrylic coatings. UCARHydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins (notably VAGF,VAGC, VAGH, VAGD) are compatible with a broad range of other film formers, such as alkyds, melamines, ureas,epoxies, and urethane prepolymers. Table 9 lists typicalmodifiers and shows their relative compatibility withUCAR Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins.

Reactive (Crosslinking) SystemsUCAR Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins can be cured with amino resins or isocyanate prepolymers to increase film hardness and resistance to solvents, chemicals, and moisture. Vinyl wood sealers cured withurea formaldehyde resins and acid catalysts cure rapidlyat ambient temperature or short, low-temperature bakecycles. Vinyl coatings for metal containers cured withphenolic or melamine resins require higher bake temperatures, but the resulting coatings have excellentresistance to water immersion, pasteurization, and steam sterilization. Hydroxyl-modified resins cured withurethane prepolymers cure at ambient temperature or low bakes. Films can range from hard to elastomericdepending on the choice of urethane prepolymer.

28

Compatibilitya of UCAR® Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins with Other Resins

Vinyl/Modifier Ratiob

VAGH VAGD VROHModifier Resin 4:1 1:4 4:1 1:4 4:1 1:4

Alkyds (non-drying)c

“Beckosol” 12-021, coconut, short oil, PA content - 47% C C C C C C

Alkyds (drying)c

“Beckosol” 11-035, soya, medium oil, PA content - 35% C I C I H I“Beckosol” 12-005, soya, short oil, PA content - 42% C C C C C C“Beckosol” 11-070,

linseed/soya, medium oil, PA content - 31% C I C I H I“Beckosol” 12-054,

tall oil fatty acids, short oil, PA content - 41% C C C C C C

Urea-Formaldehyde Resinsd

“Beetle” 55 (methylated resin) I I I I I I“Beetle” 60 (methylated resin) I I I I I I“Beetle” 65 (methylated resin) I I I I I I“Beetle” 80 (butylated resin) C C C C C C

Hexamethoxymethylmelamined

“Cymel” 303 C C C C C C

Melamine-Formaldehyde Resinsd

“Cymel” 350 C C C C C C“Cymel” 370 (methylated resin) C C C C C C“Cymel” 225-10 (rapid-cure resin) H I H I H I

Urethane Prepolymerse

“Mondur” CB-60, aromatic polyisocyanate C C C C C C“Desmondur” N-75, aliphatic polyisocyanate C C C C C C“Mondur” HC, polyisocyanate copolymer C C C C C C

Key: C = Compatible (a) 5-mil (125 microns) wet drawdowns on glass; coatings dried 20 min at 140°F (60ºC) prior to ratingH = Haze in film, but coating uniform (b) Solids basisI = Incompatible (c) ReichholdPA = Phthalic Anhydride (d) Cytec Industries

(e) Bayer

tabl

e 9

29

Adhesion

For good adhesion, surfaces must be free of rust, grease,oil, dirt, and other contamination. Common techniquesfor cleaning surfaces include solvent wash, vapor degreasing, chemical treatment, and brush cleaning. For maximum adhesion, use a phosphate treatment or a vinyl butyral wash primer before applying the vinylcoating. Where vinyl butyral primers are used, the nextcoat must be based predominantly on hydroxyl-modifiedresins (VAGF, VAGC, VAGH, or VAGD).

Maximum adhesion of vinyl coatings is usuallyobtained at bake temperatures high enough to drive out traces of residual solvents. Over porous surfaces, suchas concrete and cloth, mechanical adhesion should besufficient for good performance; baking is not generally

needed. Baking finishes can be cured with heated air,infrared radiation, or by heating the metal surface onwhich the coating is applied. Control temperature care-fully to avoid overbaking the coating. Maintain properventilation and uniform temperature distribution.

UCAR® Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resinsadhere well to many types of finishes and are quite useful in applications where coatings based on theunmodified vinyl resins will not adhere. UCAR Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins adhere to clean metal and to air-dry or baked topcoats or primers. Table 10compares the air-dry adhesion of coatings based on thethree basic types of UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins.

Where Not to Use Vinyl CoatingsVinyl coatings should not be used in applications wherethe continuous service temperature exceeds 140ºF (60ºC).

No specific recommendations can be made for applications where the service temperature of the coatingexceeds 140ºF (60ºC) intermittently or repeatedly.

The recommendations for the use of heat stabilizersin UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins, given elsewhere in thisbooklet, are specific to a single-bake operation. The formulator is cautioned not to directly apply informationabout heat stabilizers to applications where service temperature exceeds 140ºF (60ºC) intermittently. Heat stabilizers that are effective at high bakes – in excess of 350ºF (176ºC) – may have an adverse effect on coatingadhesion if used at lower service temperatures.

30

Air-Dry Adhesion of Coatings Based on UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins

Substrate VYHH VAGH VMCH

Acrylic and Methacrylic Ester Resins Excellent Excellent Excellent

Alkyd Resin Poor Excellent Fair

Cloth Poor Good Fair to Excellent

Concrete (somewhat dependent on type) Good Good Excellent

Glass Poor Fair Fair

Metal (clean and smooth) Poor Poor Excellent

Metal, Phosphatized Poor Fair Excellent

Nitrocellulose Poor Poor Fair

Oleoresinous (varies widely) Poor Fair to Excellent Poor

Paper Poor Good Good

Phenolic Resins Poor Good Fair

Plaster (somewhat dependent on type) Good Good Excellent

Rubber, Chlorinated Fair Fair Fair

Shellac Poor Good Poor

Urea Resins Poor Good Fair

Vinyl Butyral Resin Poor Excellent Fair

Vinyl Chloride Resins Excellent Excellent Excellent

Wood Poor Fair Fair

tabl

e 10

31

Product Safety

When considering the use of any Union Carbide productsin a particular application, you should review our latestMaterial Safety Data Sheets and ensure that the use youintend can be accomplished safely. For Material SafetyData Sheets and other product safety information, contact the Union Carbide sales office nearest you. Beforehandling any other products mentioned in the text, youshould obtain available product safety information andtake necessary steps to ensure safety of use.

No chemical should be used as or in a food, drug,medical device, or cosmetic, or in a product or process in which it may contact a food, drug, medical device, orcosmetic, until the user has determined the suitabilityand legality of the use. Since government regulations and use conditions are subject to change, it is the user’sresponsibility to determine that this information is appropriate and suitable under current, applicable laws and regulations.

Union Carbide requests that the customer read,understand, and comply with the information containedin this publication and the current Material Safety DataSheet(s). The customer should furnish the information in this publication to its employees, contractors, and customers, or any other users of the product(s), andrequest that they do the same.

Further InformationFor information on prices, delivery, and technical service,phone 1-800-568-4000. For product information on safehandling, ask for the latest Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS).

32

Location Union Carbide Products All Chemical Products

Mainland United States Phone Union Carbide Phone CHEMTRECand Puerto Rico HELP: (800) UCC-HELP (800) 424-9300 (toll-free)

(toll-free), which numericallyis (800) 822-4357

Alaska and Hawaii Phone Mainland United States: Phone CHEMTREC:(304) 744-3487 (collect) (800) 424-9300 (toll-free)

Canada Phone Union Carbide: Phone CANUTEC:(514) 640-6400 (collect) (613) 996-6666 (collect)

Continental Europe, Ireland, Phone BIG (Geel-Belgium) Phone CHEMTREC (United States):Middle East, North and Central Africa (32)(0) 14 58-45-45 (703) 527-3887 (collect)

United Kingdom Phone National Chemical Phone CHEMTREC (Unites States):Emergency Center (Culham-UK) (703) 527-3887 (collect)(44)(0) 1865-407-333

Latin America, Asia/Pacific, South Africa Phone United States: Phone CHEMTREC (Unites States):and any other location worldwide (304) 744-3487 (collect) (703) 527-3887 (collect)

At sea, radio U.S. Coast Guard, who can directly contact Union Carbide HELP…(800) 822-4357 (toll-free) or CHEMTREC… (800) 424-9300 (toll-free).

DO NOT WAIT! Phone if in doubt! You will be referred to a specialist for advice.

Emergency Service

Union Carbide maintains a 24-hour emergency servicefor its products. The Chemical Manufacturers Association(CHEMTREC), Transport Canada (CANUTEC), and theNational Chemical Emergency Center also maintain24-hour emergency service:

UC-669BP8-842910/98 –3MPrinted in U.S.A.

Union Carbide Corporation39 Old Ridgebury RoadDanbury, CT 06817-0001U

ucar - caiber s.a ucar solution vinyl... · ucar® solution vinyl resins for coatings. 2 polymer...

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